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13,692 | # History of the Internet
## Use and culture {#use_and_culture}
### Email and Usenet {#email_and_usenet}
Email has often been called the killer application of the Internet. It predates the Internet, and was a crucial tool in creating it. Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe c... | 1,022 | History of the Internet | 16 |
13,692 | # History of the Internet
## Mobile telephone data traffic {#mobile_telephone_data_traffic}
Total global mobile data traffic reached 588 exabytes during 2020, a 150-fold increase from 3.86 exabytes/year in 2010. Most recently, smartphones accounted for 95% of this mobile data traffic with video accounting for 66% by ... | 842 | History of the Internet | 17 |
13,726 | # Hogshead
thumb\|upright=1.4\|A hogshead in relation to other barrels A **hogshead** (abbreviated \"hhd\", plural \"hhds\") is a large cask of liquid (or, less often, of a food commercial product) for manufacturing and sale. It refers to a specified volume, measured in either imperial or US customary measures, primar... | 419 | Hogshead | 0 |
13,730 | # Handball
**Handball** (also known as **team handball**, **European handball**, **Olympic handball** or **indoor handball**) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the opposing team. A ... | 409 | Handball | 0 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Origins and development {#origins_and_development}
Games similar to handball were played in Ancient Greece and are represented on amphorae and stone carvings. Although detailed textual reference is rare, there are numerous descriptions of ball games being played where players throw the ball to one anoth... | 478 | Handball | 1 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Rules
The rules are laid out in the IHF\'s set of rules, most recently published in 2024.
### Summary
Two teams of seven players (six court players plus one goalkeeper) take the court and attempt to score points by putting the game ball into the opposing team\'s goal. In handling the ball, players are... | 1,019 | Handball | 2 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Rules
### Referees
A handball match is adjudicated by two equal referees. Some national bodies allow games with only a single referee in special cases like illness on short notice. Should the referees disagree on any occasion, a decision is made on mutual agreement during a short timeout; or, in case of... | 1,217 | Handball | 3 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Rules
### Awarded throws {#awarded_throws}
The referees may award a special throw to a team. This usually happens after certain events such as scored goals, off-court balls, turnovers and timeouts. All of these special throws require the thrower to obtain a certain position, and pose restrictions on the... | 699 | Handball | 4 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Rules
### Penalties
Penalties are given to players, in progressive format, for fouls that require more punishment than just a free-throw. Actions directed mainly at the opponent and not the ball (such as reaching around, holding, pushing, tripping, and jumping into opponent) as well as contact from the ... | 395 | Handball | 5 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Gameplay
### Formations
thumb\|upright=1.35\|right\|Positions of attacking (red) and defending players (blue), in a 5--1 defense formation thumb\|upright=1.35\|right\|Positions of attacking (red) and defending players (blue), in a 6--0 defense formation Players are typically referred to by the position... | 440 | Handball | 6 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Gameplay
### Offensive play {#offensive_play}
Attacks are played with all court players on the side of the defenders. Depending on the speed of the attack, one distinguishes between three attack *waves* with a decreasing chance of success:
First wave: *First wave* attacks are characterised by the absen... | 618 | Handball | 7 |
13,730 | # Handball
## Organization
Handball teams are usually organised as clubs. On a national level, the clubs are associated in federations which organize matches in leagues and tournaments.
### International body {#international_body}
The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling bod... | 649 | Handball | 8 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
**Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Jr.** (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, pianist, composer, actor, and former television host. As of 2019, he has sold over 30 million records worldwide. Connick is ranked among the top 60 best-selling male artists in the United States by the Recording In... | 289 | Harry Connick Jr. | 0 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Early life {#early_life}
Harry Connick Jr. was born and raised in New Orleans. His mother, Anita Frances Livingston (née Levy), was a lawyer and judge in New Orleans. His father, Harry Connick Sr. (1926--2024), was the district attorney of Orleans Parish from 1973 to 2003. He has an older siste... | 408 | Harry Connick Jr. | 1 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Career
### *When Harry Met Sally\...*, success on charts and in movies {#when_harry_met_sally..._success_on_charts_and_in_movies}
Connick\'s reputation was growing, and director Rob Reiner asked him to provide a soundtrack for his romantic comedy *When Harry Met Sally\...* (1989), starring Meg... | 1,251 | Harry Connick Jr. | 2 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Career
### 2006--2008: *The Pajama Game*, *Bug,* and *P.S. I Love You* {#the_pajama_game_bug_and_p.s._i_love_you}
*Bug*, a film directed by William Friedkin, is a psychological thriller filmed in 2005 starring Connick, Ashley Judd, and Michael Shannon. The film was released in 2007. He starred ... | 582 | Harry Connick Jr. | 3 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Career
### 2012--2019: *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*, *Harry*, and *Every Man Should Know* {#law_order_special_victims_unit_harry_and_every_man_should_know}
On January 6, 2012, NBC president Robert Greenblatt announced at the Television Critics Association winter press tour that Connick h... | 422 | Harry Connick Jr. | 4 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Career
### 2020--present: *Alone With My Faith and* *Annie* {#present_alone_with_my_faith_and_annie}
Harry released his new album *Alone With My Faith* on March 19, 2021. With the Coronavirus pandemic casting a long shadow in 2020, Connick retreated to his home studio during the lockdown and em... | 424 | Harry Connick Jr. | 5 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Connick and New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina {#connick_and_new_orleans_hurricane_katrina}
Connick, a New Orleans native, is a founder of the Krewe of Orpheus which is a music-based New Orleans krewe. Its name is derived from Orpheus of classical mythology. The Krewe of Orpheus has parades on St. ... | 326 | Harry Connick Jr. | 6 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Connick married former Victoria\'s Secret model Jill Goodacre, the daughter of sculptor Glenna Goodacre, at New Orleans\' St. Louis Cathedral on April 16, 1994. The song \"Jill\" from his album *Blue Light, Red Light* (1991) is about her. They have three daughters... | 551 | Harry Connick Jr. | 7 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------- -------------------------- ------------
1990 *Memphis Belle* Sgt. Clay Busby
1991 *Little Man Tate* Eddie
1995 *Copycat* ... | 484 | Harry Connick Jr. | 8 |
13,743 | # Harry Connick Jr.
## Broadway
- 1990 *An Evening with Harry Connick Jr. and His Orchestra* (special, concert)
- 2001 *Thou Shalt Not* (Broadway Musical)`{{nsmdns}}`{=mediawiki}composer
- 2006 *The Pajama Game* (Broadway Musical)
- 2010 *Harry Connick Jr.: In Concert on Broadway* (special, concert)
- 2011 ... | 61 | Harry Connick Jr. | 9 |
13,755 | # Hull (watercraft)
A **hull** is the watertight body of a ship, boat, submarine, or flying boat. The hull may open at the top (such as a dinghy), or it may be fully or partially covered with a deck. Atop the deck may be a deckhouse and other superstructures, such as a funnel, derrick, or mast. The line where the hull... | 383 | Hull (watercraft) | 0 |
13,755 | # Hull (watercraft)
## Hull shapes {#hull_shapes}
Hulls come in many varieties and can have composite shape, (e.g., a fine entry forward and inverted bell shape aft), but are grouped primarily as follows:
- Chined and hard-chined. Examples are the flat-bottom (chined), v-bottom, and multi-chine hull (several gentl... | 1,061 | Hull (watercraft) | 1 |
13,755 | # Hull (watercraft)
## Terms
- **Baseline** is a level reference line from which vertical distances are measured.
- **Bow** is the front part of the hull.
- **`{{nautical term|Amidships}}`{=mediawiki}** is the middle portion of the vessel in the fore and aft direction.
- **Port** is the left side of the vesse... | 940 | Hull (watercraft) | 2 |
13,758 | # History of physics
`{{TopicTOC-Physics}}`{=mediawiki}
Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena from superstitions.
T... | 1,414 | History of physics | 0 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Ancient history {#ancient_history}
### Islamic world {#islamic_world}
In the 7th to 15th centuries, scientific progress occurred in the Muslim world. Many classic works in Indian, Assyrian, Sassanian (Persian) and Greek, including the works of Aristotle, were translated into Arabic. Important ... | 994 | History of physics | 1 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Scientific Revolution {#scientific_revolution}
During the 16th and 17th centuries, a large advancement of scientific progress known as the Scientific Revolution took place in Europe. Dissatisfaction with older philosophical approaches had begun earlier and had produced other changes in society... | 1,120 | History of physics | 2 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Scientific Revolution {#scientific_revolution}
### René Descartes {#rené_descartes}
The French philosopher René Descartes (1596--1650) was well-connected to, and influential within, experimental philosophy networks. Descartes had an agenda, however, which was geared toward replacing the Schola... | 359 | History of physics | 3 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Scientific Revolution {#scientific_revolution}
### Christiaan Huygens {#christiaan_huygens}
The Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor Christiaan Huygens (1629--1695) was the leading scientist in Europe between Galileo and Newton. Huygens came from a family of nobility that ha... | 727 | History of physics | 4 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Scientific Revolution {#scientific_revolution}
### Isaac Newton {#isaac_newton}
Cambridge University physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton (1642--1727) was a fellow of the Royal Society of England, who created a single system for describing the workings of the universe. Newton formulate... | 620 | History of physics | 5 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Scientific Revolution {#scientific_revolution}
### Other achievements {#other_achievements}
Other branches of physics also received attention during the period of the Scientific Revolution. William Gilbert, court physician to Queen Elizabeth I, described how the earth itself behaves like a gia... | 732 | History of physics | 6 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 18th-century developments {#th_century_developments}
During the 18th century, the mechanics founded by Newton was developed by several scientists as more mathematicians learned calculus and elaborated upon its initial formulation. The application of mathematical analysis to problems of motion ... | 596 | History of physics | 7 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 18th-century developments {#th_century_developments}
### Thermodynamics
During the 18th century, thermodynamics was developed through the theories of weightless \"imponderable fluids\", such as heat (\"caloric\"), electricity, and phlogiston (which was rapidly overthrown as a concept following... | 511 | History of physics | 8 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 19th century {#th_century}
### Mechanics {#mechanics_1}
In 1821, William Hamilton began his analysis of Hamilton\'s characteristic function. In 1835, he stated Hamilton\'s canonical equations of motion.
In 1813, Peter Ewart supported the idea of the conservation of energy in his paper *On th... | 981 | History of physics | 9 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 19th century {#th_century}
### Other developments {#other_developments}
In 1822, botanist Robert Brown discovered Brownian motion: pollen grains in water undergoing movement resulting from their bombardment by the fast-moving atoms or molecules in the liquid.
In 1834, Carl Jacobi discovered h... | 157 | History of physics | 10 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 20th century: birth of modern physics {#th_century_birth_of_modern_physics}
At the end of the 19th century, physics had evolved to the point at which classical mechanics could cope with highly complex problems involving macroscopic situations; thermodynamics and kinetic theory were well establ... | 515 | History of physics | 11 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 20th century: birth of modern physics {#th_century_birth_of_modern_physics}
### Albert Einstein\'s theory of relativity {#albert_einsteins_theory_of_relativity}
In 1905, a 26-year-old German physicist named Albert Einstein (then a patent clerk in Bern, Switzerland) showed how measurements of t... | 1,031 | History of physics | 12 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 20th century: birth of modern physics {#th_century_birth_of_modern_physics}
### Quantum mechanics {#quantum_mechanics}
Although relativity resolved the electromagnetic phenomena conflict demonstrated by Michelson and Morley, a second theoretical problem was the explanation of the distribution ... | 510 | History of physics | 13 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## 20th century: birth of modern physics {#th_century_birth_of_modern_physics}
### Division into classical and modern {#division_into_classical_and_modern}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|1927 Solvay Conference included prominent physicists Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, Max Planck, Hendrik Loren... | 279 | History of physics | 14 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Contemporary physics {#contemporary_physics}
### Quantum field theory {#quantum_field_theory}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|A Feynman diagram representing (left to right) the production of a photon (blue sine wave) from the annihilation of an electron and its complementary antiparticle, the positron. T... | 420 | History of physics | 15 |
13,758 | # History of physics
## Contemporary physics {#contemporary_physics}
### Particle physics and the Standard Model {#particle_physics_and_the_standard_model}
left\|thumb\|upright=1.6\|The Standard Model When parity was broken in weak interactions by Chien-Shiung Wu in her experiment, a series of discoveries were create... | 1,028 | History of physics | 16 |
13,763 | # Henri Chopin
**Henri Chopin** (18 June 1922 -- 3 January 2008) was a French avant-garde poet and musician.
## Life
Henri Chopin was born in Paris, 18 June 1922, one of three brothers, and the son of an accountant. Both his siblings died during the war. One was shot by a German soldier the day after an armistice wa... | 603 | Henri Chopin | 0 |
13,763 | # Henri Chopin
## Films on Henri Chopin {#films_on_henri_chopin}
- *De Henri à Chopin, le dernier pape* by Frédéric Acquaviva and Maria Faustino, DV, 3h10mn, 2002--2008
- *Henri Chopin, reflecting on OU*, by Silva Gabriela Béju, DV, 28\', 2001, published in 2016 in \"CRU\"n°2 magazine (La Plaque Tournante, Berlin... | 50 | Henri Chopin | 1 |
13,764 | # Hassium
**Hassium** is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol **Hs** and atomic number 108. It is highly radioactive: its most stable known isotopes have half-lives of about ten seconds. One of its isotopes, `{{sup|270}}`{=mediawiki}Hs, has magic numbers of protons and neutrons for deformed nuclei, giving it gr... | 383 | Hassium | 0 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Discovery
alt=Apparatus for creating superheavy elements\|right\|thumb\|upright=2.00\|Scheme of an apparatus for creating superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focus... | 552 | Hassium | 1 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Discovery
### Reports
Synthesis of element`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}108 was first attempted in 1978 by a team led by Oganessian at JINR. The team used a reaction that would generate element`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}108, specifically, the isotope `{{sup|270}}`{=mediawiki}108, from fusion of radium (specifical... | 610 | Hassium | 2 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Discovery
### Naming
Historically, a newly discovered element was named by its discoverer. The first regulation came in 1947, when IUPAC decided naming required regulation in case there are conflicting names. These matters were to be resolved by the Commission of Inorganic Nomenclature and the Commission... | 848 | Hassium | 3 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Isotopes
Hassium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioisotopes have been synthesized in the lab, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. As of 2019, the quantity of all hassium ever produced was on the order of hundreds of atoms. Thirteen isotopes ... | 785 | Hassium | 4 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Natural occurrence {#natural_occurrence}
thumb\|upright=1.00\|alt=Dark reflective crystal of molybdenite\|Molybdenite\|right
Hassium is not known to occur naturally on Earth; all its known isotopes are so short-lived that no primordial hassium would survive to today. This does not rule out the possibili... | 798 | Hassium | 5 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Predicted properties {#predicted_properties}
Various calculations suggest hassium should be the heaviest group 8 element so far, consistently with the periodic law. Its properties should generally match those expected for a heavier homologue of osmium; as is the case for all transactinides, a few de... | 1,002 | Hassium | 6 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Predicted properties {#predicted_properties}
### Chemical
Element Stable oxidation states
----------- -------------------------
iron
ruthenium +8
osmium +8
: Stable oxidation states in group 8
Hassium is the sixth member of the 6d series of transition metals and is expect... | 412 | Hassium | 7 |
13,764 | # Hassium
## Experimental chemistry {#experimental_chemistry}
The first goal for chemical investigation was the formation of the tetroxide; it was chosen because ruthenium and osmium form volatile tetroxides, being the only transition metals to display a stable compound in the +8 oxidation state. Despite this selecti... | 725 | Hassium | 8 |
13,770 | # Hercules
**Hercules** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜːr|k|j|ʊ|ˌ|l|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPAc-en|US|-|k|j|ə|-|}}`{=mediawiki}) is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.
... | 299 | Hercules | 0 |
13,770 | # Hercules
## Roman era {#roman_era}
The Latin name *Hercules* was borrowed through Etruscan, where it is represented variously as Heracle, Hercle, and other forms. Hercules was a favorite subject for Etruscan art, and appears often on bronze mirrors. The Etruscan form *Herceler* derives from the Greek *Heracles* via... | 731 | Hercules | 1 |
13,770 | # Hercules
## Worship
### Road of Hercules {#road_of_hercules}
The Road of Hercules is a route across Southern Gaul that is associated with the path Hercules took during his 10th labor of retrieving the Cattle of Geryon from the Red Isles. Hannibal took the same path on his march towards Italy and encouraged the bel... | 853 | Hercules | 2 |
13,770 | # Hercules
## Worship
### Roman era {#roman_era_1}
<File:Heracles> Pio-Clementino Inv252.jpg\|*Hercules of the Forum Boarium* (Hellenistic, 2nd century BCE) <File:Affresco> romano eracle ebbro e onfale.JPG\|Hercules drunk and Omphale. Fresco from House of the Prince of Montenegro, Pompeii, 25--35 CE <File:Hercules> N... | 848 | Hercules | 3 |
13,770 | # Hercules
## Worship
### Other cultural references {#other_cultural_references}
<File:PillarsHerculesPeutingeriana.jpg>\|Pillars of Hercules, representing the Strait of Gibraltar (19th-century conjecture of the *Tabula Peutingeriana*) <File:Maczuga> Herkulesa (background Castle Pieskowa Skała).jpg\|*The Cudgel of He... | 157 | Hercules | 4 |
13,773 | # Hradčany
**Hradčany** (`{{IPA|cs|ˈɦratʃanɪ|-|Cs-Hradcany.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; *Hradschin*), is the district of the city of Prague, Czech Republic surrounding Prague Castle.
The castle is one of the biggest in the world at about 570 m in length and an average of about 130 m wide. Its history stretches back to the 9th... | 164 | Hradčany | 0 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
`{{Infobox calendar date today}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jewish culture}}`{=mediawiki} The **Hebrew calendar** (*translit=halLūaḥ hāʿĪḇrī}}*), also called the **Jewish calendar**, is a lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish religious observance and as an official calendar of Israel. It determines the dates... | 330 | Hebrew calendar | 0 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Components
### Days
Based on the classic rabbinic interpretation of `{{Bibleverse|Genesis|1:5|HE}}`{=mediawiki} (\"There was evening and there was morning, one day\"), a day in the rabbinic Hebrew calendar runs from sunset (the start of \"the evening\") to the next sunset. Similarly, Yom Kippur,... | 387 | Hebrew calendar | 1 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Components
### Weeks
The Hebrew week (*שבוע*, *shavua*) is a cycle of seven days, mirroring the seven-day period of the Book of Genesis in which the world is created.
The names for the days of the week are simply the day number within the week. The week begins with Day 1 (Sunday) and ends with S... | 545 | Hebrew calendar | 2 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Components
### Months
The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning that months are based on lunar months, but years are based on solar years. The calendar year features twelve lunar months of 29 or 30 days, with an additional lunar month (\"leap month\") added periodically to synchronize ... | 744 | Hebrew calendar | 3 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Components
### Years
#### New year {#new_year}
The Hebrew calendar year conventionally begins on Rosh Hashanah, the first day of Tishrei. However, the Jewish calendar also defines several additional new years, used for different purposes. The use of multiple starting dates for a year is comparab... | 906 | Hebrew calendar | 4 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Calculations
### Leap year calculations {#leap_year_calculations}
To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. (Since there is no year 0,... | 405 | Hebrew calendar | 5 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Calculations
### Rosh Hashanah postponement rules {#rosh_hashanah_postponement_rules}
Besides the adding of leap months, the year length is sometimes adjusted by adding one day to the month of Marcheshvan, or removing one day from the month of Kislev. Because each calendar year begins with Rosh H... | 1,140 | Hebrew calendar | 6 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Calculations
### Keviah
Days in year → 353 354 355 383 384 385
---------------------- --------------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Day of Rosh HaShanah English *Kevi\'ah* symbol
Monday (2) 2D3 ... | 745 | Hebrew calendar | 7 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Calculations
### Worked example {#worked_example}
Given the length of the year, the length of each month is fixed as described above, so the real problem in determining the calendar for a year is determining the number of days in the year. In the modern calendar, this is determined in the followi... | 590 | Hebrew calendar | 8 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Calculations
### Holidays
For calculated dates of Jewish holidays, see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000--2050
| 19 | Hebrew calendar | 9 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Accuracy
### Molad interval {#molad_interval}
A \"new moon\" (astronomically called a lunar conjunction and, in Hebrew, a molad) is the moment at which the sun and moon have the same ecliptic longitude (i.e. they are aligned horizontally with respect to a north--south line). The period between t... | 554 | Hebrew calendar | 10 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Accuracy
### Implications for Jewish ritual {#implications_for_jewish_ritual}
When the calendar was fixed in the 4th century, the earliest Passover (in year 16 of the Metonic cycle) began on the first full moon after the March equinox. This is still the case in about 80% of years; but, in about 2... | 416 | Hebrew calendar | 11 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Usage
### In Auschwitz {#in_auschwitz}
While imprisoned in Auschwitz, Jews made every effort to preserve Jewish tradition in the camps, despite the monumental dangers in doing so. The Hebrew calendar, which is a tradition with great importance to Jewish practice and rituals was particularly dang... | 402 | Hebrew calendar | 12 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## History
### Early formation {#early_formation}
Lunisolar calendars similar to the Hebrew calendar, consisting of twelve lunar months plus an occasional 13th intercalary month to synchronize with the solar/agricultural cycle, were used in all ancient Middle Eastern civilizations except Egypt, and... | 943 | Hebrew calendar | 13 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## History
### Past methods of numbering years {#past_methods_of_numbering_years}
Before the adoption of the current *Anno Mundi* year numbering system, other systems were used. In early times, the years were counted from some significant event such as the Exodus. During the period of the monarchy, ... | 596 | Hebrew calendar | 14 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## History
### Determining the new month in the Mishnaic period {#determining_the_new_month_in_the_mishnaic_period}
The Tanakh contains several commandments related to the keeping of the calendar and the lunar cycle, and records changes that have taken place to the Hebrew calendar. Numbers 10:10 str... | 520 | Hebrew calendar | 15 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## History
### The fixing of the calendar {#the_fixing_of_the_calendar}
Between 70 and 1178 CE, the observation-based calendar was gradually replaced by a mathematically calculated one.
The Talmuds indicate at least the beginnings of a transition from a purely empirical to a computed calendar. Samu... | 830 | Hebrew calendar | 16 |
13,782 | # Hebrew calendar
## Other calendars {#other_calendars}
Outside of Rabbinic Judaism, evidence shows a diversity of practice.
### Karaite calendar {#karaite_calendar}
Karaites use the lunar month and the solar year, but the Karaite calendar differs from the current Rabbinic calendar in a number of ways. The Karaite ... | 925 | Hebrew calendar | 17 |
13,795 | # Hilaire Rouelle
**Hilaire Marin Rouelle** (`{{IPA|fr|ilɛʁ maʁɛ̃ ʁwɛl}}`{=mediawiki}; 15 February 1718 -- 7 April 1779) was an 18th-century French chemist. Commonly cited as the 1773 discoverer of urea, he was not the first to do so. Dutch scientist Herman Boerhaave had discovered this chemical as early as 1727. Roue... | 71 | Hilaire Rouelle | 0 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
**Henry Lawrence Garfield** (born February 13, 1961), known professionally as **Henry Rollins**, is an American singer, writer, spoken word artist, actor, comedian, and presenter. After performing in the short-lived hardcore punk band State of Alert in 1980, Rollins fronted the California hardcore band... | 447 | Henry Rollins | 0 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Music career {#music_career}
### State of Alert {#state_of_alert}
Initially into hard rock acts like Van Halen and Ted Nugent, Rollins soon developed an interest in punk with his friend Ian MacKaye.
From 1979 to 1980, Rollins was working as a roadie for D.C. bands, including Teen Idles. When the ... | 1,047 | Henry Rollins | 1 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Music career {#music_career}
### Rollins Band, solo releases, and spoken word {#rollins_band_solo_releases_and_spoken_word}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|left\|Rollins performing with the Rollins Band in 1993 Before Black Flag disbanded in August 1986, Rollins had already toured as a solo spoken-word artist.... | 800 | Henry Rollins | 2 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Music career {#music_career}
### Musical style {#musical_style}
As a vocalist, Rollins has adopted a number of styles through the years. He was noted in the Washington, D.C. hardcore scene for what journalist Michael Azerrad described as a \"compelling, raspy howl\". With State of Alert, Rollins \"... | 286 | Henry Rollins | 3 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Media work {#media_work}
### Television
As Rollins rose to prominence with the Rollins Band, he began to present and appear on television. These included *Alternative Nation* and *MTV Sports* in 1993 and 1994 respectively. Rollins also co-starred in *The Chase* with Charlie Sheen. In 1995 Rollins ... | 992 | Henry Rollins | 4 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Media work {#media_work}
### Filmography
Rollins began his film career appearing in several independent films featuring the band Black Flag. His film debut was in 1982\'s *The Slog Movie*, about the West Coast punk scene. An appearance in 1985\'s *Black Flag Live* followed. Rollins\'s first film ap... | 608 | Henry Rollins | 5 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Media work {#media_work}
### Books and audiobooks {#books_and_audiobooks}
Rollins has written a variety of books, including *Black Coffee Blues*, *Do I Come Here Often?*, *The First Five* (a compilation of *High Adventure in the Great Outdoors*, *Pissing in the Gene Pool*, *Bang!*, *Art to Choke He... | 518 | Henry Rollins | 6 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Campaigning and activism {#campaigning_and_activism}
Rollins has become an outspoken human rights activist, most vocally for gay rights. In high school, a gay classmate of Rollins\' was bullied by classmates to the point of attempting suicide. Rollins has cited this as the main catalyst of his \"an... | 539 | Henry Rollins | 7 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Personal life {#personal_life}
### Views and relationships {#views_and_relationships}
Rollins has said that he does not have religious or spiritual beliefs, though he also does not consider himself an atheist. He has mostly avoided recreational drugs throughout his life, but experimented a few tim... | 513 | Henry Rollins | 8 |
13,820 | # Henry Rollins
## Works
### Musical releases {#musical_releases}
#### With State of Alert {#with_state_of_alert}
- *No Policy* (1981)
- *Flex Your Head* (1982)
#### With Black Flag {#with_black_flag}
- *Damaged* (1981)
- *My War* (1984)
- *Family Man* (1984)
- *Slip It In* (1984)
- *Live \'84* (198... | 663 | Henry Rollins | 9 |
13,845 | # History of Hebrew grammar
Hebrew grammar is attested from Biblical Hebrew grammar, with reconstructions of pre-Hebrew, and continues with Modern Hebrew grammar.
## History of studies in Hebrew grammar {#history_of_studies_in_hebrew_grammar}
The Masoretes in the 7th to 11th centuries laid the foundation for grammat... | 437 | History of Hebrew grammar | 0 |
13,845 | # History of Hebrew grammar
## Eras
The Hebrew language is subdivided by era, with significant differences apparent between the varieties. All varieties, from Biblical to Modern, use a typically Semitic templatic morphology with triconsonantal stems, though Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew have significant borrowed compone... | 396 | History of Hebrew grammar | 1 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
**Hang gliding** is an air sport or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised, fixed-wing heavier-than-air aircraft called a **hang glider**. Most modern hang gliders are made of an aluminium alloy or composite frame covered with synthetic sailcloth to form a wing. Typically th... | 617 | Hang gliding | 0 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Components
### Hang glider sailcloth {#hang_glider_sailcloth}
Hang glider sailcloth is normally made from woven or laminated fiber, such as dacron or mylar, respectively.
Woven polyester sailcloth is a very tight weave of small diameter polyester fibers that has been stabilized by the hot-press im... | 416 | Hang gliding | 1 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Training and safety {#training_and_safety}
Due to the poor safety record of early hang gliding pioneers, the sport has traditionally been considered unsafe. Advances in pilot training and glider construction have led to a much improved safety record. Modern hang gliders are very sturdy when construc... | 505 | Hang gliding | 2 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Launch
Launch techniques include launching from a hill/cliff/mountain/sand dune/any raised terrain on foot, tow-launching from a ground-based tow system, aerotowing (behind a powered aircraft), powered harnesses, and being towed up by a boat. Modern winch tows typically utilize hydraulic systems des... | 302 | Hang gliding | 3 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Soaring flight and cross-country flying {#soaring_flight_and_cross_country_flying}
A glider in flight is continuously descending, so to achieve an extended flight, the pilot must seek air currents rising faster than the sink rate of the glider. Selecting the sources of rising air currents is the ski... | 751 | Hang gliding | 4 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Stability and equilibrium {#stability_and_equilibrium}
Because hang gliders are most often used for recreational flying, a premium is placed on gentle behaviour, especially at the stall and natural pitch stability. The wing loading must be very low in order to allow the pilot to run fast enough to g... | 541 | Hang gliding | 5 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Instruments
To maximize a pilot\'s understanding of how the hang glider is flying, most pilots carry flight instruments. The most basic being a variometer and altimeter---often combined. Some more advanced pilots also carry airspeed indicators and radios. When flying in competition or *cross country... | 616 | Hang gliding | 6 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Records
Records are sanctioned by the FAI. The world record for straight distance is held by Dustin B. Martin, with a distance of 764 km in 2012, originating from Zapata, Texas.
Judy Leden (GBR) holds the altitude record for a balloon-launched hang glider: 11,800 m (38,800 ft) at Wadi Rum, Jordan o... | 641 | Hang gliding | 7 |
13,850 | # Hang gliding
## Hang gliding in media {#hang_gliding_in_media}
- 1971: Early rock video featuring hang gliding, Sweeney\'s Glider, is produced. It was made by Fitz Weatherby and featured Terry Sweeney.
- 1973: First film made on the sport of hang gliding, *Hang Gliding: The New Freedom*, directed by Ron Underwo... | 64 | Hang gliding | 8 |
13,859 | # Hayling Island
**Hayling Island** is an island off the south coast of England, in the borough of Havant in the county of Hampshire, east of Portsmouth.
## History
An Iron Age shrine in the north of Hayling Island, later developed into a Roman temple in the 1st century BC, was first recorded in Richard Scott\'s *To... | 724 | Hayling Island | 0 |
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