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16,158 | # Jutes
The **Jutes** (`{{IPAc-en|dʒ|uː|t|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|JOOTS}}`{=mediawiki}) were one of the Germanic tribes who settled in Great Britain after the departure of the Romans. According to Bede, they were one of the three most powerful Germanic nations, along with the Angles and the Saxons:
There is no co... | 975 | Jutes | 0 |
16,158 | # Jutes
## Settlement in southern Britain {#settlement_in_southern_britain}
### West Saxon invasion {#west_saxon_invasion}
In the 680s, the Kingdom of Wessex was in the ascendant, the alliance between the South Saxons and the Mercians and their control of southern England, put the West Saxons under pressure. Their ki... | 284 | Jutes | 1 |
16,158 | # Jutes
## Influences and culture {#influences_and_culture}
When the Jutish kingdom of Kent was founded, around the middle of the 5th century, Roman ways and influences must have still had a strong presence. The Roman settlement of *Durovernum Cantiacorum* became Canterbury. The people of Kent were described as *Cant... | 515 | Jutes | 2 |
16,158 | # Jutes
## Homeland and historical accounts {#homeland_and_historical_accounts}
Although historians are confident of where the Jutes settled in England, they are divided on where they actually came from.
The chroniclers, Procopius, Constantius of Lyon, Gildas, Bede, Nennius, and also the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, Alf... | 1,098 | Jutes | 3 |
16,205 | # Jacobin (politics)
`{{distinguish|Jacobitism|Jacobean era}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Radicalism sidebar|ideas}}`{=mediawiki} `{{republicanism sidebar}}`{=mediawiki} A **Jacobin** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|k|ə|b|ɪ|n}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|fr|ʒakɔbɛ̃}}`{=mediawiki}) was a member of th... | 687 | Jacobin (politics) | 0 |
16,205 | # Jacobin (politics)
## France
Jacobinism did not end with the Jacobins. The Robespierrist François-Noël Babeuf eventually rejected the rule of the Jacobins and welcomed the end of the Terror. However, he later eschewed the Thermidorean Reaction that overthrew the Jacobins and he returned to Robespierrism. In May 179... | 577 | Jacobin (politics) | 1 |
16,205 | # Jacobin (politics)
## India
In 1794, Frenchmen in the Kingdom of Mysore allegedly established the \"Jacobin Club of Mysore\" with the assistance of its ruler Tipu Sultan, who purportedly declared himself \"Citizen Tipoo\". During the subsequent Fourth Anglo-Mysore War of 1799, British forces captured French volunte... | 333 | Jacobin (politics) | 2 |
16,205 | # Jacobin (politics)
## Russia and Soviet Union {#russia_and_soviet_union}
The 1870s saw the emergence of the \"Worker\'s Marseillaise\", a Russian revolutionary song set to a Robert Schumann melody inspired by the 1792 \"Marseillaise\". It was used as a national anthem by the Russian Provisional Government and in So... | 295 | Jacobin (politics) | 3 |
16,205 | # Jacobin (politics)
## United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
The conventionalized scrawny, French revolutionary *sans-culottes* Jacobin, was developed from about 1790 by British satirical artists James Gillray, Thomas Rowlandson and George Cruikshank. It was commonly contrasted with the stolid stocky conservative and wel... | 582 | Jacobin (politics) | 4 |
16,205 | # Jacobin (politics)
## United States {#united_states}
Federalists often characterized Thomas Jefferson, who himself had intervened in the French Revolution, and his Democratic-Republican party as Jacobins. Early Federalist-leaning American newspapers during the French Revolution referred to the Democratic-Republican... | 277 | Jacobin (politics) | 5 |
16,205 | # Jacobin (politics)
## Influence
The political rhetoric and populist ideas espoused by the Jacobins would lead to the development of the modern leftist movements throughout the 19th and 20th century, with Jacobinism being the political foundation of almost all leftist schools of thought including anarchism, communis... | 401 | Jacobin (politics) | 6 |
16,206 | # Johann Tobias Krebs
**Johann Tobias Krebs** (7 July 1690 -- 11 February 1762) was a German organist and composer, today best remembered as the father of Johann Ludwig Krebs, one of Bach\'s most accomplished pupils.
Krebs was born in Heichelheim and went to school in the nearby Weimar. Nothing is known about his ear... | 261 | Johann Tobias Krebs | 0 |
16,207 | # Joseph Gurney Cannon
**Joseph Gurney Cannon** (May 7, 1836 -- November 12, 1926) was an American politician from Illinois and a leader of the Republican Party. Cannon represented parts of Illinois in the United States House of Representatives for twenty-three non-consecutive terms between 1873 and 1923; upon his ret... | 555 | Joseph Gurney Cannon | 0 |
16,207 | # Joseph Gurney Cannon
## Early House career {#early_house_career}
In 1872, Cannon ran for the U.S. House as an anti-reform candidate supportive of President Ulysses S. Grant. He later recalled it as \"a reform year, the beginning of a decade of \'reform\' which shook up the virtues as well as the vices of the people... | 454 | Joseph Gurney Cannon | 1 |
16,207 | # Joseph Gurney Cannon
## Speaker of the House (1903`{{En dash}}`{=mediawiki}1911) {#speaker_of_the_house_19031911}
### Theodore Roosevelt presidency {#theodore_roosevelt_presidency}
At the time Cannon was elevated to Speaker, the President was Theodore Roosevelt, a fellow Republican. Roosevelt immediately took step... | 712 | Joseph Gurney Cannon | 2 |
16,207 | # Joseph Gurney Cannon
## Speaker of the House (1903`{{En dash}}`{=mediawiki}1911) {#speaker_of_the_house_19031911}
### William Howard Taft presidency {#william_howard_taft_presidency}
#### 1908 elections
As early as 1905, Cannon had expressed confidence that he was a contender for the 1908 presidential nomination. ... | 1,394 | Joseph Gurney Cannon | 3 |
16,207 | # Joseph Gurney Cannon
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Cannon was one of the charter members of Tuscola\'s Masonic Lodge No. 332, which was founded on October 2, 1860.
Cannon married Mary Reed in 1862. They had two daughters. In 1876, Cannon moved his family to Danville, Illinois, where he resided for the rest of ... | 373 | Joseph Gurney Cannon | 4 |
16,216 | # Joris Ivens
**Georg Henri Anton** \"**Joris**\" **Ivens** (18 November 1898 -- 28 June 1989) was a Dutch documentary filmmaker. Among the notable films he directed or co-directed are *A Tale of the Wind*, *The Spanish Earth*, *Rain*, *\...A Valparaiso*, *Misère au Borinage* (*Borinage*), *17th Parallel: Vietnam in W... | 514 | Joris Ivens | 0 |
16,216 | # Joris Ivens
## Career
### U.S. and World War II {#u.s._and_world_war_ii}
From 1936 to 1945, Ivens was based in the United States. For Pare Lorentz\'s U.S. Film Service, in the year 1940, he made a documentary film on rural electrification called *Power and the Land*. It focused on a family, the Parkinsons, who ran ... | 874 | Joris Ivens | 1 |
16,216 | # Joris Ivens
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ivens met photographer Germaine Krull in Berlin in 1923, and entered into a marriage of convenience with her between 1927 and 1943 so that Krull could hold a Dutch passport and could have a \"veneer of married respectability without sacrificing her autonomy.\"
Ivens la... | 525 | Joris Ivens | 2 |
16,226 | # JUnit
**JUnit** is a test automation framework for the Java programming language. JUnit is often used for unit testing, and is one of the xUnit frameworks.
JUnit is linked as a JAR at compile-time. The latest version of the framework, JUnit 5, resides under package `{{code|org.junit.jupiter}}`{=mediawiki}. Previous... | 282 | JUnit | 0 |
16,226 | # JUnit
## Integration with other tools {#integration_with_other_tools}
JUnit 5 integrates a number of tools, such as build tools, integrated development environments (IDE), continuous integration (CI) tools and many more.
### Build Tools {#build_tools}
JUnit supports Apache Ant, Apache Maven and Gradle build tools... | 429 | JUnit | 1 |
16,226 | # JUnit
## JUnit Extension Model {#junit_extension_model}
JUnit follows the paradigm of preferring extension points over features. The JUnit team decided not to put all features within the JUnit core, and instead decided to give an extensible way for developers to address their concerns.
In JUnit 4, there are two ex... | 644 | JUnit | 2 |
16,229 | # Joystick
A **joystick**, sometimes called a **flight stick**, is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Also known as the **control column**, it is the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircra... | 352 | Joystick | 0 |
16,229 | # Joystick
## Electronic joysticks {#electronic_joysticks}
### History
The electrical two-axis joystick was invented by C. B. Mirick at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and patented in 1926 (U.S. Patent no. 1,597,416)\". NRL was actively developing remote controlled aircraft at the time and the joys... | 432 | Joystick | 1 |
16,229 | # Joystick
## Electronic joysticks {#electronic_joysticks}
### Electronic games {#electronic_games}
In early 1968, Sega released *MotoPolo*, an arcade electro-mechanical game with joystick controllers, used to move miniature motorbikes in any direction on the table. The same year in 1968, Ralph H. Baer developed the ... | 1,068 | Joystick | 2 |
16,229 | # Joystick
## Electronic joysticks {#electronic_joysticks}
### Hat switch {#hat_switch}
A hat switch is a control on some joysticks. It is also known as a POV (point of view) switch in electronic games, where it allows one to look around in one\'s virtual world, browse menus, etc. For example, many flight simulators ... | 396 | Joystick | 3 |
16,229 | # Joystick
## Assistive technology {#assistive_technology}
Specialist joysticks, classed as an assistive technology pointing device, are used to replace the computer mouse for people with fairly severe physical disabilities. Rather than controlling games, these joysticks control the pointer. They are often useful to ... | 264 | Joystick | 4 |
16,238 | # John Danforth
**John Claggett Danforth** (born September 5, 1936) is an American politician, attorney, diplomat, and Episcopal priest who served as the Attorney General of Missouri from 1969 to 1976 and as a United States Senator from 1976 to 1995. A member of the Republican Party, he later served as Special Counsel... | 368 | John Danforth | 0 |
16,238 | # John Danforth
## Career
### United States Senate {#united_states_senate}
#### Elections
In 1970, Danforth ran for the United States Senate for the first time, against Democratic incumbent Stuart Symington. He lost in a close race.
In 1976, Danforth ran to succeed Symington, who was retiring. He had little opposit... | 571 | John Danforth | 1 |
16,238 | # John Danforth
## Post-Senate career {#post_senate_career}
### Political activity {#political_activity}
In 1999, Democratic U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno appointed Danforth to lead an investigation into the FBI\'s role in the 1993 Waco Siege. Danforth appointed Democratic U.S. Attorney Edward L. Dowd Jr. for the... | 725 | John Danforth | 2 |
16,238 | # John Danforth
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Danforth married the former Sally Dobson in 1957. They have five children and 15 grandchildren.
## Author
- *Resurrection: The Confirmation of Clarence Thomas,* Viking, 1994
- *Faith and Politics: How the \"Moral Values\" Debate Divides America and How to Move F... | 71 | John Danforth | 3 |
16,239 | # Jordanes
**Jordanes** (`{{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɔr|ˈ|d|eɪ|n|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki}; Greek: Ιορδάνης), also written as **Jordanis** or **Jornandes**, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat, claimed to be of Gothic descent, who became a historian later in life.
He wrote two works, one on Roman history (*Romana*) and the other ... | 390 | Jordanes | 0 |
16,239 | # Jordanes
## Works
Jordanes wrote *Romana*, about the history of Rome, but his best-known work is his *Getica*, which was written in Constantinople about 551 AD. Jordanes wrote his *Romana* at the behest of a certain Vigilius. Although some scholars have identified this person with Pope Vigilius, there is nothing el... | 367 | Jordanes | 1 |
16,241 | # Jan and Dean
**Jan and Dean** were an American rock duo consisting of **William Jan Berry** (April 3, 1941 -- March 26, 2004) and **Dean Ormsby Torrence** (born March 10, 1940). In the early 1960s, they were pioneers of the California Sound and vocal surf music styles later popularized by the Beach Boys.
Among thei... | 318 | Jan and Dean | 0 |
16,241 | # Jan and Dean
## History
### 1957--59: formation
Berry and Torrence met while both were students at Emerson Junior High School in Westwood, Los Angeles, and both were on the school\'s football team. By 1957, they were students in the class of 1958 at the nearby University High School, where again they were both on ... | 1,347 | Jan and Dean | 1 |
16,241 | # Jan and Dean
## History
### 1963--66: peak years {#peak_years}
Jan and Dean reached their commercial peak in 1963 and 1964, after they met Brian Wilson. The duo scored sixteen Top 40 hits on the *Billboard* and *Cash Box* magazine charts, with a total of twenty-six chart hits over an eight-year period (1959-1966). ... | 428 | Jan and Dean | 2 |
16,241 | # Jan and Dean
## History
### 1966--68: Berry\'s car wreck {#berrys_car_wreck}
On April 12, 1966, Berry received severe head injuries in an automobile accident on Whittier Drive, just a short distance from Dead Man\'s Curve in Beverly Hills, California, two years after the song had become a hit. He was en route to a ... | 409 | Jan and Dean | 3 |
16,241 | # Jan and Dean
## History
### Later years {#later_years}
In 1971, Jan and Dean released the album *Jan & Dean Anthology Album* under the label United Artists Records. The album included many of their top hits, starting with 1958\'s \"Jennie Lee\" and ending with 1968\'s \"Vegetables\".
Berry began to sing again in t... | 1,231 | Jan and Dean | 4 |
16,241 | # Jan and Dean
## Legacy
In 1964, Jan and Dean were signed to host what became the first multi-act rock and roll show that was edited into a motion picture designed for wide distribution. *The T.A.M.I. Show* became a seminal and original production -- in essence one of the first rock videos -- on its release in 1964.... | 430 | Jan and Dean | 5 |
16,247 | # John van Melle
**Jan van Melle** (11 February 1887 -- 8 November 1953) was the pen name of a Dutch-born South African writer. His real name was Johannes van Melle.
Van Melle was born in Goes. He arrived in South Africa in 1906, and after a short sojourn in the Netherlands East Indies, settled in South Africa perman... | 130 | John van Melle | 0 |
16,249 | # John Fink
**John Fink** (born February 11, 1940) is an American film and television actor.
He is known for his roles in two *Batman* movies, *Batman Forever* (1995) and *Batman & Robin* (1997), and his other film credits include *Loving* (1970), *The Carey Treatment* (1972), *Home for the Holidays* (1972), *The Lin... | 212 | John Fink | 0 |
16,253 | # J. Philippe Rushton
**John Philippe Rushton** (December 3, 1943 -- October 2, 2012) was a Canadian psychologist and author. He taught at the University of Western Ontario until the early 1990s, and became known to the general public during the 1980s and 1990s for promoting anti-Black racism through his widely discre... | 584 | J. Philippe Rushton | 0 |
16,253 | # J. Philippe Rushton
## Work and opinions {#work_and_opinions}
### Genetic similarity theory {#genetic_similarity_theory}
Early in his career, Rushton did research on altruism. He theorized a heritable component in altruism and developed *Genetic Similarity Theory*, which is an extension of W.D. Hamilton\'s theory ... | 530 | J. Philippe Rushton | 1 |
16,253 | # J. Philippe Rushton
## Work and opinions {#work_and_opinions}
### Application of *r*/*K* selection theory to race {#application_of_rk_selection_theory_to_race}
Rushton\'s book *Race, Evolution, and Behavior* (1995) attempted to use *r*/*K* selection theory to explain what he described as an evolutionary scale of ch... | 511 | J. Philippe Rushton | 2 |
16,253 | # J. Philippe Rushton
## Reception
### Press coverage {#press_coverage}
Rushton prompted controversy for years, attracting coverage from the press as well as comments and criticism by scientists of his books and journal articles.
First-year psychology students who took Rushton\'s classes said that he had conducted ... | 741 | J. Philippe Rushton | 3 |
16,253 | # J. Philippe Rushton
## Reception
### Academic opinion {#academic_opinion}
#### Unfavorable
On 22 June 2020, the Department of Psychology at the University of Western Ontario issued a statement regarding their former faculty member, which read in part: `{{blockquote|Despite its deeply flawed assumptions and methodol... | 1,294 | J. Philippe Rushton | 4 |
16,253 | # J. Philippe Rushton
## Reception
### Academic opinion {#academic_opinion}
#### Unfavorable
In 2000, after Rushton mailed a booklet on his work to psychology, sociology, and anthropology professors across North America, Hermann Helmuth, a professor of anthropology at Trent University, said: \"It is in a way personal... | 785 | J. Philippe Rushton | 5 |
16,263 | # Joint Political Military Group
On November 29, 1983, a memorandum of agreement was set up between Israel and the United States regarding political, military and economic cooperation. Part of the agreement was for a **Joint Political Military Group** (JPMG) as a high-level planning forum to discuss and implement comb... | 269 | Joint Political Military Group | 0 |
16,266 | # John William Polidori
**John William Polidori** (7 September 1795 -- 24 August 1821) was a British writer and physician. He is known for his associations with the Romantic movement and credited by some as the creator of the vampire genre of fantasy fiction.
His most successful work was the short story \"The Vampyre... | 653 | John William Polidori | 0 |
16,266 | # John William Polidori
## Works
### Plays
- *Cajetan*, a play (1816)
- *Boadicea*, a play (1816)
### Poems
- *Ximenes, the Wreath and Other Poems* (1819)
- *The Fall of the Angels: A Sacred Poem* (1821)
### Novellas
- *The Vampyre: A Tale* (1819) - a text that is \"often even cited as almost folkloric... | 1,081 | John William Polidori | 1 |
16,285 | # John Cade
**John Frederick Joseph Cade** AO (18 January 1912 -- 16 November 1980) was an Australian psychiatrist who in 1948 discovered the effects of lithium carbonate as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder, then known as manic depression. At a time when the standard treatments for psychosis were... | 420 | John Cade | 0 |
16,285 | # John Cade
## Discovery of the effect of lithium on mania {#discovery_of_the_effect_of_lithium_on_mania}
After the war, Cade recuperated very briefly in Heidelberg Hospital, then took up a position at Bundoora Repatriation Mental Hospital in Melbourne. It was at an unused pantry in Bundoora that he conducted crude e... | 428 | John Cade | 1 |
16,285 | # John Cade
## Royal Park and RANZCP {#royal_park_and_ranzcp}
In 1952 Cade was appointed Superintendent and Dean of the clinical school at Royal Park Hospital. Two years later, at the request of the Mental Hygiene Authority which was planning to remodel Royal Park, he visited Britain for six months to inspect psychia... | 544 | John Cade | 2 |
16,286 | # Johann von Werth
**Johann von Werth** (1591 -- 16 January 1652), also *Jan von Werth* or in French *Jean de Werth*, was a German general of cavalry in the Thirty Years\' War.
## Biography
Werth was born in 1591 most likely at Büttgen in the Duchy of Jülich as the eldest son of the farmer Johann von Wierdt († 1606)... | 1,100 | Johann von Werth | 0 |
16,296 | # Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873
The **Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873** (36 & 37 Vict. c. 66) (sometimes known as the **Judicature Act 1873**) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1873. It reorganised the English court system to establish the High Court and the Court of Appeal, and also or... | 677 | Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 | 0 |
16,305 | # Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg
**Joachim Frederick** (27 January 1546 -- 18 July 1608), of the House of Hohenzollern, was Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg from 1598 until his death.
## Biography
Joachim Frederick was born in Cölln to John George, Elector of Brandenburg, and Sophie of Leg... | 371 | Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg | 0 |
16,310 | # Jacopo Amigoni
**Jacopo Amigoni** (c. 1685 -- September 1752), also named **Giacomo Amiconi**, was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque or Rococo period, who began his career in Venice, but traveled and was prolific throughout Europe, where his sumptuous portraits were much in demand.
## Biography
He was born in... | 505 | Jacopo Amigoni | 0 |
16,313 | # Jacques Callot
**Jacques Callot** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒak kalo|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{c.|1592}}`{=mediawiki} -- 1635) was a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine. He is an important person in the development of the old master print. He made more than 1,400 etchings that chronicled the life of his perio... | 314 | Jacques Callot | 0 |
16,313 | # Jacques Callot
## Technical innovations: échoppe, new hard ground, stopping-out {#technical_innovations_échoppe_new_hard_ground_stopping_out}
His technique was exceptional, and was helped by important technical advances he made. He developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the ... | 710 | Jacques Callot | 1 |
16,316 | # John Dowland
**John Dowland** (c. 1563 -- buried 20 February 1626) was an English Renaissance composer, lutenist, and singer. He is best known today for his melancholy songs such as \"Come, heavy sleep\", \"Come again\", \"Flow my tears\", \"I saw my Lady weepe\", \"Now o now I needs must part\", and \"In darkness l... | 721 | John Dowland | 0 |
16,316 | # John Dowland
## Published works {#published_works}
Until 2024, only one comprehensive monograph of Dowland\'s life and works, by Diana Poulton, was available in print. A more updated biography by K. Dawn Grapes was published in July 2024. The fullest catalog list of Dowland\'s works is that compiled by K. Dawn Grap... | 730 | John Dowland | 1 |
16,316 | # John Dowland
## Published works {#published_works}
### *A Musicall Banquet* (1610) {#a_musicall_banquet_1610}
This was likewise published by Dowland\'s son that year. It contains three songs by his father:
1. Farre from Triumphing Court
2. Lady If You So Spight Me
3. In Darknesse Let Me Dwell
### *A Pilgrimes ... | 159 | John Dowland | 2 |
16,316 | # John Dowland
## Suspicions of treason {#suspicions_of_treason}
Dowland performed a number of espionage assignments for Sir Robert Cecil in France and Denmark; despite his high rate of pay, Dowland seems to have been only a court musician. However, we have in his own words the fact that he was for a time embroiled i... | 328 | John Dowland | 3 |
16,316 | # John Dowland
## Modern interpretations {#modern_interpretations}
One of the first 20th-century musicians who successfully helped reclaim Dowland from the history books was the singer-songwriter Frederick Keel. Keel included fifteen Dowland pieces in his two sets of *Elizabethan love songs* published in 1909 and 191... | 726 | John Dowland | 4 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
**John Hancock** (`{{OldStyleDateDY|January 23,|1737|January 12, 1736<!-- EDITOR'S NOTE: 1737 is correct. By the "Old Style" (Julian), the new year began on March 25. Hancock was born on the 12th day of the 11th month (January) 1736 (Julian) = 23rd day of the 1st month (January) of 1737 (Gregorian)-->}... | 272 | John Hancock | 0 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Early life {#early_life}
Hancock was born on January 23, 1737, in Braintree, Massachusetts, in a part of town that eventually became the separate city of Quincy. He was the son of Colonel John Hancock Jr. of Braintree and Mary Hawke Thaxter (widow of Samuel Thaxter Junior), who was from nearby Hingh... | 416 | John Hancock | 1 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Growing imperial tensions {#growing_imperial_tensions}
After its victory in the Seven Years\' War, the British Empire was deeply in debt. Looking for new sources of revenue, the British Parliament sought, for the first time, to directly tax the colonies, beginning with the Sugar Act 1764. The earlie... | 625 | John Hancock | 2 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Townshend Acts crisis {#townshend_acts_crisis}
After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament took a different approach to raising revenue, passing the 1767 Townshend Acts, which established new duties on various imports and strengthened the customs agency by creating the American Customs Board. The ... | 1,105 | John Hancock | 3 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Massacre to Tea Party {#massacre_to_tea_party}
The *Liberty* affair reinforced a previously made British decision to suppress unrest in Boston with a show of military might. The decision had been prompted by Samuel Adams\'s 1768 Circular Letter, which was sent to other British American colonies in h... | 806 | John Hancock | 4 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Revolution begins {#revolution_begins}
Parliament responded to the Tea Party with the Boston Port Act, one of the so-called Coercive Acts intended to strengthen British control of the colonies. Hutchinson was replaced as governor by General Thomas Gage, who arrived in May 1774. On June 17, the Massa... | 596 | John Hancock | 5 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## President of Congress {#president_of_congress}
With the war underway, Hancock made his way to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia with the other Massachusetts delegates. On May 24, 1775, he was unanimously elected President of the Continental Congress, succeeding Peyton Randolph after Henry Mid... | 990 | John Hancock | 6 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Return to Massachusetts {#return_to_massachusetts}
In October 1777, after more than two years in Congress, Hancock requested a leave of absence. He asked Washington to arrange a military escort for his return to Boston. Although Washington was short on manpower, he nevertheless sent fifteen horsemen... | 787 | John Hancock | 7 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Final years {#final_years}
When he had resigned as governor in 1785, Hancock was again elected as a delegate to Congress, known as the Confederation Congress after the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781. Congress had declined in importance after the Revolutionary War and was frequ... | 455 | John Hancock | 8 |
16,324 | # John Hancock
## Legacy
Despite his grand funeral, Hancock faded from popular memory after his death. According to historian Alfred F. Young, \"Boston celebrated only one hero in the half-century after the Revolution: George Washington.\" As early as 1809, John Adams lamented that Hancock and Samuel Adams were \"alm... | 591 | John Hancock | 9 |
16,328 | # Jeepster Records
**Jeepster Records** is an English, London-based independent record label, founded in 1995, and specializing in British indie and alternative bands, particularly Glasgow-based acts. It is most notable for its signing of Belle and Sebastian and Snow Patrol.
## Early success {#early_success}
Jeepste... | 605 | Jeepster Records | 0 |
16,328 | # Jeepster Records
## Later releases {#later_releases}
In a stronger financial position by April 2006, largely due to the commercial success of Snow Patrol on signing to a major label, Jeepster announced its first new signing in years, Reading-based act SixNationState. Following renewed scouting of the Glasgow underg... | 298 | Jeepster Records | 1 |
16,328 | # Jeepster Records
## Discography
- *If You\'re Feeling Sinister* - Belle and Sebastian (1996)
- *Dog On Wheels* - Belle and Sebastian (1997)
- *Lazy Line Painter Jane* - Belle and Sebastian (1997)
- *3.. 6. | 37 | Jeepster Records | 2 |
16,334 | # Judith of Poland
**Judith of Poland** (*Judyta Bolesławówna*, *Judit*; b. c. 1130/35 -- died 8 July 1171/75) was a member of the House of Piast and by marriage margravine of Brandenburg.
## Early years {#early_years}
Judith was the daughter of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland by his second wife, Salomea of Be... | 484 | Judith of Poland | 0 |
16,343 | # Boulting brothers
**John Edward Boulting** (21 December 1913 -- 17 June 1985) and **Roy Alfred Clarence Boulting** (21 December 1913 -- 5 November 2001), known collectively as the **Boulting brothers**, were English filmmakers and identical twins who became known for their series of satirical comedies in the 1950s a... | 362 | Boulting brothers | 0 |
16,343 | # Boulting brothers
## Careers
The brothers constituted a producer-director team. For most of their careers one produced while the other directed, but the product remained essentially a \'Boulting Brothers film\'. They were socialists, as John demonstrated with his involvement in the Spanish Civil War (see above), an... | 925 | Boulting brothers | 1 |
16,343 | # Boulting brothers
## Careers
### Later career {#later_career}
In the US, Roy directed *The Last Word* (1979), a comedy starring Richard Harris that was barely seen. When John died of cancer in 1985, Roy stopped making films. His last credit was directing an episode of the *Miss Marple* series for TV, *The Moving Fi... | 112 | Boulting brothers | 2 |
16,343 | # Boulting brothers
## Personal lives {#personal_lives}
John Boulting was married four times. He had six children: two sons by his first marriage; three daughters by his second. He also had a third son. With his first wife, Veronica, daughter of Irish barrister, John Craig Nelson Davidson, he had sons Norris (b. 1941... | 339 | Boulting brothers | 3 |
16,343 | # Boulting brothers
## Deaths
John Boulting died on 17 June 1985 at his home in Sunningdale, Berkshire, and Roy Boulting 16 years later on 5 November 2001 in the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford; both died of cancer.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
A still from *The Family Way* was used for The Smiths single... | 227 | Boulting brothers | 4 |
16,354 | # Johann Friedrich Endersch
**Johann Friedrich Endersch** (25 October 1705 -- 28 March 1769) was a German cartographer and mathematician. Endersch also held the title of Royal Mathematician to King Augustus III of Poland.
## Life
Endersch was born in Dörnfeld an der Heide, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Thuringia, but live... | 152 | Johann Friedrich Endersch | 0 |
16,355 | # James Blaylock
**James Paul Blaylock** (born September 20, 1950) is an American fantasy author. He is noted for a distinctive, humorous style, as well as being one of the pioneers of the steampunk genre of science fiction. Blaylock has cited Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle and Ch... | 277 | James Blaylock | 0 |
16,364 | # Judicial economy
**Judicial economy** or **procedural economy** is the principle that the limited resources of the legal system or a given court should be conserved by the refusal to decide one or more claims raised in a case. For example, the plaintiff may claim that the defendant\'s actions violated three distinct... | 202 | Judicial economy | 0 |
16,371 | # Jacob Abbott
**Jacob Abbott** (November 14, 1803 -- October 31, 1879) was an American writer of children\'s books.
## Early life {#early_life}
On November 14, 1803, Abbott was born in Hallowell, Maine to Jacob Abbott II and Betsey Chandler. He attended the Hallowell Academy.
## Education
Abbott graduated from Bo... | 617 | Jacob Abbott | 0 |
16,382 | # Julian Lennon
**Julian Charles John Lennon** (born **John Charles Julian Lennon**; 8 April 1963) is an English musician, photographer, author, and philanthropist. He is the son of Beatles member John Lennon and his first wife Cynthia; Julian is named after his paternal grandmother Julia. Julian inspired three Beatle... | 496 | Julian Lennon | 0 |
16,382 | # Julian Lennon
## Relationship with his father {#relationship_with_his_father}
Following his father\'s murder on 8 December 1980, Julian Lennon voiced anger and resentment toward him, saying, \"I\'ve never really wanted to know the truth about how Dad was with me. There was some very negative stuff talked about me \... | 494 | Julian Lennon | 1 |
16,382 | # Julian Lennon
## Career
### Music career {#music_career}
Aside from The Beatles, Lennon was influenced by David Bowie, Keith Jarrett, Steely Dan, and AC/DC.
Lennon made his musical debut at age 11 on his father\'s album *Walls and Bridges* playing drums on \"Ya-Ya\", later saying, \"Dad, had I known you were goin... | 1,195 | Julian Lennon | 2 |
16,382 | # Julian Lennon
## Career
### Photography
After photographing his half-brother Sean\'s music tour in 2007, Lennon took up a serious interest in photography.
On 17 September 2010, Lennon opened an exhibition of 35 photographs called \"Timeless: The Photography of Julian Lennon\" with help from long-time friend and fe... | 291 | Julian Lennon | 3 |
16,382 | # Julian Lennon
## Philanthropy
A conversation Lennon once had with his father went as follows: \"Dad once said to me that should he pass away, if there was some way of letting me know he was going to be OK -- that we were all going to be OK -- the message would come to me in the form of a white feather. \... the whi... | 395 | Julian Lennon | 4 |
16,382 | # Julian Lennon
## Personal life {#personal_life}
### Residence and relationships {#residence_and_relationships}
After living with his parents at Kenwood in Weybridge outside London from 1964 to 1968, Lennon moved with his mother to a number of British locales, eventually settling in The Wirral near Liverpool and th... | 426 | Julian Lennon | 5 |
16,385 | # Johann Philipp Abelin
**Johann Philipp Abelin** was a German chronicler whose career straddled the 16th and 17th centuries. He was born, probably, at Strasbourg, and died there between 1634 and 1637. He wrote numerous histories under the pseudonyms of **Abeleus**, **Philipp Arlanibäus**, **Johann Ludwig Gottfried** ... | 228 | Johann Philipp Abelin | 0 |
16,386 | # Jacob Abendana
**Jacob Abendana** (1630 -- 12 September 1685) was *hakham* of London from 1680 until his death.
## Biography
Abendana was the eldest son of Joseph Abendana and brother to Isaac Abendana. Though his family originally lived in Hamburg, Jacob and his brother were both born in Spain. At some point in t... | 375 | Jacob Abendana | 0 |
16,390 | # John Abercrombie (physician)
**John Abercrombie** (10 October 1780 -- 14 November 1844) was a Scottish physician, author, philosopher and philanthropist. His Edinburgh practice became one of the most successful medical practices in Scotland. The *Chambers Biographical Dictionary* says of him that after James Gregory... | 837 | John Abercrombie (physician) | 0 |
16,390 | # John Abercrombie (physician)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1810 he was living at 43 York Place, Edinburgh. In 1831, while treating his colleague James Crawford Gregory, he contracted and recovered from typhus. In 1841, he was partially paralysed, but was nevertheless able to return to his medical practice.
... | 169 | John Abercrombie (physician) | 1 |
16,392 | # Jurisdiction
**Jurisdiction** (from Latin *juris\]\]* \'law\' and *dictio\]\]* \'speech\' or \'declaration\') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice. In federations like the United States, the concept of jurisdiction applies at multiple levels (e.g., local, state, and fe... | 392 | Jurisdiction | 0 |
16,392 | # Jurisdiction
## International dimension {#international_dimension}
### International and municipal {#international_and_municipal}
The fact that international organizations, courts and tribunals have been created raises the difficult question of how to co-ordinate their activities with those of national courts. If t... | 1,028 | Jurisdiction | 1 |
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