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15,382 | # Invisible balance
The **invisible balance** or **balance of trade on services** is that part of the balance of trade that refers to services and other items that do not result in the transfer of physical objects. Examples include consulting services, shipping services, tourism, and patent license revenues. This figu... | 479 | Invisible balance | 0 |
15,382 | # Invisible balance
## Balance of payments problems and the invisible balance {#balance_of_payments_problems_and_the_invisible_balance}
Problems with a country\'s balance of trade (or balance of payments) are often associated with an inappropriate valuation of its currency, its country\'s foreign exchange rate.
If a... | 303 | Invisible balance | 1 |
15,392 | # Imperial Conference
**Imperial Conferences** (**Colonial Conferences** before 1907) were periodic gatherings of government leaders from the self-governing colonies and dominions of the British Empire between 1887 and 1937, before the establishment of regular Meetings of Commonwealth Prime Ministers in 1944. They wer... | 654 | Imperial Conference | 0 |
15,395 | # International Refugee Organization
The **International Refugee Organization** (**IRO**) was an intergovernmental organization founded on 20 April 1946 to deal with the massive refugee problem created by World War II. A Preparatory Commission began operations fourteen months previously. In 1948, the treaty establishi... | 425 | International Refugee Organization | 0 |
15,437 | # ITU prefix
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) allocates call sign prefixes for radio and television stations of all types. They also form the basis for, but may not exactly match, aircraft registration identifiers. These prefixes are agreed upon internationally, and are a form of country code. A call si... | 468 | ITU prefix | 0 |
15,441 | # Italian battleship Giulio Cesare
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15,446 | # Ithaca College
**Ithaca College** is a private college in Ithaca, New York. It was founded by William Egbert in 1892 as a conservatory of music. Ithaca College is known for its media-related programs and entertainment programs within the Roy H. Park School of Communications and the Ithaca College School of Music, Th... | 933 | Ithaca College | 0 |
15,446 | # Ithaca College
## Academics
`{{Infobox US university ranking
| Forbes = 431
| USNWR_REG = 13
| Wamo_MASTERSU = 111
| THE_WSJ = 234
}}`{=mediawiki}
The college offers a curriculum with more than 100 degree programs in its five schools:
- School of Business
- Roy H. Park School of Communications
- School of H... | 1,268 | Ithaca College | 1 |
15,446 | # Ithaca College
## Student life {#student_life}
### Music
Ithaca College is well-known for its music school, and offers many diverse opportunities to perform music, whether it be with ensembles within the official School of Music, Theatre, and Dance or student-organized organizations dedicated to performing music ou... | 344 | Ithaca College | 2 |
15,446 | # Ithaca College
## Intramurals
Along with Intercollegiate athletics, Ithaca College has a large intramural sport program. This extracurricular program serves approximately 25% of the undergraduate population yearly. Fourteen traditional team activities are offered throughout the year and include basketball, flag foo... | 454 | Ithaca College | 3 |
15,446 | # Ithaca College
## Sustainability
### Community impact {#community_impact}
While the Ithaca College Natural Lands has issued a statement that Ithaca College should join efforts calling for a moratorium on horizontal drilling and high volume (\"slick water\") hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, the college as a whole ... | 362 | Ithaca College | 4 |
15,447 | # Differential psychology
**Differential psychology** studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. It is a discipline that develops classifications (taxonomies) of psychological individual differences. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that,... | 542 | Differential psychology | 0 |
15,462 | # Integral domain
In mathematics, an **integral domain** is a nonzero commutative ring in which the product of any two nonzero elements is nonzero. Integral domains are generalizations of the ring of integers and provide a natural setting for studying divisibility. In an integral domain, every nonzero element *a* has ... | 358 | Integral domain | 0 |
15,462 | # Integral domain
## Examples
- The archetypical example is the ring $\Z$ of all integers.
- Every field is an integral domain. For example, the field $\R$ of all real numbers is an integral domain. Conversely, every Artinian integral domain is a field. In particular, all finite integral domains are finite fields... | 316 | Integral domain | 1 |
15,462 | # Integral domain
## Non-examples {#non_examples}
The following rings are *not* integral domains.
- The zero ring (the ring in which $0=1$).
- The quotient ring $\Z/m\Z$ when *m* is a composite number. To show this, choose a proper factorization $m = xy$ (meaning that $x$ and $y$ are not equal to $1$ or $m$). Th... | 448 | Integral domain | 2 |
15,462 | # Integral domain
## Divisibility, prime elements, and irreducible elements {#divisibility_prime_elements_and_irreducible_elements}
In this section, *R* is an integral domain.
Given elements *a* and *b* of *R*, one says that *a* *divides* *b*, or that *a* is a *divisor* of *b*, or that *b* is a *multiple* of *a*, if... | 663 | Integral domain | 3 |
15,462 | # Integral domain
## Algebraic geometry {#algebraic_geometry}
Integral domains are characterized by the condition that they are reduced (that is `{{nowrap|1=''x''<sup>2</sup> = 0}}`{=mediawiki} implies `{{nowrap|1=''x'' = 0}}`{=mediawiki}) and irreducible (that is there is only one minimal prime ideal). The former co... | 209 | Integral domain | 4 |
15,467 | # Interrupt latency
In computing, **interrupt latency** refers to the delay between the start of an Interrupt Request (IRQ) and the start of the respective Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). For many operating systems, devices are serviced as soon as the device\'s interrupt handler is executed. Interrupt latency may be ... | 562 | Interrupt latency | 0 |
15,477 | # Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi
**Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi** (*إبْنُ ٱلشَّيْخِ اللّيبي*; born **Ali Mohamed Abdul Aziz al-Fakheri**; 1963 -- May 10, 2009) was a Libyan national captured in Afghanistan in November 2001 after the fall of the Taliban; he was interrogated by American and Egyptian forces. The information he gave unde... | 673 | Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi | 0 |
15,477 | # Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi
## Information provided {#information_provided}
According to *The Washington Post*,
On September 15, 2002, *Time* published an article that detailed the CIA interrogations of Omar al-Faruq. It said,
> On Sept. 9, according to a secret CIA summary of the interview, al-Faruq confessed that he ... | 823 | Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi | 1 |
15,477 | # Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi
## Book: *Inside the Jihad* {#book_inside_the_jihad}
In November 2006, a Moroccan using the pseudonym Omar Nasiri, having infiltrated al-Qaeda in the 1990s, wrote the book, *Inside the Jihad: My Life with al Qaeda, a Spy\'s story*. In the book, Nasiri claims that al-Libi deliberately planted i... | 702 | Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi | 2 |
15,491 | # Integer factorization
In mathematics, **integer factorization** is the decomposition of a positive integer into a product of integers. Every positive integer greater than 1 is either the product of two or more integer factors greater than 1, in which case it is a composite number, or it is not, in which case it is a... | 679 | Integer factorization | 0 |
15,491 | # Integer factorization
## Current state of the art {#current_state_of_the_art}
Among the `{{math|''b''}}`{=mediawiki}-bit numbers, the most difficult to factor in practice using existing algorithms are those semiprimes whose factors are of similar size. For this reason, these are the integers used in cryptographic a... | 597 | Integer factorization | 1 |
15,491 | # Integer factorization
## Factoring algorithms {#factoring_algorithms}
### Special-purpose {#special_purpose}
A special-purpose factoring algorithm\'s running time depends on the properties of the number to be factored or on one of its unknown factors: size, special form, etc. The parameters which determine the run... | 330 | Integer factorization | 2 |
15,491 | # Integer factorization
## Rigorous running time {#rigorous_running_time}
The Schnorr--Seysen--Lenstra probabilistic algorithm has been rigorously proven by Lenstra and Pomerance to have expected running time `{{math|''L<sub>n</sub>''[{{sfrac|1|2}}, 1+''o''(1)]}}`{=mediawiki} by replacing the GRH assumption with the ... | 541 | Integer factorization | 3 |
15,494 | # Incompatible-properties argument
The **incompatible-properties argument** is the idea that no description of God is consistent with reality. For example, if one takes the definition of God to be described fully from the Bible, then the claims of what properties God has described therein might be argued to lead to a ... | 491 | Incompatible-properties argument | 0 |
15,507 | # Carbon compounds
**Carbon compounds** are chemical substances containing carbon. More compounds of carbon exist than any other chemical element except for hydrogen. Organic carbon compounds are far more numerous than inorganic carbon compounds. In general bonds of carbon with other elements are covalent bonds. Carbo... | 448 | Carbon compounds | 0 |
15,507 | # Carbon compounds
## Organic compounds {#organic_compounds}
It was once thought that organic compounds could only be created by living organisms. Over time, however, scientists learned how to synthesize organic compounds in the lab. The number of organic compounds is immense and the known number of defined compounds... | 690 | Carbon compounds | 1 |
15,507 | # Carbon compounds
## Carboranes
A carborane is a cluster composed of boron and carbon atoms such as H~2~C~2~B~10~H~10~.
## Alloys
There are hundreds of alloys that contain carbon. The most common of these alloys is steel, sometimes called \"carbon steel\" (see :Category:Steels). All kinds of steel contain some amo... | 179 | Carbon compounds | 2 |
15,521 | # Devanagari numerals
The **Devanagari numerals** are the symbols used to write numbers in the Devanagari script, predominantly used for northern Indian languages. They are used to write decimal numbers, instead of the Western Arabic numerals.
## Table
+------------+----------+------------------------------------+
|... | 304 | Devanagari numerals | 0 |
15,536 | # Lists of airports
An **airport** is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active s... | 135 | Lists of airports | 0 |
15,579 | # Communications in Japan
Japan has one of the world\'s most modern communication networks, with strong mobile and internet growth. In 2008, 75 million Japanese consumers (82% of all internet users) used mobile phones to access the Internet. The country\'s communication infrastructure includes significant telephone an... | 656 | Communications in Japan | 0 |
15,579 | # Communications in Japan
## General background and history {#general_background_and_history}
An example of the dawn of modern Japanese communications is the shift in newspaper publication. News vendors of the Tokugawa period, taking place from 1603 to 1867, typically promoted publications by reading the contents alo... | 659 | Communications in Japan | 1 |
15,611 | # Simon–Ehrlich wager
The **Simon--Ehrlich wager** was a 1980 scientific wager between business professor Julian Simon and biologist Paul Ehrlich, betting on a mutually agreed-upon measure of resource scarcity over the decade leading up to 1990. The widely followed contest originated in the pages of *Social Science Qu... | 728 | Simon–Ehrlich wager | 0 |
15,611 | # Simon–Ehrlich wager
## The proposed second wager {#the_proposed_second_wager}
Understanding that Simon wanted to bet again, Ehrlich and climatologist Stephen Schneider counter-offered, challenging Simon to bet on 15 current trends, betting \$1,000 that each will get worse (as in the previous wager) over a ten-year ... | 527 | Simon–Ehrlich wager | 1 |
15,611 | # Simon–Ehrlich wager
## Other wagers {#other_wagers}
In 1996, Simon bet \$1,000 with David South, professor of the Auburn University School of Forestry, that the inflation-adjusted price of timber would decrease in the following five years. Simon paid out early on the bet in 1997 (before his death in 1998) based on ... | 178 | Simon–Ehrlich wager | 2 |
15,613 | # Jazz
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`` | 19 | Jazz | 0 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
**Eric Reed Boucher** (born June 17, 1958), known professionally as **Jello Biafra**, is an American singer, spoken word artist and political activist. He is the former lead singer and songwriter for the San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys.
Initially active from 1979 to 1986, Dead Kennedys were ... | 400 | Jello Biafra | 0 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
## Musical career {#musical_career}
### Colorado bands {#colorado_bands}
In 1977, he worked as a roadie for a local band called The Ravers (who later changed their name to The Nails), helping set up their equipment at shows, including as an opener for the Ramones. The job ended shortly after the Ramon... | 1,480 | Jello Biafra | 1 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
## Musical career {#musical_career}
### Dead Kennedys {#dead_kennedys}
#### Lawsuit and reunion activities {#lawsuit_and_reunion_activities}
In October 1998, three former members of the Dead Kennedys sued Biafra for nonpayment of royalties. The other members of Dead Kennedys alleged that Biafra, in his... | 864 | Jello Biafra | 2 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
## Musical career {#musical_career}
### Other bands {#other_bands}
In the early 1980s, Biafra collaborated with musicians Christian Lunch and Adrian Borland (of The Sound) and Morgan Fisher (of Mott the Hoople) for the electropunk musical project The Witch Trials, releasing one self-titled EP in its li... | 546 | Jello Biafra | 3 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
## Musical career {#musical_career}
### Alternative Tentacles {#alternative_tentacles}
In June 1979, Biafra co-founded the record label Alternative Tentacles, with which the Dead Kennedys released their first single, \"California über alles\". The label was created to allow the band to release albums w... | 514 | Jello Biafra | 4 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
## Politics
Biafra has resisted identifying with any particular ideology, saying, \"I don\'t label myself strictly an anarchist or a socialist or let alone a libertarian or something like that,\" In a 2012 interview, Biafra said \"I\'m very pro-tax as long as it goes for the right things. I don\'t mind... | 1,120 | Jello Biafra | 5 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
## Politics
### Electoral history {#electoral_history}
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Biafra married Theresa Soder, a.k.a. Ninotchka, lead singer of San Francisco-area punk band the Situations, on October 31, 1981. The wedding was conducted by Flipper vocalist/bassist Bruce Loose, who became a Univ... | 133 | Jello Biafra | 6 |
15,616 | # Jello Biafra
## Selected discography {#selected_discography}
*For a more complete list, see the Jello Biafra discography.*
### Dead Kennedys {#dead_kennedys_1}
- 1980 -- *Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables*
- 1981 -- *In God We Trust, Inc.*
- 1982 -- *Plastic Surgery Disasters*
- 1985 -- *Frankenchrist*
-... | 723 | Jello Biafra | 7 |
15,627 | # Junk science
**Junk science** is spurious or fraudulent scientific data, research, or analysis. The concept is often invoked in political and legal contexts where facts and scientific results have a great amount of weight in making a determination. It usually conveys a pejorative connotation that the research has be... | 366 | Junk science | 0 |
15,627 | # Junk science
## History
The phrase *junk science* appears to have been in use prior to 1985. A 1985 United States Department of Justice report by the Tort Policy Working Group noted:
> The use of such invalid scientific evidence (commonly referred to as \'junk science\') has resulted in findings of causation which... | 766 | Junk science | 1 |
15,627 | # Junk science
## Misuse in public relations {#misuse_in_public_relations}
John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton of *PR Watch* say the concept of junk science has come to be invoked in attempts to dismiss scientific findings that stand in the way of short-term corporate profits. In their book *Trust Us, We\'re Experts* (2... | 436 | Junk science | 2 |
15,627 | # Junk science
## Notable cases {#notable_cases}
American psychologist Paul Cameron has been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) as an anti-gay extremist and a purveyor of \"junk science\". Cameron\'s research has been heavily criticized for unscientific methods and distortions which attempt to link ... | 210 | Junk science | 3 |
15,656 | # John Wyndham
**John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|n|d|əm}}`{=mediawiki}; 10 July 1903 -- 11 March 1969) was an English science fiction writer best known for his works published under the pen name **John Wyndham**, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as **John Beynon**... | 956 | John Wyndham | 0 |
15,656 | # John Wyndham
## Biography
### Marriage
In 1963, he married Grace Isobel Wilson, whom he had known for more than thirty years, in a civil ceremony. They lived near Petersfield, Hampshire, just outside the grounds of Bedales School, until his death there in 1969, aged 65. The couple were childless, as was his brother... | 59 | John Wyndham | 1 |
15,656 | # John Wyndham
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Wyndham\'s reputation rests mainly on the first four of the novels published in his life under that name. *The Day of the Triffids* remains his best-known work, but some readers consider that *The Chrysalids* was really his best. This is set in the far future... | 367 | John Wyndham | 2 |
15,656 | # John Wyndham
## Legacy
After his death, some of Wyndham\'s unsold work was published and his earlier work was republished. His archive was acquired by the University of Liverpool.
On 24 May 2015, an alley in Hampstead that appears in *The Day of the Triffids* was formally named Triffid Alley as a memorial to him.
... | 943 | John Wyndham | 3 |
15,656 | # John Wyndham
## Works
### Short stories {#short_stories}
#### All short stories {#all_short_stories}
- \"Vivisection\" (1919), as by J. W. B. Harris
- \"Worlds to Barter\" (1931), novelette
- \"Exiles on Asperus\" (1932), novelette, as by John Beynon Harris
- \"The Lost Machine\" (1932), novelette
- \"The... | 382 | John Wyndham | 4 |
15,664 | # Politics of Jamaica
Politics in Jamaica takes place in the framework of a representative parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The 1962 Constitution of Jamaica established a parliamentary system whose political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom. As the head of state, King Ch... | 565 | Politics of Jamaica | 0 |
15,664 | # Politics of Jamaica
## Executive branch {#executive_branch}
The 1962 Constitution established a parliamentary system based on the United Kingdom\'s Westminster model. As head of state, King Charles III appoints a governor-general, on the advice of the prime minister, as his representative in Jamaica. The governor-g... | 587 | Politics of Jamaica | 1 |
15,666 | # Telecommunications in Jamaica
**Telecommunications in Jamaica** include the fixed and mobile telephone networks, radio, television, and the Internet.
## Telecommunications
Jamaica is a member of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). The NANP Administrator (NANPA) has allocated the area codes 876 and 658 for us... | 771 | Telecommunications in Jamaica | 0 |
15,666 | # Telecommunications in Jamaica
## Internet
- Internet top-level domain: .jm, registration of .jm domains is handled by MITS at the University of the West Indies, registration is free, although there has been some discussion about MITS making the service commercial in the coming years.
- Internet users: 1.3 milli... | 292 | Telecommunications in Jamaica | 1 |
15,667 | # Transport in Jamaica
**Transport in Jamaica** consists of roadways, railways, ship and air transport, with roadways forming the backbone of the island\'s internal transport system.
## Roadways
The Jamaican road network consists of almost 21,000 kilometres of roads, of which over 15,000 kilometres are paved. The Ja... | 827 | Transport in Jamaica | 0 |
15,667 | # Transport in Jamaica
## Merchant marine {#merchant_marine}
- *Total:* 1 ship of over 1,000 GT: `{{GT|1,930}}`{=mediawiki}/`{{DWT|3,065|metric|disp=long}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Ships by type:* petroleum tanker 1 (1999 est.).
## Lighthouses
As the island is a large exporter of bauxite, there is considerable freighte... | 61 | Transport in Jamaica | 1 |
15,669 | # Foreign relations of Jamaica
Jamaica has diplomatic relations with many nations and is a member of the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Jamaica chairs the Working Group on smaller Economies.
Jamaica is an active member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement (G-77). Jamaic... | 446 | Foreign relations of Jamaica | 0 |
15,669 | # Foreign relations of Jamaica
## Bilateral relations {#bilateral_relations}
+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,257 | Foreign relations of Jamaica | 1 |
15,673 | # Jan Mayen
**Jan Mayen** (`{{IPA|no-NO-03|jɑn ˈmɑ̀ɪən|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Norwegian volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean with no permanent population. It is 55 km long (southwest-northeast) and 377 km2 in area, partly covered by glaciers (an area of 114.2 km2 around the Beerenberg volcano). It has two parts: lar... | 277 | Jan Mayen | 0 |
15,673 | # Jan Mayen
## Society
### Demography
The only inhabitants on the island are personnel working for the Norwegian Armed Forces and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Eighteen people spend the winter on the island, but the population may roughly double (35) during the summer, when heavy maintenance is performed. ... | 610 | Jan Mayen | 1 |
15,673 | # Jan Mayen
## History
thumb\|right\|upright=1.3\|In the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s--1720s), Dutch navigators were the first non-natives to undisputedly explore and map many largely unknown isolated areas of the world, including Jan Mayen and the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean.
... | 484 | Jan Mayen | 2 |
15,673 | # Jan Mayen
## History
### During the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s--1720s) {#during_the_golden_age_of_dutch_exploration_and_discovery_c._1590s1720s}
#### First verified discoveries: mapping and naming {#first_verified_discoveries_mapping_and_naming}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|A map of Jan Mayen d... | 1,320 | Jan Mayen | 3 |
15,673 | # Jan Mayen
## History
### Second World War {#second_world_war}
During World War II, continental Norway was invaded and occupied by Germany in spring 1940. The four-man team on Jan Mayen stayed at their posts and in an act of defiance began sending their weather reports to the United Kingdom instead of Norway. The Br... | 648 | Jan Mayen | 4 |
15,673 | # Jan Mayen
## Environment
### Nature reserve {#nature_reserve}
A regulation dating from 2010 renders the island a nature reserve under Norwegian jurisdiction. The aim of this regulation is to ensure the preservation of a pristine Arctic island and the marine life nearby, including the ocean floor. Landings at Jan M... | 635 | Jan Mayen | 5 |
15,696 | # Demographics of Jersey
Jersey is the most populated of the crown dependencies and of the Channel Islands. The Demographic statistics of the island includes population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
The populat... | 271 | Demographics of Jersey | 0 |
15,696 | # Demographics of Jersey
## Population
In 2021, the total resident population of Jersey is 103,267, although the CIA World Factbook estimates it as 101,073 (this may be due to a different estimate).
### Geographic distribution {#geographic_distribution}
Jersey is divided into twelve parishes. The most populous pari... | 798 | Demographics of Jersey | 1 |
15,696 | # Demographics of Jersey
## Statistics
### Death rate {#death_rate}
8.5 deaths/1,000 population (2005)
### Net immigration rate {#net_immigration_rate}
2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
### Sex ratio {#sex_ratio}
---------------------- ---------------------------------
*At birth:* 1.11 m... | 220 | Demographics of Jersey | 2 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
The Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown dependency, unitary state and parliamentary representative democracy and constitutional monarchy. Since 2005, Jersey has a system of ministerial government, with a Chief Minister and Council of Ministers appointed from among the 49 elected members of the ... | 721 | Politics of Jersey | 0 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## History
### Establishment of self-government {#establishment_of_self_government}
It is said, in tradition, that the island\'s autonomy derives from the *Constitutions of King John*, however this is disputed. Until King James II, successive English monarchs have then granted to Jersey by charte... | 855 | Politics of Jersey | 1 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## History
### Division of powers between Governor and Bailiff {#division_of_powers_between_governor_and_bailiff}
Sir John Peyton became the Governor in 1603 after the death of Queen Elizabeth I. Peyton struggled with the Bailiff over converting the island from the dominant Calvinist religion to ... | 988 | Politics of Jersey | 2 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## History
### Anglicisation
During the 19th century, the administration system, despite reform, still resembled a feudal system of governance. At the start of the century, Jersey had achieved a high degree of self-government through delegation of Crown powers to the States, though the Bailiff, G... | 995 | Politics of Jersey | 3 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## Constitution
Jersey has an unwritten constitution arising from the Treaty of Paris (1259). This peculiar political position has often benefited the islanders. Until the 19th century, the island was generally exempt from the harsher parts of Westminster legislation, while being included in favo... | 585 | Politics of Jersey | 4 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## The Crown {#the_crown}
As a Crown dependency, the head of state of Jersey is the British monarch and Jersey is a self-governing possession of the Crown. The present monarch, whose traditional title in the Channel Islands is the Duke of Normandy, is King Charles III.
Position Ho... | 588 | Politics of Jersey | 5 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## Executive
Previously, both executive and legislative powers were vested in a single body: the States of Jersey. A committee system managed government affairs and policy, with committees formed of States members. A report of a review committee chaired by Sir Cecil Clothier criticised this syste... | 350 | Politics of Jersey | 6 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## Political parties {#political_parties}
Since the 1950s, politics in Jersey has been dominated by independent representatives. Historically, the island had two parties: the conservative Roses (Charlots) and the progressive Laurels (Magots). Due to the 2022 electoral reform, Jersey may be moving... | 504 | Politics of Jersey | 7 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## Separation debate {#separation_debate}
The separation issue came up in the House of Commons in a debate on Jersey\'s constitution in 1969. According to Sir Cyril Black, Member of Parliament for Wimbledon, Jersey was on the verge of declaring independence from the British Government after the Q... | 437 | Politics of Jersey | 8 |
15,697 | # Politics of Jersey
## Separation debate {#separation_debate}
### Constitutional Review Group report {#constitutional_review_group_report}
The Group\'s *Second Interim Report* was presented to the States by the Council of Ministers in June 2008. The report made a number of recommendations about Jersey independence, ... | 683 | Politics of Jersey | 9 |
15,698 | # Economy of Jersey
The **economy of Jersey** is a highly developed social market economy. It is largely driven by international financial services and legal services, which accounted for 39.5% of total GVA in 2019, a 4% increase on 2018. Jersey is considered to be an offshore financial centre. Jersey has the precondi... | 688 | Economy of Jersey | 0 |
15,698 | # Economy of Jersey
## Fiscal policy {#fiscal_policy}
Jersey is fiscally independent from the UK. UK public money is not ordinarily spent in the island, and Jersey residents do not pay tax or national insurance contributions to HMRC. As the UK is responsible for Jersey\'s defence and international representation, the... | 490 | Economy of Jersey | 1 |
15,698 | # Economy of Jersey
## Sectors
### Financial and legal services {#financial_and_legal_services}
Jersey-based financial organisations provide services to customers worldwide. In December 2020, it was reported that there were 13,510 jobs within this sector. The finance sector profits were about £1.18 billion in 2015.
... | 923 | Economy of Jersey | 2 |
15,698 | # Economy of Jersey
## Sectors
### Transport, storage and communication {#transport_storage_and_communication}
This sector accounted for 3.5% of GVA during 2019. In December 2020, this sector had 1,950 private sector jobs in transport and storage and 1,810 private sector jobs in information and communications.
Most ... | 275 | Economy of Jersey | 3 |
15,698 | # Economy of Jersey
## Cost of living {#cost_of_living}
Jersey has a high cost of living, due to transport costs and a lack of competition. In January 2021, Numbeo, an online cost-of-living index, reported that Jersey was the \"world\'s \'most expensive place to live\'.\"
### Inflation
In Jersey, inflation is based... | 484 | Economy of Jersey | 4 |
15,700 | # Transport in Jersey
**Transport in Jersey** is primarily through the motor vehicle. The island, which is the largest of the Channel Islands has 124,737 registered vehicles (2016). The island is committed to combatting climate change, having declared a climate emergency, and policy is focused on reducing dependence o... | 820 | Transport in Jersey | 0 |
15,700 | # Transport in Jersey
## Road transport {#road_transport}
### Highways
#### Driving laws {#driving_laws}
Driving laws in Jersey are the United Kingdom Highway Code, supplemented by the Jersey Highway Code.
Visitors wishing to drive must possess a Certificate of Insurance or an International Green Card, a valid Drivi... | 535 | Transport in Jersey | 1 |
15,700 | # Transport in Jersey
## Road transport {#road_transport}
### Car sharing {#car_sharing}
Jersey has a shared electric car operator, EVie, that provides islandwide self-service electric car hire.
### Cycling
Jersey has infrastructure dedicated to cyclists. Cycle infrastructure has been improving in the previous deca... | 607 | Transport in Jersey | 2 |
15,700 | # Transport in Jersey
## Rail transport {#rail_transport}
Historically there were public railway services in the island, provided by two railway companies:
- The Jersey Railway (closed in 1936)
- The Jersey Eastern Railway (closed in 1929).
The mostly coastal lines operated out of St Helier and ran across the s... | 293 | Transport in Jersey | 3 |
15,700 | # Transport in Jersey
## Sea transport {#sea_transport}
### History {#history_1}
An important growth for St Helier in the early 19th century was the construction of the harbour. Previously, ships coming into the town had only a small jetty at the site now called the English Harbour and the French Harbour. The Chambe... | 428 | Transport in Jersey | 4 |
15,716 | # Geography of Jordan
Jordan is situated geographically in West Asia, south of Syria, west of Iraq, northwest of Saudi Arabia, east of Israel and the Palestinian territory of the West Bank. The area is also referred to as the Middle or Near East. Its territory covers about 91,880 sqkm.
Between 1950 and the Six-Day Wa... | 475 | Geography of Jordan | 0 |
15,716 | # Geography of Jordan
## Topography
The country consists mainly of a plateau between 700 m and 1,200 m meters high, divided into ridges by valleys and gorges, and a few mountainous areas. West of the plateau, land descents form the East Bank of the Jordan Rift Valley. The valley is part of the north-south Great Rift ... | 850 | Geography of Jordan | 1 |
15,716 | # Geography of Jordan
## Climate
The major characteristic of the climate is the contrast between a relatively rainy season from November to April and very dry weather for the rest of the year. With hot, dry, uniform summers and cool, variable winters during which practically all of the precipitation occurs, the count... | 589 | Geography of Jordan | 2 |
15,720 | # Telecommunications in Jordan
Jordan has a highly developed communications infrastructure. Jordan\'s telecom infrastructure is growing at a very rapid pace and continually being updated and expanded. **Communications in Jordan** occur across many media, including telephone, radio, television, and internet.
## Teleph... | 757 | Telecommunications in Jordan | 0 |
15,720 | # Telecommunications in Jordan
## Future
When King Abdullah II ascended to the throne in 1999, he stated his intentions to turn Jordan into the high-tech capital of the Middle East and to create a Silicon Valley-like venture in Jordan. All Jordanian schools are equipped with computers and internet connection and inst... | 123 | Telecommunications in Jordan | 1 |
15,721 | # Transport in Jordan
`{{Jordan Series}}`{=mediawiki} With the exception of a railway system, Jordan has a developed public and private transportation system. There are three international airports in Jordan. The Hedjaz Jordan Railway runs one passenger train a day each way.
## Roadways
In 2009, it was estimated tha... | 426 | Transport in Jordan | 0 |
15,724 | # Juan de Nova Island
**Juan de Nova Island** (*Île Juan de Nova*, `{{IPA|fr|il ʒɥɑ̃ də nɔva|pron}}`{=mediawiki}), Malagasy: *Nosy Kely*) is a French-controlled tropical island in the narrowest part of the Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique. It is a low, flat island, 4.8 k... | 361 | Juan de Nova Island | 0 |
15,724 | # Juan de Nova Island
## History
### Discovery of the island (1501) {#discovery_of_the_island_1501}
João da Nova, a Galician admiral in the service of Portugal, came across the uninhabited island in 1501 while he was crossing the Mozambique Channel during an expedition to India. He called it Galega or Agalega (the G... | 934 | Juan de Nova Island | 1 |
15,724 | # Juan de Nova Island
## History
### Wrecks
The island lies on the sea route between South Africa and the northern tip of Madagascar. It is affected by strong currents and has become the site of numerous wrecks. Most visible are the remains of the `{{SS|Tottenham|1901|6}}`{=mediawiki} which ran onto the southern frin... | 269 | Juan de Nova Island | 2 |
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