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19,667 | # Michael Ventris
## Decipherment
At the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologist Arthur Evans began excavating an ancient site at Knossos, on the island of Crete. In doing so, he uncovered a great many clay tablets inscribed with two unknown scripts, Linear A and Linear B. Evans attempted to decipher both in the... | 811 | Michael Ventris | 2 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
***Maniac Mansion*** is a 1987 graphic adventure video game developed and published by Lucasfilm Games. It follows teenage protagonist Dave Miller as he attempts to rescue his girlfriend Sandy Pantz from a mad scientist, whose mind has been enslaved by a sentient meteor. The player uses a point-and-cl... | 325 | Maniac Mansion | 0 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## Overview
*Maniac Mansion* is a graphic adventure game in which the player uses a point-and-click interface to guide characters through a two-dimensional game world and to solve puzzles. Fifteen action commands, such as \"Walk To\" and \"Unlock\", may be selected by the player from a menu on the sc... | 320 | Maniac Mansion | 1 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## Development
### Conception
*Maniac Mansion* was conceived in 1985 when Lucasfilm Games employees Ron Gilbert and Gary Winnick were assigned to create an original game. Gilbert had been hired the previous year as a programmer for the game *Koronis Rift*. He befriended Winnick over their similar ta... | 613 | Maniac Mansion | 2 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## Development
### Production and SCUMM {#production_and_scumm}
Gilbert started programming *Maniac Mansion* in 6502 assembly language, but he quickly decided that the project was too large and complex for this method. He decided that a new game engine would have to be created. Its coding language wa... | 818 | Maniac Mansion | 3 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## Nintendo Entertainment System version {#nintendo_entertainment_system_version}
There were two separate versions of the game developed for the NES. The first port was handled and published by Jaleco only in Japan. Released on June 23, 1988, it featured characters redrawn in a cute art style and gen... | 698 | Maniac Mansion | 4 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## Reception
According to Stuart Hunt of *Retro Gamer*, *Maniac Mansion* received highly positive reviews from critics. Nevertheless, Ron Gilbert noted that \"it wasn\'t a huge hit\" commercially. In 2011, Hunt wrote that \"as so often tends to be the way with cult classics, the popularity it saw was... | 370 | Maniac Mansion | 5 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## Reception
### Ports
*PC Computing* in 1988 wrote that *Maniac Mansion* for the PC had a clever story but \"grade B animation\", concluding that \"the result falls short of the magic we expect from George Lucas\". Reviewing the MS-DOS and Atari ST ports, a critic from *The Games Machine* called *Ma... | 502 | Maniac Mansion | 6 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## TV adaptation and game sequel {#tv_adaptation_and_game_sequel}
Lucasfilm conceived the idea for a television adaptation of *Maniac Mansion*, the rights to which were purchased by The Family Channel in 1990. The two companies collaborated with Atlantis Films to produce a sitcom named after the game... | 310 | Maniac Mansion | 7 |
19,668 | # Maniac Mansion
## Impact and legacy {#impact_and_legacy}
In 2010, the staff of *GamesTM* dubbed *Maniac Mansion* a \"seminal\" title that overhauled the gameplay of the graphic adventure genre. Removing the need to guess syntax allowed players to concentrate on the story and puzzles, which created a smoother and mo... | 902 | Maniac Mansion | 8 |
19,675 | # May 13
| 3 | May 13 | 0 |
19,688 | # Mind map
`{{InfoMaps}}`{=mediawiki} A **mind map** is a diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often based on a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images,... | 397 | Mind map | 0 |
19,688 | # Mind map
## Research
### Effectiveness
Cunningham (2005) conducted a user study in which 80% of the students thought \"mindmapping helped them understand concepts and ideas in science\". Other studies also report some subjective positive effects of the use of mind maps. Positive opinions on their effectiveness, ho... | 566 | Mind map | 1 |
19,705 | # Microgyrus
In neuroanatomy, a **microgyrus** is an area of the cerebral cortex that includes only four cortical layers instead of six.
Microgyria are believed by some to be part of the genetic lack of prenatal development which is a cause of, or one of the causes of, dyslexia.
Albert Galaburda of Harvard Medical S... | 124 | Microgyrus | 0 |
19,726 | # Mercury (programming language)
**Mercury** is a functional logic programming language made for real-world uses. The first version was developed at the University of Melbourne, Computer Science department, by Fergus Henderson, Thomas Conway, and Zoltan Somogyi, under Somogyi\'s supervision, and released on April 8, 1... | 718 | Mercury (programming language) | 0 |
19,726 | # Mercury (programming language)
## Release schedule {#release_schedule}
The stable release naming scheme was 0.1 up to 0.13 for the first thirteen stable releases. In February 2010 the Mercury project decided to name each stable release by using the year and month of the release. For example 10.04 is for a release m... | 56 | Mercury (programming language) | 1 |
19,731 | # Midgard
In Germanic cosmology, **Midgard** (an anglicised form of Old Norse *Miðgarðr*; Old English *Middangeard*, Old Saxon *Middilgard*, Old High German *Mittilagart*, and Gothic *Midjun-gards*; \"middle yard\", \"middle enclosure\") is the name for Earth (equivalent in meaning to the Greek term *οἰκουμένη\]\]* : ... | 758 | Midgard | 0 |
19,731 | # Midgard
## Other languages {#other_languages}
*Mittilagart* is mentioned in the 9th-century Old High German *Muspilli* (v | 17 | Midgard | 1 |
19,732 | # Mage: The Ascension
***Mage: The Ascension*** is a supernatural fiction tabletop role-playing game first published on August 19, 1993, by White Wolf Publishing. It is set in the World of Darkness universe.
## History
Following the success of *Vampire: The Masquerade*, *Mage: The Ascension* was released as the thir... | 366 | Mage: The Ascension | 0 |
19,732 | # Mage: The Ascension
## Reception
Chris Kubasik reviewed *Mage: The Ascension* in *White Wolf* #38 (1993), rating it a 4 out of 5 and stated that \"*Mage* offers the jaded gamer something intriguing: creativity. The rules of the game, through both cleverness and sloppiness, challenge *all* the players to be imaginat... | 405 | Mage: The Ascension | 1 |
19,738 | # Metrizable space
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a **metrizable space** is a topological space that is homeomorphic to a metric space. That is, a topological space $(X, \tau)$ is said to be metrizable if there is a metric $d : X \times X \to [0, \infty)$ such that the topology induced by $d$ is $\tau.$... | 663 | Metrizable space | 0 |
19,739 | # Martin Agricola
**Martin Agricola** (6 January 1486 -- 10 June 1556) was a German composer of Renaissance music and a music theorist.
## Biography
Agricola was born in Świebodzin, a town in Western Poland, and took the name Agricola later in life, a common practice among Lutherans often meant to emphasize humble, ... | 175 | Martin Agricola | 0 |
19,740 | # Max August Zorn
**Max August Zorn** (`{{IPA|de|tsɔʁn|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; June 6, 1906 -- March 9, 1993) was a German mathematician. He was an algebraist, group theorist, and numerical analyst. He is best known for Zorn\'s lemma, a method used in set theory that is applicable to a wide range of mathematical construc... | 503 | Max August Zorn | 0 |
19,747 | # Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
**Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa** (`{{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|g|r|ɪ|p|ə}}`{=mediawiki}; c. 63 BC -- 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus. Agrippa is well known for his important military victories, notably the Batt... | 503 | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa | 0 |
19,747 | # Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
## Early life, family, and early career {#early_life_family_and_early_career}
### Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Agrippa was born c. 63 BC, in an uncertain location. His father was called Lucius Vipsanius. His mother\'s name is not known and Pliny the Elder claimed tha... | 397 | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa | 1 |
19,747 | # Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
## Rise to power {#rise_to_power}
### Friend to Octavian {#friend_to_octavian}
After Octavian\'s return to Rome, he and his supporters realised they needed the support of legions. Agrippa helped Octavian to levy troops in Campania. Once Octavian had his legions, he made a pact with Mark An... | 676 | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa | 2 |
19,747 | # Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
## Public service {#public_service}
Agrippa participated in smaller military campaigns in 35 and 34 BC, but by the autumn of 34 BC he had returned to Rome. He rapidly set out on a campaign of public repairs and improvements, including renovation of the aqueduct known as the Aqua Marcia and ... | 619 | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa | 3 |
19,747 | # Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
## Later life {#later_life}
Agrippa\'s friendship with Augustus seems to have been clouded by the jealousy of Augustus\'s nephew and son-in-law Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Traditionally it is said that the result of such jealousy was that Agrippa left Rome, ostensibly to take over the govern... | 691 | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa | 4 |
19,747 | # Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
## Legacy
Agrippa was not only Augustus\' most skilled subordinate commander but also his closest companion, serving him faithfully for over three decades. Historian Glen Bowersock says of Agrippa:
> Agrippa deserved the honours Augustus heaped upon him. It is conceivable that without Agri... | 670 | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa | 5 |
19,747 | # Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
## Marriages and issue {#marriages_and_issue}
Agrippa married three times:
- Cecilia Pomponia Attica. They married in 37 BC and divorced before 28 BC. By her he had two daughters:
- Vipsania Agrippina. She was the first wife of Tiberius.
- Vipsania Attica. She married the ora... | 237 | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa | 6 |
19,757 | # Mariotto Albertinelli
**Mariotto di Bindo di Biagio Albertinelli** (13 October 1474 -- 5 November 1515) was an Italian Renaissance painter active in Florence. He was a close friend and collaborator of Fra Bartolomeo.
Some of his works have been described as \"archaic\" or \"conservative\"; others are considered exe... | 560 | Mariotto Albertinelli | 0 |
19,758 | # Beijing cuisine
**Beijing cuisine**, also known as **Jing cuisine**, **Mandarin cuisine** and **Peking cuisine** and formerly as **Beiping cuisine**, is the local cuisine of Beijing, the national capital of China.
## Background
As Beijing has been the capital of China for centuries, its cuisine is influenced by cu... | 578 | Beijing cuisine | 0 |
19,758 | # Beijing cuisine
## History
The Qing dynasty was a major period in the formation of Beijing cuisine. Before the Boxer Rebellion, the foodservice establishments in Beijing were strictly stratified by the foodservice guild. Each category of the establishment was specifically based on its ability to provide for a parti... | 787 | Beijing cuisine | 1 |
19,758 | # Beijing cuisine
## History
### Ju
*Ju* (`{{zh|c=居|p=jū|l=residence|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}), or *ju zihao* (`{{zh|s=居字号|t=居字號|p=jū zìhào|l=residence brand|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) generally divided their business evenly into two areas: serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, and hosting banquets by... | 489 | Beijing cuisine | 2 |
19,758 | # Beijing cuisine
## Notable dishes and street foods {#notable_dishes_and_street_foods}
### Meat and poultry dishes {#meat_and_poultry_dishes}
English Image Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Pinyin Notes
------------------------------------------... | 1,010 | Beijing cuisine | 3 |
19,808 | # List of governors of Michigan
The **governor of Michigan**, is the head of government of the U.S. state of Michigan as well as the commander-in-chief of the state\'s military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws; the power to either approve or veto appropriation bills passed by the Michigan Legislat... | 276 | List of governors of Michigan | 0 |
19,808 | # List of governors of Michigan
## List of governors {#list_of_governors}
### Territory of Michigan {#territory_of_michigan}
Michigan Territory was organized on June 30, 1805, from the north half of Indiana Territory. It had three governors appointed by the president of the United States, including the longest-servi... | 2,956 | List of governors of Michigan | 1 |
19,809 | # Moses Amyraut
**Moïse Amyraut** (Latin: **Moyses Amyraldus**; September 1596 -- 8 January 1664), in English texts often **Moses Amyraut**, was a French Huguenot, Reformed theologian and metaphysician. He was the architect of Amyraldism, a Calvinist doctrine that made modifications to Calvinist theology regarding the... | 1,097 | Moses Amyraut | 0 |
19,821 | # Tacitus (emperor)
**Marcus Claudius Tacitus** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|s|ɪ|t|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|TAS|it|əs}}`{=mediawiki}; died June 276) was Roman emperor from 275 to 276. During his short reign he campaigned against the Goths and the Heruli, for which he received the title *Gothicus Maximus*.
## Early life {#e... | 657 | Tacitus (emperor) | 0 |
19,822 | # MV Tampa
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19,829 | # May Day
**May Day** is a European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning of summer, usually celebrated on 1 May, around halfway between the Northern Hemisphere\'s spring equinox and midsummer solstice. Festivities may also be held the night before, known as **May Eve**. Traditions include gathering green ... | 808 | May Day | 0 |
19,829 | # May Day
## Germanic regions {#germanic_regions}
### Germany
In rural regions of Germany, especially the Harz Mountains, *Walpurgisnacht* celebrations are traditionally held on the night before May Day, including bonfires and the wrapping of a *Maibaum* (maypole). Young people use this opportunity to party, while t... | 470 | May Day | 1 |
19,829 | # May Day
## Celtic regions {#celtic_regions}
### Ireland
*Main article: Beltane* In Ireland, May Day has long been celebrated as the festival of *Bealtaine*. It marks the beginning of summer and historically was when cattle were driven out to the summer pastures. Rituals were performed to protect cattle, people and... | 884 | May Day | 2 |
19,829 | # May Day
## England
Traditional English May Day rites and celebrations include crowning a May Queen and celebrations involving a maypole, around which dancers often circle with ribbons. Morris dancing is also often performed as part of May Day celebrations. The earliest records of maypole celebrations date to the 14... | 938 | May Day | 3 |
19,829 | # May Day
## France
In Provence, \'May trees\' decked with flowers and ribbons were traditionally set up on May Day in every village. It was also a tradition for young girls to be dressed in white, decked with crowns and wreaths of roses, and set on seats or platforms strewn with flowers in the streets. Their compani... | 511 | May Day | 4 |
19,829 | # May Day
## Iberia
### Portugal
\"Maias\" is a superstition throughout Portugal, with special focus on the northern territories and rarely elsewhere. Maias is the dominant naming in Northern Portugal, but it may be referred to by other names, including Dia das Bruxas (Witches\' day), O Burro (the Donkey, referring ... | 481 | May Day | 5 |
19,829 | # May Day
## Italy
In Italy it is called *Calendimaggio* or *cantar maggio* a seasonal feast held to celebrate the arrival of spring. The event takes its name from the period in which it takes place, that is, the beginning of May, from the Latin *kalendae maiae*. The Calendimaggio is a tradition still alive today in ... | 361 | May Day | 6 |
19,829 | # May Day
## Southeastern Europe {#southeastern_europe}
### Bulgaria
On May Day, Bulgarians celebrate Irminden (or Yeremiya, Eremiya, Irima, Zamski den). The holiday is associated with snakes and lizards and rituals are made in order to protect people from them. The name of the holiday comes from the prophet Jeremia... | 547 | May Day | 7 |
19,829 | # May Day
## Southeastern Europe {#southeastern_europe}
### Hungary
In Hungary it is called St. Philip and Jacob\'s day or sometimes Zöldfarsang. However, contrary to the name, the ecclesiastical explanation of the feast actually refers to the miracle of St. Walpurga. In contrast, the Hexennacht tradition has survive... | 775 | May Day | 8 |
19,829 | # May Day
## North America {#north_america}
### Canada
May Day is celebrated in some parts of the provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, New Brunswick and Ontario.
**Toronto**
In Toronto, on the morning of 1 May, various Morris Dancing troops from Toronto and Hamilton gather on the road by Grenadier Cafe, in High ... | 447 | May Day | 9 |
19,836 | # Molecular mass
The **molecular mass** (`{{mvar|m}}`{=mediawiki}) is the mass of a given molecule, often expressed in units of daltons (Da). Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different isotopes of an element. The derived quantity **relative molecular mas... | 680 | Molecular mass | 0 |
19,836 | # Molecular mass
## Determination
### Mass spectrometry {#mass_spectrometry}
In mass spectrometry, the molecular mass of a small molecule is usually reported as the monoisotopic mass: that is, the mass of the molecule containing only the most common isotope of each element. This also differs subtly from the molecula... | 507 | Molecular mass | 1 |
19,842 | # Mild ale
**Mild ale** is a type of ale. Modern milds are mostly dark-coloured, with an alcohol by volume (ABV) of 3% to 3.6%, although there are lighter-hued as well as stronger milds, reaching 6% abv and higher. Mild originated in Britain in the 17th century or earlier, and originally meant a young ale, as opposed ... | 635 | Mild ale | 0 |
19,842 | # Mild ale
## Brewing
Mild ales are generally based on mild malt or pale malt. Most milds contain, in addition, a quantity of crystal malt; dark milds, meanwhile, make use of chocolate malt, black malt or dark brewing sugars. Milds tend to be lightly hopped compared to pale ale and are usually low in alcohol; strong ... | 156 | Mild ale | 1 |
19,846 | # Mars Direct
**Mars Direct** is a proposal for a human mission to Mars which purports to be both cost-effective and possible with current technology. It was originally detailed in a research paper by Martin Marietta engineers Robert Zubrin and David Baker in 1990, and later expanded upon in Zubrin\'s 1996 book *The C... | 456 | Mars Direct | 0 |
19,846 | # Mars Direct
## Mission scenario {#mission_scenario}
### First launch {#first_launch}
The first flight of the Ares rocket (not to be confused with the similarly named rocket of the now defunct Constellation program) would take an uncrewed **Earth Return Vehicle** to Mars after a 6-month cruise phase, with a supply ... | 544 | Mars Direct | 1 |
19,846 | # Mars Direct
## Components
The Mars Direct proposal includes a component for a Launch Vehicle \"Ares\", an Earth Return Vehicle (ERV) and a Mars Habitat Unit (MHU).
### Launch Vehicle {#launch_vehicle}
The plan involves several launches making use of heavy-lift boosters of similar size to the Saturn V used for the... | 475 | Mars Direct | 2 |
19,846 | # Mars Direct
## Reception
Baker pitched Mars Direct at the Marshall Spaceflight Center in April 1990, where reception was very positive. The engineers flew around the country to present their plan, which generated significant interest. When their tour culminated in a demonstration at the National Space Society they ... | 314 | Mars Direct | 3 |
19,846 | # Mars Direct
## Revisions
Since Mars Direct was initially conceived, it has undergone regular review and development by Zubrin himself, the Mars Society, NASA, Stanford University and others.
### Mars Semi-Direct {#mars_semi_direct}
Zubrin and Weaver developed a modified version of Mars Direct, called Mars Semi-Di... | 728 | Mars Direct | 4 |
19,846 | # Mars Direct
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
- Mars Direct is the mission mode used in Gregory Benford\'s novel *The Martian Race*, Geoffrey A. Landis\'s novel *Mars Crossing*, Larry Niven\'s novel *Rainbow Mars*, Robert M. Blevins\' novel *The 13th Day of Christmas*, as well as Zubrin\'s own novel, *First Landing*.
-... | 147 | Mars Direct | 5 |
19,849 | # March 30
| 3 | March 30 | 0 |
19,855 | # Mars Attacks
*Mars Attacks!*}} `{{Infobox toy
| name = ''Mars Attacks''
| image = Mars attacks card wrapper.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Card wrapper for the original 1962 release of the series
| othernames = ''Attack from Space''
| type = [[Trading card]]s
| inventor = [[Len Brown ... | 701 | Mars Attacks | 0 |
19,855 | # Mars Attacks
## Adaptations and merchandising {#adaptations_and_merchandising}
In 1984, the first official item was released since the original series appeared: a direct copy of the original series of 55 cards, plus a 56th card that reprinted the wrapper graphics, was released by Renata Galasso Inc. through an agre... | 1,014 | Mars Attacks | 1 |
19,864 | # Marañón River
The **Marañón River** (*Río Marañón*, `{{IPA|es|ˈri.o maɾaˈɲon|IPA}}`{=mediawiki}, *Awriq mayu*) is the principal or mainstem source of the Amazon River, arising about 160 km (100 miles) to the northeast of Lima, Peru, and flowing northwest across plateaus 3,650 m (12,000 feet) high, it runs through a ... | 414 | Marañón River | 0 |
19,864 | # Marañón River
## Description
The initial section of the Marañón contains a plethora of *pongos*, which are gorges in the jungle areas often with difficult rapids. The Pongo de Manseriche is the final*pongo* on the Marañón located just before the river enters the flat Amazon basin. It is 5 km long and located betwee... | 342 | Marañón River | 1 |
19,864 | # Marañón River
## Historical journeys {#historical_journeys}
### La Condamine, 1743 {#la_condamine_1743}
One of the first popular descents of the Marañón River occurred in 1743, when Frenchman Charles Marie de La Condamine journeyed from the Chinchipe confluence all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. La Condamine did n... | 576 | Marañón River | 2 |
19,865 | # March 6
| 3 | March 6 | 0 |
19,866 | # Morona River
The **Morona** River is a tributary to the Marañón River in Peru and Ecuador, and flows parallel to the Pastaza River and immediately to the west of it, and is the last stream of any importance on the northern side of the Amazon before reaching the Pongo de Manseriche.
It is formed from a multitude of ... | 175 | Morona River | 0 |
19,870 | # Meson
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[WARNING] Could not convert TeX math \mathrm{\tfrac{d\bar{s} + s\bar{d}... | 60 | Meson | 0 |
19,871 | # Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game)
***Marvel Super Heroes*** (*MSH*) is a licensed role playing game set in the Marvel Universe, first published by TSR in 1984. The game lets players assume the roles of Marvel superheroes such as Spider-Man, Daredevil, Hulk, Captain America, the Fantastic Four, and the X-Men. T... | 690 | Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game) | 0 |
19,871 | # Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game)
## Publication history {#publication_history}
The first super hero role-playing games appeared in the early 1980s with *Champions* (1981) by Hero Games and *Villains and Vigilantes* (1983) by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Both of these were \"generic\" systems, not tied to any par... | 434 | Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game) | 1 |
19,871 | # Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game)
## Reception
In the July--August 1984 edition of *Space Gamer* (No. 70), Allen Varney wrote that the game was only suited to younger players and Marvel fanatics, saying, \"this is a respectable effort, and an excellent introductory game for a devoted Marvel fan aged 10 to 12;... | 775 | Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game) | 2 |
19,883 | # Mineralogy
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Mineralogy applies principles of chemistry, geology, physics and materials science to the study of minerals
**Mineralogy** is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mine... | 599 | Mineralogy | 0 |
19,883 | # Mineralogy
## Physical properties {#physical_properties}
An initial step in identifying a mineral is to examine its physical properties, many of which can be measured on a hand sample. These can be classified into density (often given as specific gravity); measures of mechanical cohesion (hardness, tenacity, cleava... | 350 | Mineralogy | 1 |
19,883 | # Mineralogy
## Crystal structure {#crystal_structure}
`{{main article|Crystal structure}}`{=mediawiki} `{{See also|Crystallography}}`{=mediawiki} The crystal structure is the arrangement of atoms in a crystal. It is represented by a lattice of points which repeats a basic pattern, called a unit cell, in three dimens... | 420 | Mineralogy | 2 |
19,883 | # Mineralogy
## Optical
`{{main article|Optical mineralogy}}`{=mediawiki}
In addition to macroscopic properties such as colour or lustre, minerals have properties that require a polarizing microscope to observe.
### Transmitted light {#transmitted_light}
When light passes from air or a vacuum into a transparent cr... | 648 | Mineralogy | 3 |
19,883 | # Mineralogy
## Mineral ecology {#mineral_ecology}
In 2011, several researchers began to develop a Mineral Evolution Database. This database integrates the crowd-sourced site Mindat.org, which has over 690,000 mineral-locality pairs, with the official IMA list of approved minerals and age data from geological publica... | 441 | Mineralogy | 4 |
19,894 | # Mosque
`{{Islam}}`{=mediawiki} A **mosque** (`{{IPAc-en|m|ɒ|s|k}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|MOSK}}`{=mediawiki}), also called a **masjid** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|s|dʒ|ɪ|d|,_|ˈ|m|ʌ|s|-}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|MASS|jid|,_|MUSS|-}}`{=mediawiki}), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered buildi... | 525 | Mosque | 0 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## History
### Origins
Islam was established in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad in the 7th century CE. The first mosque in history could be either the sanctuary built around the *Ka\'bah* in Mecca, known today as *Al-Masjid al-Haram* (\'The Sacred Mosque\'), or the Quba Mosque in Medina, the first st... | 513 | Mosque | 1 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## History
### Diffusion and evolution {#diffusion_and_evolution}
The Umayyad Caliphate was particularly instrumental in spreading Islam and establishing mosques within the Levant, as the Umayyads constructed among the most revered mosques in the region --- Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, a... | 932 | Mosque | 2 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Religious functions {#religious_functions}
### Prayers
There are two holidays (*Eids*) in the Islamic calendar: *ʿĪd al-Fiṭr* and *ʿĪd al-Aḍḥā*, during which there are special prayers held at mosques in the morning. These Eid prayers are supposed to be offered in large groups, and so, in the absence of a... | 547 | Mosque | 3 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Religious functions {#religious_functions}
### Frequency of attendance {#frequency_of_attendance}
The frequency by which Muslims attend mosque services vary greatly around the world. In some countries, weekly attendance at religious services is common among Muslims while in others, attendance is rare. A s... | 601 | Mosque | 4 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Architecture
### Styles
*Arab-plan* or hypostyle mosques are the earliest type of mosques, pioneered under the Umayyad Dynasty. These mosques have square or rectangular plans with an enclosed courtyard (*sahn*) and covered prayer hall. Historically, in the warm Middle Eastern and Mediterranean climates, ... | 481 | Mosque | 5 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Architecture
### Prayer hall {#prayer_hall}
The prayer hall, also known as the *muṣallá* (*مُصَلَّى*), rarely has furniture; chairs and pews are generally absent from the prayer hall so as to allow as many worshipers as possible to line the room. Some mosques have Islamic calligraphy and Quranic verses on... | 1,013 | Mosque | 6 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Architecture
### Domes
Domes have been a prominent feature in mosque architecture for centuries, evolving both in form and function. Traditionally placed above the main prayer hall, they symbolize the connection between the earthly and divine, often representing the vaults of heaven and sky. Initially, do... | 595 | Mosque | 7 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Architecture
### Ablution facilities {#ablution_facilities}
As ritual purification precedes all prayers, mosques often have ablution fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. Worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In tr... | 211 | Mosque | 8 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Rules and etiquette {#rules_and_etiquette}
### Prayer leading {#prayer_leading}
Appointment of a prayer leader is considered desirable, but not always obligatory. The permanent prayer leader (imam) must be a free honest individual and is authoritative in religious matters. In mosques constructed and main... | 880 | Mosque | 9 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Rules and etiquette {#rules_and_etiquette}
### Non-Muslim inclusion {#non_muslim_inclusion}
Under most interpretations of *sharia*, non-Muslims are permitted to enter mosques provided that they respect the place and the people inside it.`{{additional citation needed|date=June 2017}}`{=mediawiki} A dissent... | 664 | Mosque | 10 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Role in contemporary society {#role_in_contemporary_society}
### Political mobilization {#political_mobilization}
The late 20th century saw an increase in the number of mosques used for political purposes. While some governments in the Muslim world have attempted to limit the content of Friday sermons to... | 457 | Mosque | 11 |
19,894 | # Mosque
## Role in contemporary society {#role_in_contemporary_society}
### Role in violent conflicts {#role_in_violent_conflicts}
As they are considered important to the Muslim community, mosques, like other places of worship, can be at the heart of social conflicts. The Babri Mosque in India was the subject of suc... | 578 | Mosque | 12 |
19,935 | # Mimeograph
`{{History of printing}}`{=mediawiki}
A **mimeograph machine** (often abbreviated to **mimeo**, sometimes called a **stencil duplicator** or **stencil machine**) is a low-cost duplicating machine that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. The process is called **mimeography**, and a copy mad... | 701 | Mimeograph | 0 |
19,935 | # Mimeograph
## Mimeography process {#mimeography_process}
The image transfer medium was originally a stencil made from waxed mulberry paper. Later this became an immersion-coated long-fiber paper, with the coating being a plasticized nitrocellulose. This flexible waxed or coated sheet is backed by a sheet of stiff c... | 684 | Mimeograph | 1 |
19,935 | # Mimeograph
## Durability
Mimeographed images generally have much better durability than spirit-duplicated images, since the inks are more resistant to ultraviolet light. The primary preservation challenge is the low-quality paper often used, which would yellow and degrade due to residual acid in the treated pulp fr... | 460 | Mimeograph | 2 |
19,938 | # Mega-
Mega}} `{{Wiktionary|mega-}}`{=mediawiki} **Mega** is a unit prefix in metric systems of units denoting a factor of one million (10^6^ or `{{gaps|1|000|000}}`{=mediawiki}). It has the unit symbol **M**. It was confirmed for use in the International System of Units (SI) in 1960. *Mega* comes from *great*.
## C... | 353 | Mega- | 0 |
19,940 | # Maciej Płażyński
**Maciej Płażyński** (`{{IPA|pl|ˈmatɕɛj pwaˈʐɨɲskʲi}}`{=mediawiki}; 10 February 1958 -- 10 April 2010) was a Polish liberal-conservative politician.
## Biography
Płażyński was born in Młynary. He began his political career in 1980 / 1981 as one of the leaders of the Students\' Solidarity; he was g... | 249 | Maciej Płażyński | 0 |
19,942 | # Manner of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the **manner of articulation** is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound. One parameter of manner is *stricture,* that is, how closely the speech organs approach one anothe... | 652 | Manner of articulation | 0 |
19,942 | # Manner of articulation
## Individual manners {#individual_manners}
- **Plosive**, often called **stop**, is an oral occlusive, where there is *occlusion* (blocking) of the oral vocal tract, and no nasal air flow, so the air flow stops completely. Examples include English `{{IPA|/p t k/}}`{=mediawiki} (voiceless) ... | 717 | Manner of articulation | 1 |
19,942 | # Manner of articulation
## Other airstream initiations {#other_airstream_initiations}
All of these manners of articulation are pronounced with an airstream mechanism called pulmonic egressive, meaning that the air flows outward, and is powered by the lungs (actually the ribs and diaphragm). Other airstream mechanism... | 305 | Manner of articulation | 2 |
19,943 | # Mostaganem Province
**Mostaganem** (*ولاية مستغانم*) is a province (*wilaya*) of Algeria, with a population of 892165 inhabitants in 2019, with a density of 393/square kilometers. Its capital is Mostaganem.
## Geography
The land relief in Mostaganem Province can be divided into four regions: the Dahra Range to the... | 356 | Mostaganem Province | 0 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
**Pressure measurement** is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure and disp... | 1,371 | Pressure measurement | 0 |
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