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19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Units
The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per square metre (N·m^−2^ or kg·m^−1^·s^−2^). This special name for the unit was added in 1971; before that, pressure in SI was expressed in units such as N·m^−2^. When indicated, the zero reference is stated in parenthes... | 870 | Pressure measurement | 1 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Instruments
A **pressure sensor** is a device for pressure measurement of gases or liquids. Pressure sensors can alternatively be called **pressure transducers**, **pressure transmitters**, **pressure senders**, **pressure indicators**, **piezometers** and **manometers**, among other names.
... | 1,197 | Pressure measurement | 2 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Instruments
### Hydrostatic
**Hydrostatic** gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) compare pressure to the hydrostatic force per unit area at the base of a column of fluid. Hydrostatic gauge measurements are independent of the type of gas being measured, and can be designed to have a ... | 930 | Pressure measurement | 3 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Instruments
### Aneroid
**Aneroid** gauges are based on a metallic pressure-sensing element that flexes elastically under the effect of a pressure difference across the element. \"Aneroid\" means \"without fluid\", and the term originally distinguished these gauges from the hydrostatic gauge... | 1,309 | Pressure measurement | 4 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Instruments
### Aneroid
#### Bellows
In gauges intended to sense small pressures or pressure differences, or require that an absolute pressure be measured, the gear train and needle may be driven by an enclosed and sealed bellows chamber, called an **aneroid**. (Early barometers used a colum... | 436 | Pressure measurement | 5 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Electronic pressure instruments`{{anchor|Electronic}}`{=mediawiki} {#electronic_pressure_instruments}
Metal strain gauge
: The strain gauge is generally glued (foil strain gauge) or deposited (thin-film strain gauge) onto a membrane. Membrane deflection due to pressure causes a resistance ... | 879 | Pressure measurement | 6 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Electronic pressure instruments`{{anchor|Electronic}}`{=mediawiki} {#electronic_pressure_instruments}
### Ionization gauge {#ionization_gauge}
**Ionization gauges** are the most sensitive gauges for very low pressures (also referred to as hard or high vacuum). They sense pressure indirectly ... | 1,239 | Pressure measurement | 7 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Dynamic transients {#dynamic_transients}
When fluid flows are not in equilibrium, local pressures may be higher or lower than the average pressure in a medium. These disturbances propagate from their source as longitudinal pressure variations along the path of propagation. This is also calle... | 409 | Pressure measurement | 8 |
19,951 | # Pressure measurement
## Applications
There are many applications for pressure sensors:
- **Pressure sensing**
This is where the measurement of interest is pressure, expressed as a force per unit area. This is useful in weather instrumentation, aircraft, automobiles, and any other machinery that has pressure fun... | 746 | Pressure measurement | 9 |
19,953 | # Medieval dance
thumb\|upright=1.1\|Dance with musicians, Tacuinum sanitatis casanatense (Lombardy, Italy, late 14th century)
Sources for an understanding of dance in Europe in the Middle Ages are limited and fragmentary, being composed of some interesting depictions in paintings and illuminations, a few musical exa... | 641 | Medieval dance | 0 |
19,953 | # Medieval dance
## Other chain dances {#other_chain_dances}
Circle or line dances also existed in other parts of Europe outside England, France and Italy where the term carol was best known. These dances were of the same type with dancers hand-in-hand and a leader who sang the ballad.
### Scandinavia
In Denmark, o... | 477 | Medieval dance | 1 |
19,953 | # Medieval dance
## Other chain dances {#other_chain_dances}
### The Balkans {#the_balkans}
The present-day folk dances in the Balkans consist of dancers linked together in a hand or shoulder hold in an open or closed circle or a line. The basic round dance goes by many names in the various countries of the region: *... | 411 | Medieval dance | 2 |
19,953 | # Medieval dance
## Estampie
If the story is true that troubadour Raimbaut de Vaqueiras (about 1150--1207) wrote the famous Provençal song *Kalenda Maya* to fit the tune of an estampie that he heard two jongleurs play, then the history of the estampie extends back to the 12th century. The only musical examples actual... | 478 | Medieval dance | 3 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
**Medieval music** encompasses the sacred and secular music of Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries. It is the first and longest major era of Western classical music and is followed by the Renaissance music; the two eras comprise what musicologists genera... | 608 | Medieval music | 0 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Overview
### Instruments
Many instruments used to perform medieval music still exist in the 21st century, but in different and typically more technologically developed forms. The flute was made of wood in the medieval era rather than silver or other metal, and could be made as a side-blown or end-... | 406 | Medieval music | 1 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Overview
### Notation
During the medieval period the foundation was laid for the notational and theoretical practices that would shape Western music into the norms that developed during the common practice era. The most obvious of these is the development of a comprehensive music notational system... | 910 | Medieval music | 2 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Music theory {#music_theory}
The music theory of the medieval period saw several advances over previous practice both in regard to tonal material, texture, and rhythm.
### Rhythm
Concerning rhythm, this period had several dramatic changes in both its conception and notation. During the early med... | 1,120 | Medieval music | 3 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Music theory {#music_theory}
### Polyphony
Of equal importance to the overall history of western music theory were the textural changes that came with the advent of polyphony. This practice shaped western music into the harmonically dominated music that we know today. The first accounts of this te... | 946 | Medieval music | 4 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Early medieval music (500--1000) {#early_medieval_music_5001000}
### Early chant traditions {#early_chant_traditions}
thumb\|upright=0.5\|Hildegard of Bingen, one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony Chant (or plainsong) is a monophonic sacred (single, unaccompanied melody) form which ... | 960 | Medieval music | 5 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## High medieval music (1000--1300) {#high_medieval_music_10001300}
### Goliards
The Goliards were itinerant poet-musicians of Europe from the tenth to the middle of the thirteenth century. Most were scholars or ecclesiastics, and they wrote and sang in Latin. Although many of the poems have survive... | 958 | Medieval music | 6 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## High medieval music (1000--1300) {#high_medieval_music_10001300}
### Troubadours and trouvères {#troubadours_and_trouvères}
The music of the troubadours and trouvères was a vernacular tradition of monophonic secular song, probably accompanied by instruments, sung by professional, occasionally itin... | 415 | Medieval music | 7 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## High medieval music (1000--1300) {#high_medieval_music_10001300}
### Trovadorismo
In the Middle Ages, Galician-Portuguese was the language used in nearly all of Iberia for lyric poetry. From this language derive both modern Galician and Portuguese. The Galician-Portuguese school, which was influen... | 572 | Medieval music | 8 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Late medieval music (1300--1400) {#late_medieval_music_13001400}
### France: *Ars nova* {#france_ars_nova}
The beginning of the *Ars nova* is one of the few clear chronological divisions in medieval music, since it corresponds to the publication of the *Roman de Fauvel*, a huge compilation of poe... | 464 | Medieval music | 9 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Late medieval music (1300--1400) {#late_medieval_music_13001400}
### Italy: *Trecento* {#italy_trecento}
Most of the music of *Ars nova* was French in origin; however, the term is often loosely applied to all of the music of the fourteenth century, especially to include the secular music in Italy.... | 817 | Medieval music | 10 |
19,956 | # Medieval music
## Late medieval music (1300--1400) {#late_medieval_music_13001400}
### Transitioning to the Renaissance {#transitioning_to_the_renaissance}
Demarcating the end of the medieval era and the beginning of the Renaissance era, with regard to the composition of music, is difficult. While the music of the ... | 644 | Medieval music | 11 |
19,962 | # Mesa (programming language)
**Mesa** is a programming language developed in the mid 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in Palo Alto, California, United States. The language name was a pun based upon the programming language catchphrases of the time, because Mesa is a \"high level\" programming language.
M... | 646 | Mesa (programming language) | 0 |
19,962 | # Mesa (programming language)
## Main features {#main_features}
### Semantics
Mesa was a strongly typed programming language with type-checking across module boundaries, but with enough flexibility in its type system that heap allocators could be written in Mesa.
Due to its strict separation between interface and i... | 309 | Mesa (programming language) | 1 |
19,962 | # Mesa (programming language)
## Cedar
Mesa was the precursor to the programming language Cedar. Cedar\'s main additions were garbage collection, dynamic types, better string support through ropes, a limited form of type parameterization, and special syntax for identifying the type-safe parts of multi-module software... | 258 | Mesa (programming language) | 2 |
19,972 | # Magical organization
A **magical organization** or **magical order** is an organization or secret society created for the practice of initiation into ceremonial or other forms of occult magic or to further the knowledge of magic among its members. Magical organizations can include Hermetic orders, esoteric societies... | 453 | Magical organization | 0 |
19,972 | # Magical organization
## 20th century {#th_century_2}
Alpha et Omega was a continuation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Following a rebellion of adepts in London and an ensuing public scandal which brought the name of the Order into disrepute, Mathers renamed the branch of the Golden Dawn remaining loyal t... | 755 | Magical organization | 1 |
19,972 | # Magical organization
## Schools
The Grey School of Wizardry is an online school with a focus on secular esoteric education. Founded in 2004 by former headmaster Oberon Zell-Ravenheart, it operates primarily online and as a non-profit educational institution in California.
Arcanorium College is an online school of ... | 56 | Magical organization | 2 |
19,983 | # Central moment
In probability theory and statistics, a **central moment** is a moment of a probability distribution of a random variable about the random variable\'s mean; that is, it is the expected value of a specified integer power of the deviation of the random variable from the mean. The various moments form on... | 839 | Central moment | 0 |
19,983 | # Central moment
## Central moment of complex random variables {#central_moment_of_complex_random_variables}
The `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki}-th central moment for a complex random variable `{{mvar|X}}`{=mediawiki} is defined as `{{Equation box 1
|indent = :
|equation = <math>\alpha_n = \operatorname{E} \left[ {\left( X ... | 110 | Central moment | 1 |
19,987 | # Mehmed I
**Mehmed I** (*I. Mehmed*; c. 1386/7 -- 26 May 1421), also known as **Mehmed Çelebi** (*چلبی محمد*, \"the noble-born\") or ***Kirişçi*** (*Kyritzis*, \"lord\'s son\"), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 to 1421. Son of Sultan Bayezid I and his concubine Devlet Hatun, he fought with his brothers ... | 475 | Mehmed I | 0 |
19,987 | # Mehmed I
## Reign
After winning the Interregnum, Mehmed crowned himself sultan in the Thracian city of Edirne that lay in the European part of the empire (the area dividing the Anatolian and European sides of the empire, Constantinople and the surrounding region, was still held by the Byzantine Empire), becoming Me... | 673 | Mehmed I | 1 |
19,987 | # Mehmed I
## Family
### Consorts
Mehmed I had three known consorts:
- Emine Hatun. Daughter of Nasireddin Mehmed Bey, fifth ruler of Dulkadirids. She married Mehmed in 1403 and according to tradition she was the mother of Murad II. Her niece Sittişah Hatun would later marry Mehmed II.
- Şahzade Hatun. Daughter... | 448 | Mehmed I | 2 |
20,003 | # Multitier architecture
In software engineering, **multitier architecture** (often referred to as ***n*-tier architecture**) is a client--server architecture in which presentation, application processing and data management functions are physically separated. The most widespread use of multitier architecture is the *... | 673 | Multitier architecture | 0 |
20,003 | # Multitier architecture
## Three-tier architecture {#three_tier_architecture}
Three-tier architecture is a client-server software architecture pattern in which the user interface (presentation), functional process logic (\"business rules\"), computer data storage and data access are developed and maintained as indep... | 579 | Multitier architecture | 1 |
20,003 | # Multitier architecture
## Traceability
The end-to-end traceability of data flows through *n*-tier systems is a challenging task which becomes more important when systems increase in complexity. The Application Response Measurement defines concepts and APIs for measuring performance and correlating transactions betw... | 97 | Multitier architecture | 2 |
20,016 | # Myrinet
**Myrinet**, ANSI/VITA 26-1998, is a high-speed local area networking system designed by the company Myricom to be used as an interconnect between multiple machines to form computer clusters.
## Description
Myrinet was promoted as having lower protocol overhead than standards such as Ethernet, and therefor... | 479 | Myrinet | 0 |
20,023 | # Microkernel
In computer science, a **microkernel** (often abbreviated as **μ-kernel**) is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system (OS). These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication (... | 1,128 | Microkernel | 0 |
20,023 | # Microkernel
## Inter-process communication {#inter_process_communication}
Inter-process communication (IPC) is any mechanism which allows separate processes to communicate with each other, usually by sending messages. Shared memory is, strictly defined, also an inter-process communication mechanism, but the abbrevi... | 1,176 | Microkernel | 1 |
20,023 | # Microkernel
## Device drivers {#device_drivers}
Device drivers frequently perform direct memory access (DMA), and therefore can write to arbitrary locations of physical memory, including various kernel data structures. Such drivers must therefore be trusted. It is a common misconception that this means that they mu... | 272 | Microkernel | 2 |
20,023 | # Microkernel
## Essential components and minimality {#essential_components_and_minimality}
As a microkernel must allow building arbitrary operating system services on top, it must provide some core functionality. At a minimum, this includes:
- Some mechanisms for dealing with address spaces, required for managing... | 450 | Microkernel | 3 |
20,023 | # Microkernel
## Performance
On most mainstream processors, obtaining a service is inherently more expensive in a microkernel-based system than a monolithic system. In the monolithic system, the service is obtained by a single system call, which requires two *mode switches* (changes of the processor\'s ring or CPU mo... | 924 | Microkernel | 4 |
20,023 | # Microkernel
## Examples
Some examples of microkernels are:
- AmigaOS
- Amoeba OS
- BlackBerry QNX
- Genode
- HarmonyOS (HarmonyOS NEXT)
- HelenOS
- Horizon (Nintendo Switch system software)
- The L4 microkernel family
- Mach
- Mac OS 7 to Mac OS 9 (Mac OS nanokernel)
- Minix
- Midori
- Ph... | 264 | Microkernel | 5 |
20,029 | # Multics Relational Data Store
The **Multics Relational Data Store**, or **MRDS** for short, was the first commercial relational database management system. It was written in PL/1 by Honeywell for the Multics operating system and first sold in June 1976. Unlike the SQL systems that emerged in the late 1970s and early... | 91 | Multics Relational Data Store | 0 |
20,040 | # Maule Air
**Maule Air, Inc.** is a manufacturer of light, single-engined, short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft, based in Moultrie, Georgia, U.S. The company delivered 2,500 aircraft in its first 50 years of business.
## History
Belford D. Maule (1911--1995) designed his first aircraft, the M-1 starting at ag... | 344 | Maule Air | 0 |
20,048 | # Mooney
**Mooney** is a family name which is probably predominantly derived from the Irish Ó Maonaigh, pronounced Om-weeneey. It can also be spelled Moony, Moonie, Mainey, Meaney and Meeney depending on the dialectic pronunciation that was anglicised.
## Origins
The origin of the Moony or Mooney families is lost in... | 741 | Mooney | 0 |
20,053 | # March 8
| 3 | March 8 | 0 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
**MPEG-1** is a standard for lossy compression of video and audio. It is designed to compress VHS-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to about 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively) without excessive quality loss, making video CDs, digital cable/satellite TV and digital audio broadc... | 886 | MPEG-1 | 0 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Patents
Due to its age, MPEG-1 is no longer covered by any essential patents and can thus be used without obtaining a licence or paying any fees. The ISO patent database lists one patent for ISO 11172, US 4,472,747, which expired in 2003. The near-complete draft of the MPEG-1 standard was publicly availab... | 290 | MPEG-1 | 1 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Applications
- Most popular software for video playback includes MPEG-1 decoding, in addition to any other supported formats.
- The popularity of MP3 audio has established a massive installed base of hardware that can play back MPEG-1 Audio (all three layers).
- \"Virtually all digital audio devices... | 292 | MPEG-1 | 2 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 1: Systems {#part_1_systems}
Part 1 of the MPEG-1 standard covers *systems*, and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-1.
MPEG-1 Systems specifies the logical layout and methods used to store the encoded audio, video, and other data into a standard bitstream, and to maintain synchronization between the differ... | 713 | MPEG-1 | 3 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 2: Video {#part_2_video}
Part 2 of the MPEG-1 standard covers video and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-2. The design was heavily influenced by H.261.
MPEG-1 Video exploits perceptual compression methods to significantly reduce the data rate required by a video stream. It reduces or completely discards ... | 444 | MPEG-1 | 4 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 2: Video {#part_2_video}
### Frame/picture/block types {#framepictureblock_types}
MPEG-1 has several frame/picture types that serve different purposes. The most important, yet simplest, is **I-frame**.
#### I-frames {#i_frames}
\"I-frame\" is an abbreviation for \"Intra-frame\", so-called because t... | 1,026 | MPEG-1 | 5 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 2: Video {#part_2_video}
### Motion vectors {#motion_vectors}
To decrease the amount of temporal redundancy in a video, only blocks that change are updated, (up to the maximum GOP size). This is known as conditional replenishment. However, this is not very effective by itself. Movement of the objects... | 602 | MPEG-1 | 6 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 2: Video {#part_2_video}
### DCT
Each 8×8 block is encoded by first applying a *forward* discrete cosine transform (FDCT) and then a quantization process. The FDCT process (by itself) is theoretically lossless, and can be reversed by applying an *Inverse* DCT (IDCT) to reproduce the original values (... | 406 | MPEG-1 | 7 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 2: Video {#part_2_video}
### Quantization
Quantization is, essentially, the process of reducing the accuracy of a signal, by dividing it by some larger step size and rounding to an integer value (i.e. finding the nearest multiple, and discarding the remainder).
The frame-level quantizer is a number ... | 1,128 | MPEG-1 | 8 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 3: Audio {#part_3_audio}
Part 3 of the MPEG-1 standard covers audio and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-3.
MPEG-1 Audio utilizes psychoacoustics to significantly reduce the data rate required by an audio stream. It reduces or completely discards certain parts of the audio that it deduces that the human ... | 1,293 | MPEG-1 | 9 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 3: Audio {#part_3_audio}
### Layer III {#layer_iii}
MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (the first version of MP3) is a lossy audio format designed to provide acceptable quality at about 64 kbit/s for monaural audio over single-channel (BRI) ISDN links, and 128 kbit/s for stereo sound.
#### History/ASPEC
MPEG-1... | 902 | MPEG-1 | 10 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 3: Audio {#part_3_audio}
### MPEG-2 audio extensions {#mpeg_2_audio_extensions}
The MPEG-2 standard includes several extensions to MPEG-1 Audio. These are known as MPEG-2 BC -- backwards compatible with MPEG-1 Audio. MPEG-2 Audio is defined in ISO/IEC 13818-3.
- MPEG Multichannel -- Backward compa... | 181 | MPEG-1 | 11 |
20,056 | # MPEG-1
## Part 5: Reference software {#part_5_reference_software}
Part 5 of the MPEG-1 standard includes reference software, and is defined in ISO/IEC TR 11172--5.
Simulation: Reference software.
C reference code for encoding and decoding of audio and video, as well as multiplexing and demultiplexing.
This inclu... | 239 | MPEG-1 | 12 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
**Mumia Abu-Jamal** (born **Wesley Cook**;`{{r|Smith 2018}}`{=mediawiki} April 24, 1954) is an American political activist and journalist who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death in 1982 for the 1981 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. While on death row, he wrote and com... | 289 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 0 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
## Early life and activism {#early_life_and_activism}
Abu-Jamal was born Wesley Cook in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he grew up. He has a younger brother named William. They attended local public schools. In 1968, a high school teacher, a Kenyan man instructing a class on African cultures, enco... | 729 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 1 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
## Traffic stop and murder of officer Faulkner {#traffic_stop_and_murder_of_officer_faulkner}
At 3:55 am on December 9, 1981, in Philadelphia, close to the intersection at 13th and Locust Streets, Philadelphia Police Department officer Daniel Faulkner conducted a traffic stop on a vehicle belonging ... | 826 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 2 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
## Appeals and review {#appeals_and_review}
### State appeals {#state_appeals}
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on March 6, 1989, heard and rejected a direct appeal of his conviction. It subsequently denied rehearing. The Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of *certiora... | 1,076 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 3 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
## Appeals and review {#appeals_and_review}
### Federal appeal and review {#federal_appeal_and_review}
On December 6, 2005, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals admitted four issues for appeal of the ruling of the District Court:
1. in relation to sentencing, whether the jury verdict form had been f... | 631 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 4 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
## Life as a prisoner {#life_as_a_prisoner}
In 1991, Abu-Jamal published an essay in the *Yale Law Journal*, on the death penalty and his death row experience. In May 1994, Abu-Jamal was engaged by NPR\'s *All Things Considered* program to deliver a series of monthly three-minute commentaries on cri... | 774 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 5 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
## Popular support and opposition {#popular_support_and_opposition}
Labor unions, politicians, advocates, educators, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and human rights advocacy organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have expressed concern about the impartialit... | 816 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 6 |
20,057 | # Mumia Abu-Jamal
## Representation in popular culture {#representation_in_popular_culture}
- HBO aired the documentary film *Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case for Reasonable Doubt?* in 1996; this 57-minute film about the 1982 murder trial is directed by John Edginton. There are two versions by Edginton, both produced by Otm... | 252 | Mumia Abu-Jamal | 7 |
20,061 | # MPEG-3
**MPEG-3** was the designation for an abandoned plan to create a group of audio and video coding standards agreed upon by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) designed to handle HDTV signals at 1080p in the range of 20 to 40 megabits per second. MPEG-3 was launched as an effort to address the need of an HD... | 100 | MPEG-3 | 0 |
20,063 | # MPEG-4
**MPEG-4** is a group of international standards for the compression of digital audio and visual data, multimedia systems, and file storage formats. It was originally introduced in late 1998 as a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts G... | 412 | MPEG-4 | 0 |
20,063 | # MPEG-4
## Overview
MPEG-4 provides a series of technologies for developers, for various service-providers and for end users:
- MPEG-4 enables different software and hardware developers to create multimedia objects possessing better abilities of adaptability and flexibility to improve the quality of such services... | 287 | MPEG-4 | 1 |
20,063 | # MPEG-4
## MPEG-4 Parts {#mpeg_4_parts}
MPEG-4 consists of several standards---termed \"parts\"---including the following (each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification):
+---------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------... | 1,637 | MPEG-4 | 2 |
20,063 | # MPEG-4
## MPEG-4 Parts {#mpeg_4_parts}
Profiles are also defined within the individual \"parts\", so an implementation of a part is ordinarily not an implementation of an entire part.
MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 are other suites of MPEG standards.
## Licensing
MPEG-4 contains patented technologies, the us... | 164 | MPEG-4 | 3 |
20,069 | # Morihei Ueshiba
was a Japanese martial artist and founder of the martial art of aikido. He is often referred to as \"the founder\" `{{Nihongo|''Kaiso''|開祖}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{Nihongo|[[sensei|''Ōsensei'']]|大先生/翁先生}}`{=mediawiki}, \"Great Teacher\".
The son of a landowner from Tanabe, Ueshiba studied a number of ma... | 322 | Morihei Ueshiba | 0 |
20,069 | # Morihei Ueshiba
## Tanabe, 1883--1912 {#tanabe_18831912}
Morihei Ueshiba was born in Nishinotani village (now part of the city of Tanabe), Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, on December 14, 1883, the fourth child (and only son) born to Yoroku Ueshiba and his wife Yuki.
The young Ueshiba was raised in a somewhat privilege... | 670 | Morihei Ueshiba | 1 |
20,069 | # Morihei Ueshiba
## Hokkaido, 1912--1920 {#hokkaido_19121920}
In the early part of the 20th century, the prefectural government of Hokkaido, Japan\'s northernmost island, were offering various grants and incentives for mainland Japanese groups willing to relocate there. At the time, Hokkaido was still largely unsett... | 529 | Morihei Ueshiba | 2 |
20,069 | # Morihei Ueshiba
## Ayabe, 1920--1927 {#ayabe_19201927}
In November 1919, Ueshiba learned that his father Yoroku was ill, and was not expected to survive. Leaving most of his possessions to Takeda, Ueshiba left Shirataki with the apparent intention of returning to Tanabe to visit his ailing parent. En route he made ... | 904 | Morihei Ueshiba | 3 |
20,069 | # Morihei Ueshiba
## Tokyo, 1927--1942 {#tokyo_19271942}
In 1926 Takeshita invited Ueshiba to visit Tokyo again. Ueshiba relented and returned to the capital, but while residing there was stricken with a serious illness. Deguchi visited his ailing student and, concerned for his health, commanded Ueshiba to return to ... | 748 | Morihei Ueshiba | 4 |
20,069 | # Morihei Ueshiba
## Iwama, 1942--1969 {#iwama_19421969}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|alt=A small Shinto shrine surrounded by trees, with a stone tablet in the foreground\|The Aiki Shrine in Iwama From 1935 onwards, Ueshiba had been purchasing land in Iwama in Ibaraki Prefecture, and by the early 1940s had acquired around 17 ... | 550 | Morihei Ueshiba | 5 |
20,069 | # Morihei Ueshiba
## Development of aikido {#development_of_aikido}
Aikido---usually translated as the *Way of Unifying Spirit* or the *Way of Spiritual Harmony*---is a fighting system that focuses on throws, pins, and joint locks together with some striking techniques. It emphasizes protecting the opponent and promo... | 920 | Morihei Ueshiba | 6 |
20,070 | # Memory address register
In a computer, the **memory address register** (**MAR**) is the CPU register that either stores the memory address from which data will be fetched to the CPU registers, or the address to which data will be sent and stored via system bus.
In other words, this register is used to access data a... | 184 | Memory address register | 0 |
20,072 | # Microassembler
A **microassembler** is a computer program that helps prepare a microprogram, called *firmware*, to control the low level operation of a computer in much the same way an assembler helps prepare higher level code for a processor. The difference is that the microprogram is usually only developed by the ... | 304 | Microassembler | 0 |
20,080 | # Marino Marini (sculptor)
**Marino Marini** (27 February 1901 -- 6 August 1980) was an Italian sculptor and educator.
## Biography
He attended the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence in 1917. Although he never abandoned painting, Marini devoted himself primarily to sculpture from about 1922. From this time his work... | 770 | Marino Marini (sculptor) | 0 |
20,124 | # Mancala
**Mancala** (*منقلة* *manqalah*) is a family of two-player turn-based strategy board games played with small stones, beans, marbles or seeds and rows of holes or pits in the earth, a board or other playing surface. The objective is usually to capture all or some set of the opponent\'s pieces.
Versions of th... | 522 | Mancala | 0 |
20,124 | # Mancala
## General gameplay {#general_gameplay}
Most mancala games have a common gameplay. Players begin by placing a certain number of seeds, prescribed for the particular game, in each of the pits on the game board. A player may count their stones to plot the game. A turn consists of removing all seeds from a pit... | 853 | Mancala | 1 |
20,124 | # Mancala
## Names and variants {#names_and_variants}
The name is a classification or type of game, rather than any specific game. Some of the most popular mancala games (concerning distribution area, the numbers of players and tournaments, and publications) are:
- Bao -- played in most of East Africa including Ke... | 303 | Mancala | 2 |
20,124 | # Mancala
## Psychology
Like other board games, mancala games have led to psychological studies. Retschitzki has studied the cognitive processes used by awalé players. Some of Restchitzki\'s results on memory and problem solving have recently been simulated by Fernand Gobet with the CHREST computer model. De Voogt ha... | 92 | Mancala | 3 |
20,142 | # Mixmaster Morris
**Mixmaster Morris** (born **Morris Gould**; 30 December 1960) is an English electronica DJ and underground musician who has also recorded as **The Irresistible Force**. His work in the 1990s blended ambient music and chill-out influences with UK dance styles.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
... | 1,086 | Mixmaster Morris | 0 |
20,145 | # Maroboduus
**Maroboduus** (d. AD 37), also known as **Marbod**, was a king of the Marcomanni, who were a Germanic Suebian people. He spent part of his youth in Rome, and returning, found his people under pressure from invasions by the Roman Empire between the Rhine and Elbe. He led them into the forests of Bohemia, ... | 632 | Maroboduus | 0 |
20,149 | # Mike Muuss
**Michael John Muuss** (October 16, 1958 -- November 20, 2000) was the American author of the freeware network tool ping, as well as the first interactive ray tracing program.
## Career
A graduate of Johns Hopkins University, Muuss was a senior scientist specializing in geometric solid modeling, ray-tra... | 281 | Mike Muuss | 0 |
20,154 | # Metallocene
A **metallocene** is a compound typically consisting of two cyclopentadienyl anions (`{{chem|C|5|H|5|−}}`{=mediawiki}, abbreviated Cp) bound to a metal center (M) in the oxidation state II, with the resulting general formula `{{nowrap|(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>M.}}`{=mediawiki} Closely rela... | 644 | Metallocene | 0 |
20,154 | # Metallocene
## Synthesis
Three main routes are normally employed in the formation of these types of compounds:
### Using a metal salt and cyclopentadienyl reagents {#using_a_metal_salt_and_cyclopentadienyl_reagents}
Sodium cyclopentadienide (NaCp) is the preferred reagent for these types of reactions. It is most ... | 519 | Metallocene | 1 |
20,154 | # Metallocene
## Spectroscopic properties {#spectroscopic_properties}
### Vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectroscopy of metallocenes {#vibrational_infrared_and_raman_spectroscopy_of_metallocenes}
Infrared and Raman spectroscopies have proved to be important in the analysis of cyclic polyenyl metal sandwich specie... | 273 | Metallocene | 2 |
20,154 | # Metallocene
## Derivatives
After the discovery of ferrocene, the synthesis and characterization of derivatives of metallocene and other sandwich compounds attracted researchers' interests.
### Metallocenophanes
Metallocenophanes feature linking of the cyclopentadienyl or polyarenyl rings by the introduction of on... | 369 | Metallocene | 3 |
20,174 | # Mariner program
The **Mariner program** was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA\'s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System -- visiting the planets Venus, Mars... | 554 | Mariner program | 0 |
20,174 | # Mariner program
## Mariners
The Mariners were all relatively small robotic explorers, each launched on an Atlas rocket with either an Agena or Centaur upper-stage booster, and weighing less than half a ton (without onboard rocket propellant). Each of their missions was completed within a few months to a year or two... | 605 | Mariner program | 1 |
20,174 | # Mariner program
## Mariners 1 and 2 {#mariners_1_and_2}
thumb\|upright=0.8\|Diagram of Mariner 1 and 2 with Atlas-Agena launch vehicle
Mariner 1 (P-37) and Mariner 2 (P-38) were two deep-space probes making up NASA\'s Mariner-R project. The primary goal of the project was to develop and launch two spacecraft seque... | 650 | Mariner program | 2 |
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