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21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Number and classification {#number_and_classification}
### Artificial near-Earth objects {#artificial_near_earth_objects}
Defunct space probes and final stages of rockets can end up in near-Earth orbits around the Sun. Examples of such artificial near-Earth objects include a Tesla Roadster used... | 425 | Near-Earth object | 12 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Exploratory missions {#exploratory_missions}
Some NEOs are of special interest because the sum total of changes in orbital speed required to send a spacecraft on a mission to physically explore an NEO -- and thus the amount of rocket fuel required for the mission -- is lower than what is necess... | 1,089 | Near-Earth object | 13 |
21,628 | # Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
Abbé **Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille** (`{{IPA|fr|nikɔla lwi də lakaj|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 15 March 1713`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}21 March 1762),`{{refn|The traditional birth date of 15 March 1713 has been questioned due to many infants of the Catholic Church being baptised on the day of their birth... | 387 | Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille | 0 |
21,628 | # Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
## Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope {#voyage_to_the_cape_of_good_hope}
thumb\|upright=1.1\|A memorial to the Abbé de Lacaille and Thomas Maclear, at Aurora in the Western Cape of South Africa. The English portion of the inscription reads: \"This is the site of the Maclear Beacon positioned ... | 713 | Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille | 1 |
21,628 | # Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
## Honours
In 1754, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was also an honorary member of the academies of Saint Petersburg and Berlin, the Royal Society of London and the Royal Society of Göttingen, and the Institute of Bologna.
Lacaille has the hono... | 679 | Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille | 2 |
21,631 | # November 12
| 3 | November 12 | 0 |
21,665 | # Natural theology
**Natural theology** is a type of theology that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics, such as the existence of a deity, based on human reason. It is distinguished from revealed theology, which is based on supernatural sources such as scripture or religious experiences. It is thus a form... | 767 | Natural theology | 0 |
21,665 | # Natural theology
## Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
From the 8th century CE, the Mutazilite school of Islam, compelled to defend their principles against the orthodox Islam of their day, used philosophy for support, and were among the first to pursue a rational Islamic theology, termed *Ilm-al-Kalam* (scholastic theolog... | 299 | Natural theology | 1 |
21,665 | # Natural theology
## Nineteenth century {#nineteenth_century}
In *An Essay on the Principle of Population*, published during 1798, Thomas Malthus ended with two chapters on natural theology and population. Malthus---a devout Christian---argued that revelation would \"damp the soaring wings of intellect\", and thus n... | 356 | Natural theology | 2 |
21,665 | # Natural theology
## Criticism
The ideas of natural theology did not come without criticism. Many opposed the idea of natural theology, but some philosophers had a greater influence, including David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Søren Kierkegaard, and Charles Darwin. Karl Barth\'s *Church Dogmatics* also heavily opposed the ... | 738 | Natural theology | 3 |
21,691 | # Nightclub two step
**Nightclub two step** (**NC2S**, sometimes **disco two step** or **California two step**) is a partner dance initially developed by Buddy Schwimmer in the mid-1960s. The dance is also known as \"Two Step\" and was \"one of the most popular forms of contemporary social dance\" as a Disco Couples D... | 415 | Nightclub two step | 0 |
21,708 | # Nonstandard analysis
The history of calculus is fraught with philosophical debates about the meaning and logical validity of fluxions or infinitesimal numbers. The standard way to resolve these debates is to define the operations of calculus using limits rather than infinitesimals. **Nonstandard analysis** instead r... | 641 | Nonstandard analysis | 0 |
21,708 | # Nonstandard analysis
## Motivation
There are at least three reasons to consider nonstandard analysis: historical, pedagogical, and technical.
### Historical
Much of the earliest development of the infinitesimal calculus by Newton and Leibniz was formulated using expressions such as *infinitesimal number* and *van... | 287 | Nonstandard analysis | 1 |
21,708 | # Nonstandard analysis
## Approaches
There are two, main, different approaches to nonstandard analysis: the semantic or model-theoretic approach and the syntactic approach. Both of these approaches apply to other areas of mathematics beyond analysis, including number theory, algebra and topology.
Robinson\'s origina... | 504 | Nonstandard analysis | 2 |
21,708 | # Nonstandard analysis
## Invariant subspace problem {#invariant_subspace_problem}
Abraham Robinson and Allen Bernstein used nonstandard analysis to prove that every polynomially compact linear operator on a Hilbert space has an invariant subspace.
Given an operator `{{mvar|T}}`{=mediawiki} on Hilbert space `{{mvar|... | 638 | Nonstandard analysis | 3 |
21,708 | # Nonstandard analysis
## Logical framework {#logical_framework}
Given any set `{{mvar|S}}`{=mediawiki}, the *superstructure* over a set `{{mvar|S}}`{=mediawiki} is the set `{{math|''V''(''S'')}}`{=mediawiki} defined by the conditions
$$V_0(S) = S,$$
$$V_{n+1}(S) = V_{n}(S) \cup \wp (V_{n}(S)),$$
$$V(S) = \bigcup_... | 398 | Nonstandard analysis | 4 |
21,708 | # Nonstandard analysis
## First consequences {#first_consequences}
The symbol `{{math|*'''N'''}}`{=mediawiki} denotes the nonstandard natural numbers. By the extension principle, this is a superset of `{{math|'''N'''}}`{=mediawiki}. The set `{{math|*'''N''' − '''N'''}}`{=mediawiki} is nonempty. To see this, apply cou... | 565 | Nonstandard analysis | 5 |
21,723 | # Nonlinear optics
**Nonlinear optics** (**NLO**) is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the polarization density **P** responds non-linearly to the electric field **E** of the light. The non-linearity is typically observed only at very high light inte... | 802 | Nonlinear optics | 0 |
21,723 | # Nonlinear optics
## Parametric processes {#parametric_processes}
Nonlinear effects fall into two qualitatively different categories, parametric and non-parametric effects. A parametric non-linearity is an interaction in which the quantum state of the nonlinear material is not changed by the interaction with the opt... | 715 | Nonlinear optics | 1 |
21,723 | # Nonlinear optics
## Parametric processes {#parametric_processes}
### Phase matching {#phase_matching}
The above ignores the position dependence of the electrical fields. In a typical situation, the electrical fields are traveling waves described by
$$E_j(\mathbf{x},t) =E_{j,0} e^{i(\mathbf{k}_j \cdot \mathbf{x} - ... | 733 | Nonlinear optics | 2 |
21,723 | # Nonlinear optics
## Higher-order frequency mixing {#higher_order_frequency_mixing}
The above holds for $\chi^{(2)}$ processes. It can be extended for processes where $\chi^{(3)}$ is nonzero, something that is generally true in any medium without any symmetry restrictions; in particular resonantly enhanced sum or di... | 373 | Nonlinear optics | 3 |
21,723 | # Nonlinear optics
## Example uses {#example_uses}
### Frequency doubling {#frequency_doubling}
One of the most commonly used frequency-mixing processes is **frequency doubling**, or second-harmonic generation. With this technique, the 1064 nm output from Nd:YAG lasers or the 800 nm output from Ti:sapphire lasers ca... | 1,196 | Nonlinear optics | 4 |
21,723 | # Nonlinear optics
## Molecular nonlinear optics {#molecular_nonlinear_optics}
The early studies of nonlinear optics and materials focused on the inorganic solids. With the development of nonlinear optics, molecular optical properties were investigated, forming molecular nonlinear optics. The traditional approaches u... | 392 | Nonlinear optics | 5 |
21,734 | # New International Version
The **New International Version** (**NIV**) is a translation of the Bible into contemporary English. Published by Biblica, the complete NIV was released on October 27, 1978, with a minor revision in 1984 and a major revision in 2011. The NIV relies on recently published critical editions of... | 903 | New International Version | 0 |
21,734 | # New International Version
## Translation methodology {#translation_methodology}
The core translation group consisted of fifteen Biblical scholars using Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts whose goal was to produce a more modern English language text than the King James Version. The translation took ten years and invol... | 950 | New International Version | 1 |
21,745 | # Naoko Takeuchi
is a Japanese manga artist. She is best known as the author of *Sailor Moon*, one of the most popular manga series of all time. She has won several awards, including the 1993 Kodansha Manga Award for *Sailor Moon*.
Takeuchi is married to Yoshihiro Togashi, the author of *YuYu Hakusho* and *Hunter × H... | 610 | Naoko Takeuchi | 0 |
21,745 | # Naoko Takeuchi
## Career
### 1998--2009
Following the loss of seven pages of Takeuchi\'s *PQ Angels* manuscript, Osano departed Kodansha and the plans for the *Materials Collection* were canceled. Takeuchi departed Kodansha for Shueisha.
On August 13, 1998, Takeuchi made her first appearance in the United States a... | 832 | Naoko Takeuchi | 1 |
21,745 | # Naoko Takeuchi
## Works
### Manga
Work Years Summary
-------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 675 | Naoko Takeuchi | 2 |
21,745 | # Naoko Takeuchi
## Works
### Anime
#### *Sailor Moon* (1990s series) {#sailor_moon_1990s_series}
+---------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Year | Title |... | 459 | Naoko Takeuchi | 3 |
21,745 | # Naoko Takeuchi
## Works
### Song lyrics {#song_lyrics}
Takeuchi wrote the lyrics for a number of songs featured in the *Sailor Moon* anime and live-action series. Though mainly character-based image songs, they include a few theme songs. These include: `{{Div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Ai wo Shinjiteru* (\"Believe in... | 430 | Naoko Takeuchi | 4 |
21,745 | # Naoko Takeuchi
## Awards
Takeuchi has won several awards, including the 2nd Nakayoshi Comic Prize for Newcomers for *Yume ja Nai no Ne* in 1985. She also won for \"Love Call\", which won Nakayoshi\'s New Artist award which debuted in the Nakayoshi Deluxe September 1986 issue. In 1993 she won the 17th Kodansha Manga... | 61 | Naoko Takeuchi | 5 |
21,746 | # Nolo contendere
***Nolo contendere*** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|oʊ|l|oʊ|_|k|ə|n|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|d|ə|ɹ|i}}`{=mediawiki}) is a type of legal plea used in some jurisdictions in the United States. It is also referred to as a plea of **no contest** or **no defense**. It is a plea where the defendant neither admits nor disputes a charge, s... | 571 | Nolo contendere | 0 |
21,746 | # Nolo contendere
## United States {#united_states}
### Individual states {#individual_states}
#### Alaska
In Alaska, a criminal conviction based on a **nolo contendere** plea may be used against the defendant in future civil actions. The Alaska Supreme Court ruled in 2006 that a \"conviction based on a no contest p... | 625 | Nolo contendere | 1 |
21,762 | # November 14
| 3 | November 14 | 0 |
21,774 | # Nominative case
In grammar, the **nominative case** (abbreviated `{{sc|'''nom'''}}`{=mediawiki}), **subjective case**, **straight case,** or **upright case** is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a ... | 701 | Nominative case | 0 |
21,777 | # Neapolitan sauce
**Neapolitan sauce** is the collective name given (outside Italy) to various basic tomato-based sauces derived from Italian cuisine, often served over or alongside pasta.
In Naples, Neapolitan sauce is simply referred to as ***salsa***, which literally translates to \'sauce\'. Basil, bay leaf, thym... | 153 | Neapolitan sauce | 0 |
21,781 | # Nociception
In physiology, **nociception** `{{IPA|/ˌnəʊsɪˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/}}`{=mediawiki}, also **nocioception**; `{{ety|la|nocere|to [[harm]]/hurt}}`{=mediawiki}) is the sensory nervous system\'s process of encoding noxious stimuli. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a painf... | 407 | Nociception | 0 |
21,781 | # Nociception
## System overview {#system_overview}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for pain, proprioception, thermoception, and chemoception to their relevant endpoints in the human brain. Click to enlarge. This overview... | 691 | Nociception | 1 |
21,781 | # Nociception
## History of term {#history_of_term}
The term \"nociception\" was coined by Charles Scott Sherrington to distinguish the physiological process (nervous activity) from pain (a subjective experience). It is derived from the Latin verb *nocēre*, which means \"to harm\" | 40 | Nociception | 2 |
21,793 | # Ninth Fort
The **Ninth Fort** (*Devintas Fortas*) is a stronghold in the northern part of Šilainiai elderate, Kaunas, Lithuania. It is a part of the Kaunas Fortress, built in the late 19th century. During the Soviet occupation, the fort was used as a prison and way-station for prisoners being transported to labour c... | 509 | Ninth Fort | 0 |
21,803 | # Newfoundland English
**Newfoundland English** refers to several accents and dialects of Atlantic Canadian English found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Most of these differ significantly from the English commonly spoken elsewhere in Canada and North America, reflecting the province\'s history and geogr... | 309 | Newfoundland English | 0 |
21,803 | # Newfoundland English
## Influences
Much of Newfoundland's English has been influenced by the languages and dialects of European settlers of the past, such as those who were British, Irish, or French. Also, Indigenous languages prevailed on the island, with some of their influence remains today.
### British
While ... | 884 | Newfoundland English | 1 |
21,803 | # Newfoundland English
## Influences
### Indigenous
Most of the Indigenous influence within Newfoundland English has been assimilated and forgotten under colonialism. The Beothuk, the Indigenous people of the island, whose language and people were eradicated in the 19th century, have had bits and pieces of their voca... | 123 | Newfoundland English | 2 |
21,803 | # Newfoundland English
## Phonology
### Consonants
#### Th-stopping {#th_stopping}
The `{{IPAblink|d}}`{=mediawiki} is used to represent the voiced \"th\" sound `{{IPA|/ð/}}`{=mediawiki}, and a `{{IPAblink|t}}`{=mediawiki} to represent the voiceless one `{{IPA|/θ/}}`{=mediawiki}. For example, \"that thing over ther... | 743 | Newfoundland English | 3 |
21,803 | # Newfoundland English
## Grammar
### \"After\" past {#after_past}
In a move that was almost certainly taken from Hiberno-English and influenced by the Irish language, Newfoundland English avoids using the verb \"to have\" in past participles and prefers formulations with \"after\" such as \"I\'m after telling him t... | 650 | Newfoundland English | 4 |
21,803 | # Newfoundland English
## Expressions
Archaic adverbial intensifiers are preserved in Newfoundland such as *that play was right boring* and *that play was some boring* for \"that play was very boring\". They have been retained also in Northern England such as in the Yorkshire dialect and in Geordie and are sometimes ... | 1,213 | Newfoundland English | 5 |
21,803 | # Newfoundland English
## Other
Although it is referred to as \"Newfoundland English\" or \"Newfinese\", the island of Newfoundland is not the only place which uses the dialect. Some southerly areas of Labrador and an area near the Labrador border, the mostly English-speaking Basse-Côte-Nord of Quebec, also use it. Y... | 148 | Newfoundland English | 6 |
21,805 | # November 4
| 3 | November 4 | 0 |
21,814 | # Nitrogen Oxide Protocol
**Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes**, opened for signature on 31 October 1988 and entered into force on 14 February 1991, was to provide for the control or reduction o... | 108 | Nitrogen Oxide Protocol | 0 |
21,818 | # National park
A **national park** is a nature park designated for conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protected and owned by a government. Although governments hold different standards fo... | 310 | National park | 0 |
21,818 | # National park
## Definitions
In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with the following defining characteristics:
- One or several ecosystems not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of sp... | 531 | National park | 1 |
21,818 | # National park
## History
### Early references {#early_references}
Starting in 1735 the Naples government undertook laws to protect Natural areas, which could be used as a game reserve by the royal family; Procida was the first protected site; the difference between the many previous royal hunting preserves and thi... | 759 | National park | 2 |
21,818 | # National park
## History
### International growth of national parks {#international_growth_of_national_parks}
The first area to use \"national park\" in its creation legislation was the U.S.\'s Mackinac National Park, in 1875. (The area was later transferred to the state\'s authority in 1895, thus losing its offici... | 596 | National park | 3 |
21,818 | # National park
## History
### National parks services {#national_parks_services}
The world\'s first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada. The *Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act* placed the dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (now Parks Canada), within the... | 190 | National park | 4 |
21,818 | # National park
## Economic ramifications {#economic_ramifications}
Countries with a large ecotourism industry, such as Costa Rica, often experience a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole.
### Tourism
Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time.... | 454 | National park | 5 |
21,819 | # Nuncio
`{{Diplomats}}`{=mediawiki}
An **apostolic nuncio** (*nuntius apostolicus*; also known as a **papal nuncio** or simply as a **nuncio**) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization. A nuncio is appoi... | 601 | Nuncio | 0 |
21,820 | # Newlyn School
The **Newlyn School** was an art colony of artists based in or near Newlyn, a fishing village adjacent to Penzance, on the south coast of Cornwall, from the 1880s until the early twentieth century. The establishment of the Newlyn School was reminiscent of the Barbizon School in France, where artists fl... | 464 | Newlyn School | 0 |
21,853 | # Neijia
***Neijia*** (內家) is the collective name for the internal Chinese martial arts. It relates to those martial arts occupied with spiritual, mental or *qi*-related aspects, as opposed to an \"external\" approach focused on physiological aspects. The distinction dates to the 17th century, but its modern applicati... | 860 | Neijia | 0 |
21,853 | # Neijia
## Characteristics
External styles are characterized by fast and explosive movements and a focus on physical strength and agility. External styles include both the traditional styles focusing on application and fighting, as well as the modern styles adapted for competition and exercise. Examples of external ... | 412 | Neijia | 1 |
21,862 | # In the Beginning... Was the Command Line
***In the Beginning\... Was the Command Line*** is an essay by Neal Stephenson which was originally published online in 1999 and later made available in book form (November 1999, `{{ISBN|978-0380815937}}`{=mediawiki}). The essay is a commentary on why the proprietary operatin... | 535 | In the Beginning... Was the Command Line | 0 |
21,881 | # Nuremberg Code
The **Nuremberg Code** (*Nürnberger Kodex*) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in *U.S. v Brandt*, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War.
Though it was articulated as part of the court\'s verdict in the tri... | 858 | Nuremberg Code | 0 |
21,881 | # Nuremberg Code
## Importance
The Code has not been officially accepted as law by any nation or as official ethics guidelines by any association. In fact, the Code\'s reference to Hippocratic duty to the individual patient and the need to provide information was not initially favored by the American Medical Associat... | 475 | Nuremberg Code | 1 |
21,892 | # List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-surface missiles
NATO reporting name for **SS** series surface-to-surface missiles, with Soviet or Chinese designations:
## Soviet Union/Russia {#soviet_unionrussia}
### Ground-launched {#ground_launched}
- SS-1 \"Scunner\" (R-1) and \"Scud\" (R-11/R-300)
- SS-2 \"S... | 362 | List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-surface missiles | 0 |
21,893 | # List of NATO reporting names for air-to-air missiles
NATO reporting name for **AA** series air-to-air missile
## Soviet Union {#soviet_union}
NATO designation for Soviet / Russia missiles:
- AA-1 \"Alkali\" (Kaliningrad K-5)
- AA-2 \"Atoll\" (Vympel K-13)
- AA-3 \"Anab\" (Kaliningrad K-8)
- AA-4 \"Awl\" (... | 103 | List of NATO reporting names for air-to-air missiles | 0 |
21,894 | # List of NATO reporting names for air-to-surface missiles
NATO reporting name for **AS** series air-to-surface missiles, with Soviet designations:
Note: The Soviet / Russian designation is a Cyrillic letter \"Х\", which is translated as \"Kh\" or \"H\". Also, sometimes a combination (\"complex\") of a missile with i... | 113 | List of NATO reporting names for air-to-surface missiles | 0 |
21,895 | # List of NATO reporting names for anti-tank missiles
NATO reporting name for **AT** series anti-tank guided missiles, with Soviet designations:
- AT-1 Snapper (3M6 *Shmel*)
- AT-2 Swatter (3M11 *Falanga*)
- AT-3 Sagger (9M14 *Malyutka*)
- AT-4 Spigot (9M111 *Fagot*)
- AT-5 Spandrel (9M113 *Konkurs*)
- AT... | 111 | List of NATO reporting names for anti-tank missiles | 0 |
21,896 | # List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles
NATO reporting name corresponding to US DoD **SA** series surface-to-air missiles, with Soviet designations or Chinese designations:
To differentiate Russian missiles from similarly named Chinese ones, *RS* prefix was added to the US DoD reporting name. For e... | 207 | List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles | 0 |
21,897 | # List of NATO reporting names for bomber aircraft
This is a list of NATO reporting name/ASCC names for bombers, with Soviet Union and Chinese designations. Bombers had names starting with the letter \"B\"; single-syllable words denoted propeller driven aircraft (piston and turboprop engines), while two syllable words... | 58 | List of NATO reporting names for bomber aircraft | 0 |
21,898 | # List of NATO reporting names for fighter aircraft
The Five Eyes Air Force Interoperability Council (AFIC) assigns codenames for fighters and other military aircraft originating in, or operated by, the air forces of the former Warsaw Pact, including Russia, and the People\'s Republic of China.
When the system began ... | 221 | List of NATO reporting names for fighter aircraft | 0 |
21,899 | # List of NATO reporting names for helicopters
Helicopters, NATO/ASCC names:
NATO reporting name Common name
--------------------- -------------------
**Haitun** Harbin Z-9
**Halo** Mil Mi-26
**Hare** Mil Mi-1
**Harke** Mil Mi-10
**Harp** K... | 87 | List of NATO reporting names for helicopters | 0 |
21,900 | # List of NATO reporting names for transport aircraft
NATO reporting name/ASCC names for transport aircraft and their Soviet, Russian and Chinese designations:
NATO reporting name Common name
--------------------- -----------------------
**Cab** Lisunov Li-2
**Camber** Ilyushin Il-8... | 155 | List of NATO reporting names for transport aircraft | 0 |
21,901 | # List of NATO reporting names for miscellaneous aircraft
NATO reporting name/Air Standardization Coordinating Committee (ASCC) names for miscellaneous aircraft, with Soviet and Chinese designations, sorted by reporting name:
## Soviet Union/Russia {#soviet_unionrussia}
- **\"Madcap\"** Antonov An-71
- **\"Madge... | 395 | List of NATO reporting names for miscellaneous aircraft | 0 |
21,904 | # List of NATO reporting names for submarines
NATO has a system of reporting names for non-Western submarines. During the Cold War, NATO introduced a system of internal code names for classes of Soviet and Chinese submarines. This served to provide standard names where the official designation of a Soviet/Chinese desi... | 668 | List of NATO reporting names for submarines | 0 |
21,930 | # Northern blot
The **northern blot**, or RNA blot, is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample.
With northern blotting it is possible to observe cellular control over structure and function by determining the particular gene expression... | 587 | Northern blot | 0 |
21,930 | # Northern blot
## Procedure
### Probes
Probes for northern blotting are composed of nucleic acids with a complementary sequence to all or part of the RNA of interest. They can be DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotides with a minimum of 25 complementary bases to the target sequence. RNA probes (riboprobes) that are transcribe... | 417 | Northern blot | 1 |
21,930 | # Northern blot
## Advantages and disadvantages {#advantages_and_disadvantages}
Analysis of gene expression can be done by several different methods including RT-PCR, RNase protection assays, microarrays, RNA-Seq, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), as well as northern blotting. Microarrays are quite commonly ... | 414 | Northern blot | 2 |
21,933 | # Neutron activation analysis
**Neutron activation analysis** (**NAA**) is a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials. NAA allows discrete sampling of elements as it disregards the chemical form of a sample, and focuses solely on atomic nuclei. The method is based on neutro... | 364 | Neutron activation analysis | 0 |
21,933 | # Neutron activation analysis
## Overview
Neutron activation analysis is a sensitive multi-element analytical technique used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of major, minor, trace and rare elements. NAA was discovered in 1936 by Hevesy and Levi, who found that samples containing certain rare-earth elem... | 549 | Neutron activation analysis | 1 |
21,933 | # Neutron activation analysis
## Variations
NAA can vary according to a number of experimental parameters. The kinetic energy of the neutrons used for irradiation will be a major experimental parameter. The above description is of activation by slow neutrons, slow neutrons are fully moderated within the reactor and h... | 331 | Neutron activation analysis | 2 |
21,933 | # Neutron activation analysis
## Detectors
There are a number of detector types and configurations used in NAA. Most are designed to detect the emitted gamma radiation. The most common types of gamma detectors encountered in NAA are the gas ionisation type, scintillation type and the semiconductor type. Of these the ... | 560 | Neutron activation analysis | 3 |
21,933 | # Neutron activation analysis
## Applications
Neutron Activation Analysis has a wide variety of applications including within the fields of archaeology, soil science, geology, forensics, and the semiconductor industry. Forensically, hairs subjected to a detailed forensic neutron analysis to determine whether they had... | 275 | Neutron activation analysis | 4 |
21,935 | # Nondeterministic Turing machine
In theoretical computer science, a **nondeterministic Turing machine** (**NTM**) is a theoretical model of computation whose governing rules specify more than one possible action when in some given situations. That is, an NTM\'s next state is *not* completely determined by its action ... | 473 | Nondeterministic Turing machine | 0 |
21,935 | # Nondeterministic Turing machine
## Formal definition {#formal_definition}
A nondeterministic Turing machine can be formally defined as a six-tuple $M=(Q, \Sigma, \iota, \sqcup, A, \delta)$, where
- $Q$ is a finite set of states
- $\Sigma$ is a finite set of symbols (the tape alphabet)
- $\iota \in Q$ is the ... | 434 | Nondeterministic Turing machine | 1 |
21,935 | # Nondeterministic Turing machine
## Computational equivalence with DTMs {#computational_equivalence_with_dtms}
Any computational problem that can be solved by a DTM can also be solved by a NTM, and vice versa. However, it is believed that in general the time complexity may not be the same.
### DTM as a special case... | 591 | Nondeterministic Turing machine | 2 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
In biology, the **nervous system** is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrin... | 664 | Nervous system | 0 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Structure
thumb\|upright=1.2 The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical bundles of fibers (the axons of neurons), that emanate from the brain and spinal cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. Nerves are large enough to have been recognized by t... | 354 | Nervous system | 1 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Structure
### Cells
The nervous system contains two main categories or types of cells: neurons and glial cells.
#### Neurons
thumb\|upright=1.4\|Structure of a typical neuron with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system
The nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of c... | 406 | Nervous system | 2 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Structure
### Anatomy in vertebrates {#anatomy_in_vertebrates}
`{{See also|List of nerves of the human body|List of regions in the human brain}}`{=mediawiki}
The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PN... | 427 | Nervous system | 3 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Structure
### Comparative anatomy and evolution {#comparative_anatomy_and_evolution}
#### Neural precursors in sponges {#neural_precursors_in_sponges}
Sponges have no cells connected to each other by synaptic junctions, that is, no neurons, and therefore no nervous system. They do, however, have ... | 1,045 | Nervous system | 4 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Structure
### Comparative anatomy and evolution {#comparative_anatomy_and_evolution}
#### \"Identified\" neurons {#identified_neurons}
A neuron is called *identified* if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal---properties such as location, neurotransmitter... | 475 | Nervous system | 5 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Function
At the most basic level, the function of the nervous system is to send signals from one cell to others, or from one part of the body to others. There are multiple ways that a cell can send signals to other cells. One is by releasing chemicals called hormones into the internal circulation,... | 1,149 | Nervous system | 6 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Function
### Neural circuits and systems {#neural_circuits_and_systems}
The basic neuronal function of sending signals to other cells includes a capability for neurons to exchange signals with each other. Networks formed by interconnected groups of neurons are capable of a wide variety of function... | 1,285 | Nervous system | 7 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Function
### Mirror neurons {#mirror_neurons}
A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron \"mirrors\" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been... | 243 | Nervous system | 8 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Development
In vertebrates, landmarks of embryonic neural development include the birth and differentiation of neurons from stem cell precursors, the migration of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions, outgrowth of axons from neurons and guidance of the mot... | 624 | Nervous system | 9 |
21,944 | # Nervous system
## Pathology
The central nervous system is protected by major physical and chemical barriers. Physically, the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough meningeal membranes, and enclosed in the bones of the skull and vertebral column, which combine to form a strong physical shield. Chemically, the... | 399 | Nervous system | 10 |
21,946 | # Nutcracker
A **nutcracker** is a tool designed to open nuts by cracking their shells. There are many designs, including levers, screws, and ratchets. The lever version is also used for cracking lobster and crab shells.
A decorative version, a nutcracker doll, portrays a person whose mouth forms the jaws of the nutc... | 576 | Nutcracker | 0 |
21,946 | # Nutcracker
## Decorative
Nutcrackers in the form of wood carvings of a soldier, knight, king, or other profession have existed since at least the 15th century. Figurative nutcrackers are a good luck symbol in Germany, and a folktale recounts that a puppet-maker won a nutcracking challenge by creating a doll with a ... | 410 | Nutcracker | 1 |
21,946 | # Nutcracker
## Other uses {#other_uses}
Some artists, among them the multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield, have used the sound nutcrackers make in music.
An old belief among the Malay people in Southeast Asia states that an areca nutcracker (*kacip pinang*) can be placed under a baby\'s pillow to prevent any harm fr... | 106 | Nutcracker | 2 |
21,949 | # Nicolai Abildgaard
**Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard** (11 September 1743 -- 4 June 1809) was a Danish neoclassical and royal history painter, sculptor, architect, and professor of painting, mythology, and anatomy at the New Royal Danish Academy of Art in Copenhagen, Denmark. Many of his works were in the royal Christian... | 398 | Nicolai Abildgaard | 0 |
21,949 | # Nicolai Abildgaard
## Biography
### An academic and artistic career {#an_academic_and_artistic_career}
In 1778, soon after joining the Academy, he was appointed to a professorship. He taught mythology and anatomy in addition to painting of the neoclassical style. Beyond his position at the Academy, he was very prod... | 754 | Nicolai Abildgaard | 1 |
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