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21,949 | # Nicolai Abildgaard
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Abildgaard married Anna Marie \"Nancy\" Christiane Oxholm (1762--1822) in 1781. She gave birth to his son Marcus Aurelius the same year. However, he lived only to 4 years of age.
When Abildgaard found out his wife was unfaithful with Reinhard von Eppingen, chamb... | 241 | Nicolai Abildgaard | 2 |
21,958 | # Nucleolus
thumb \|292px \|Nucleolus contained within the cell nucleus `{{Organelle diagram}}`{=mediawiki}
The **nucleolus** (`{{IPAc-en|nj|uː|ˈ|k|l|iː|ə|l|ə|s|,_|ˌ|nj|uː|k|l|i|ˈ|oʊ|l|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: **nucleoli** `{{IPAc-en|-|l|aɪ}}`{=mediawiki}) is the largest structure in the nuc... | 491 | Nucleolus | 0 |
21,958 | # Nucleolus
## Function and ribosome assembly {#function_and_ribosome_assembly}
In ribosome biogenesis, two of the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases (Pol I and Pol III) are required, and these function in a coordinated manner. In an initial stage, the rRNA genes are transcribed as a single unit within the nucleolus by... | 553 | Nucleolus | 1 |
21,961 | # Nucleon
In physics and chemistry, a **nucleon** is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom\'s mass number.
Until the 1960s, nucleons were thought to be elementary particles, not made up of smaller parts. Now they ... | 332 | Nucleon | 0 |
21,961 | # Nucleon
## Overview
### Properties
Protons and neutrons are best known in their role as nucleons, i.e., as the components of atomic nuclei, but they also exist as free particles. Free neutrons are unstable, with a half-life of around 13 minutes, but they have important applications (see neutron radiation and neutr... | 798 | Nucleon | 1 |
21,961 | # Nucleon
## Tables of detailed properties {#tables_of_detailed_properties}
### Nucleons
<table>
<caption>Nucleons (<em>I</em> = ; <em>S</em> = <em>C</em> = <em>B</em> = 0)</caption>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Particle<br />
name</p></th>
<th class="unsortable"><p>Symbol</p></th>
<th class="unsortable"><p>Qu... | 1,045 | Nucleon | 2 |
21,961 | # Nucleon
## Quark model classification {#quark_model_classification}
In the quark model with SU(2) flavour, the two nucleons are part of the ground-state doublet. The proton has quark content of *uud*, and the neutron, *udd*. In SU(3) flavour, they are part of the ground-state octet (**8**) of spin-`{{sfrac|1|2}}`{=... | 729 | Nucleon | 3 |
21,966 | # Nicolas Chauvin
**Nicolas Chauvin** (`{{IPAc-en|ʃ|oʊ|v|ɪ|n}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|fr|ʃɔvɛ̃|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) is a legendary, possibly apocryphal or fictional French soldier and patriot who is supposed to have served in the First Army of the French Republic and later in *La Grande Armée* of Napoleon. His name is t... | 378 | Nicolas Chauvin | 0 |
21,974 | # Network service access point address
A **network service access point address** (**NSAP address**), defined in ISO/IEC 8348, is an identifying label for a service access point (SAP) used in OSI networking.
These are roughly comparable to IP addresses used in the Internet Protocol; they can specify a piece of equipm... | 376 | Network service access point address | 0 |
21,981 | # New Oxford American Dictionary
The ***New Oxford American Dictionary**\'\' (***NOAD**\'\') is a single-volume dictionary of American English compiled by American editors at the Oxford University Press.
*NOAD* is based upon the *New Oxford Dictionary of English* (*NODE*), published in the United Kingdom in 1998, alt... | 732 | New Oxford American Dictionary | 0 |
21,986 | # Naive Set Theory (book)
: *See also Naive set theory for the mathematical topic.*
***Naive Set Theory*** is a mathematics textbook by Paul Halmos providing an undergraduate introduction to set theory. Originally published by *Van Nostrand* in 1960, it was reprinted in the Springer-Verlag Undergraduate Texts in Ma... | 1,132 | Naive Set Theory (book) | 0 |
21,986 | # Naive Set Theory (book)
## Relation to other axiom systems for set theory {#relation_to_other_axiom_systems_for_set_theory}
Note that axioms 1.-9. are equivalent to the axiom system of ZFC-Foundation (that is ZFC without the Foundation axiom), since as noted above, Halmos\' axiom (schema) of substitution is equival... | 660 | Naive Set Theory (book) | 1 |
21,986 | # Naive Set Theory (book)
## Errata
- p\. 4, line 18: "Cain and Abel" should be "Seth, Cain and Abel".
- p\. 30, line 10: \"$x$ onto $y$\" should be \"$x$ into $y$\".
- p, 66, line 16: \"Consider, for example, the set $E$ of all those pairs $(a,b)$ for which $(1,1) \leq (a,b)$; the set $E$ has $(1,1)$ for its l... | 145 | Naive Set Theory (book) | 2 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
**Neural Darwinism** is a biological, and more specifically Darwinian and selectionist, approach to understanding global brain function, originally proposed by American biologist, researcher and Nobel-Prize recipient Gerald Maurice Edelman (July 1, 1929 -- May 17, 2014). Edelman\'s 1987 book *Neural... | 614 | Neural Darwinism | 0 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## Population thinking -- somatic selective systems {#population_thinking_somatic_selective_systems}
Edelman was inspired by the successes of fellow Nobel laureate Frank MacFarlane Burnet and his clonal selection theory (CST) of acquired antigen immunity by differential amplification of pre-existin... | 1,023 | Neural Darwinism | 1 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## Population thinking -- somatic selective systems {#population_thinking_somatic_selective_systems}
### Rejection of computational models, codes, and point-to-point wiring {#rejection_of_computational_models_codes_and_point_to_point_wiring}
Edelman was well aware of the earlier debate in immunolog... | 372 | Neural Darwinism | 2 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## Completing Darwin\'s program -- the problems of evolutionary and developmental morphology {#completing_darwins_program_the_problems_of_evolutionary_and_developmental_morphology}
In *Topobiology*, Edelman reflects upon Darwin\'s search for the connections between morphology and embryology in his ... | 822 | Neural Darwinism | 3 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## Mechano-chemistry, mesenchyme, and epithelia -- CAMs & SAMs in morphoregulatory spacetime {#mechano_chemistry_mesenchyme_and_epithelia_cams_sams_in_morphoregulatory_spacetime}
Edelman\'s isolation of NCAM lead him to theorize on the role of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and substrate adhesion m... | 619 | Neural Darwinism | 4 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## TNGS -- the theory of neuronal group selection {#tngs_the_theory_of_neuronal_group_selection}
Edelman\'s motivation for developing the theory of neuronal group selection (TNGS) was to resolve \"a number of apparent inconsistencies in our knowledge of the development, anatomy, and physiological f... | 1,218 | Neural Darwinism | 5 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## TNGS -- the theory of neuronal group selection {#tngs_the_theory_of_neuronal_group_selection}
### Organization of the TNGS theory {#organization_of_the_tngs_theory}
#### Reentry
The third, and final, tenet of TNGS is reentry. Reentrant signalling \"is based on the existence of reciprocally conne... | 172 | Neural Darwinism | 6 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## The extended theory of neuronal group selection -- the dynamic core hypothesis {#the_extended_theory_of_neuronal_group_selection_the_dynamic_core_hypothesis}
In the aftermath of his publication of *Neural Darwinism*, Edelman continued to develop and extend his TNGS theory as well as his regulato... | 424 | Neural Darwinism | 7 |
22,000 | # Neural Darwinism
## Reception
An early review of the book *Neural Darwinism* in *The New York Review of Books* by Israel Rosenfield invited a lively response on the part of the neurosciences community. Edelman\'s views would be seen as an attack on the dominant paradigm of computational algorithms in cognitive psyc... | 575 | Neural Darwinism | 8 |
22,009 | # Nitronium ion
The **nitronium ion**, `{{chem2|auto=1|[NO2]+}}`{=mediawiki}, is a cation. It is an onium ion because its nitrogen atom has +1 charge, similar to ammonium ion `{{chem2|[NH4]+}}`{=mediawiki}. It is created by the removal of an electron from the paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide molecule `{{chem2|NO2}}`{=med... | 326 | Nitronium ion | 0 |
22,026 | # Musical note
In music, **notes** are distinct and isolatable sounds that act as the most basic building blocks for nearly all of music. This discretization facilitates performance, comprehension, and analysis. Notes may be visually communicated by writing them in musical notation.
Notes can distinguish the general ... | 321 | Musical note | 0 |
22,026 | # Musical note
## Distinguishing pitch {#distinguishing_pitch}
### Distinguishing pitches of a scale {#distinguishing_pitches_of_a_scale}
Music theory in most European countries and others`{{NoteTag|[[Solfège]] is used in [[Albania]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Lithuania]], [[Por... | 739 | Musical note | 1 |
22,026 | # Musical note
## Distinguishing pitch {#distinguishing_pitch}
### 12-tone chromatic scale {#tone_chromatic_scale}
Assuming enharmonicity, accidentals can create pitch equivalences between different notes (e.g. the note B`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} represents the same pitch as the note C). Thus, a 12-note chromatic... | 673 | Musical note | 2 |
22,026 | # Musical note
## Distinguishing pitch {#distinguishing_pitch}
### Distinguishing pitches of different octaves {#distinguishing_pitches_of_different_octaves}
Two pitches that are any number of octaves apart (i.e. their fundamental frequencies are in a ratio equal to a power of two) are perceived as very similar. Beca... | 728 | Musical note | 3 |
22,026 | # Musical note
## Distinguishing pitch {#distinguishing_pitch}
### Pitch frequency in hertz {#pitch_frequency_in_hertz}
Pitch is associated with the frequency of physical oscillations measured in hertz (Hz) representing the number of these oscillations per second. While notes can have any arbitrary frequency, notes i... | 395 | Musical note | 4 |
22,026 | # Musical note
## Distinguishing pitch {#distinguishing_pitch}
### Pitch names and their history {#pitch_names_and_their_history}
*Main article: Letter notation* `{{Anchor|Note names and their history}}`{=mediawiki}Music notation systems have used letters of the alphabet for centuries. The 6th century philosopher Boe... | 726 | Musical note | 5 |
22,028 | # Nephrology
**Nephrology** is a specialty for both adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet... | 372 | Nephrology | 0 |
22,028 | # Nephrology
## Nephrologist
A nephrologist is a physician who specializes in the care and treatment of kidney disease. Nephrology requires additional training to become an expert with advanced skills. Nephrologists may provide care to people without kidney problems and may work in general/internal medicine, transpla... | 739 | Nephrology | 1 |
22,028 | # Nephrology
## Diagnosis
History and physical examination are central to the diagnostic workup in nephrology. The history typically includes the present illness, family history, general medical history, diet, medication use, drug use and occupation. The physical examination typically includes an assessment of volume... | 462 | Nephrology | 2 |
22,028 | # Nephrology
## Treatment
Treatments in nephrology can include medications, blood products, surgical interventions (urology, vascular or surgical procedures), renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplantation) and plasma exchange. Kidney problems can have significant impact on quality and length of life, ... | 389 | Nephrology | 3 |
22,028 | # Nephrology
## Organizations
The world\'s first society of nephrology was the French \'Societe de Pathologie Renale\'. Its first president was Jean Hamburger, and its first meeting was in Paris in February 1949. In 1959, Hamburger also founded the \'Société de Néphrologie\', as a continuation of the older society. I... | 465 | Nephrology | 4 |
22,031 | # Native Esperanto speakers
**Native Esperanto speakers** (Esperanto: *denaskuloj* or *denaskaj esperantistoj*) are people who have acquired Esperanto as one of their native languages. As of 1996, there were 350 or so attested cases of families with native Esperanto speakers. Estimates from associations indicate that ... | 399 | Native Esperanto speakers | 0 |
22,031 | # Native Esperanto speakers
## Grammatical characteristics {#grammatical_characteristics}
The Esperanto of native-speaking children differs from the standard Esperanto spoken by their parents. In some cases this is due to interference from their other native language (the adstrate), but in others it appears to be an ... | 787 | Native Esperanto speakers | 1 |
22,031 | # Native Esperanto speakers
## Word derivation {#word_derivation}
Native-speaking children, especially at a young age, may coin words that do not exist in the speech of their parents, often for concepts for which Esperanto has a word they do not yet know, by exploiting the morphology of the language. This is analogou... | 591 | Native Esperanto speakers | 2 |
22,034 | # Naturalistic planned language
A **naturalistic planned language** is an *a posteriori* constructed language specifically devised to reproduce the commonalities in morphology and vocabulary from a group of closely related languages, usually with the idea that such a language will be easier to use passively -- in many... | 168 | Naturalistic planned language | 0 |
22,036 | # Norman Hackerman
**Norman Hackerman** (March 2, 1912 -- June 16, 2007) was an American chemist, professor, and academic administrator who served as the 18th President of the University of Texas at Austin (1967--1970) and later as the 4th President of Rice University (1970--1985). He was an internationally known expe... | 556 | Norman Hackerman | 0 |
22,037 | # N-ray
**N-rays** (or **N rays**) were a hypothesized form of radiation described by French physicist Prosper-René Blondlot in 1903. They were initially confirmed by others, but subsequently found to be illusory.
## Background
The N-ray affair occurred shortly after a series of major breakthroughs in experimental p... | 390 | N-ray | 0 |
22,037 | # N-ray
## Response
The \"discovery\" excited international interest and many physicists worked to replicate the effects. However, the notable physicists Lord Kelvin, William Crookes, Otto Lummer, and Heinrich Rubens failed to do so. Following his own failure, self-described as \"wasting a whole morning\", the Americ... | 617 | N-ray | 1 |
22,042 | # Nuon (DVD technology)
**Nuon** (stylized as **NUON**) is a technology developed by VM Labs that adds features to a DVD player. In addition to viewing DVDs, one can play 3D video games and use enhanced DVD navigational tools such as zoom and smooth scanning of DVD playback. One could also play CDs while the Nuon grap... | 808 | Nuon (DVD technology) | 0 |
22,042 | # Nuon (DVD technology)
## History
### Collections and samplers {#collections_and_samplers}
- Interactive Sampler (three different versions)
- Nuon Games + Demos (collection from Nuon-Dome)
- Nuon-Dome PhillyClassic 5 Demo Disc (giveaway collection)
### Proposed games {#proposed_games}
- *aMaze*
- *Atari\... | 227 | Nuon (DVD technology) | 1 |
22,081 | # Normative ethics
**Normative ethics** is the study of ethical behaviour and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates questions regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.
Normative ethics is distinct from metaethics in that normative ethics examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of ... | 829 | Normative ethics | 0 |
22,081 | # Normative ethics
## Morality as a binding force {#morality_as_a_binding_force}
It can be unclear what it means to say that a person \"ought to do X because it is moral, whether they like it or not.\" Morality is sometimes presumed to have some kind of special binding force on behaviour, though some philosophers bel... | 597 | Normative ethics | 1 |
22,085 | # Fertility awareness
**Fertility awareness** (**FA**) refers to a set of practices used to determine the fertile and infertile phases of a woman\'s menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods may be used to avoid pregnancy, to achieve pregnancy, or as a way to monitor gynecological health.
Methods of identifying in... | 421 | Fertility awareness | 0 |
22,085 | # Fertility awareness
## History
### Development of calendar-based methods {#development_of_calendar_based_methods}
It is not known exactly when it was first discovered that women have predictable periods of fertility and infertility. It is already clearly stated in the Talmud tractate Niddah, that a woman only beco... | 799 | Fertility awareness | 1 |
22,085 | # Fertility awareness
## Primary fertility signs {#primary_fertility_signs}
The three **primary signs** of fertility are *basal body temperature* (BBT), *cervical mucus*, and *cervical position*. A woman practicing symptoms-based fertility awareness may choose to observe one sign, two signs, or all three. Many women ... | 424 | Fertility awareness | 2 |
22,085 | # Fertility awareness
## Cycle history {#cycle_history}
Calendar-based systems determine both pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory infertility based on cycle history. When used to avoid pregnancy, these systems have higher perfect-use failure rates than symptoms-based systems but are still comparable with barrier methods... | 787 | Fertility awareness | 3 |
22,085 | # Fertility awareness
## As birth control {#as_birth_control}
By restricting unprotected sexual intercourse to the infertile portion of the menstrual cycle, a woman and her partner can prevent pregnancy. During the fertile portion of the menstrual cycle, the couple may use barrier contraception or abstain from sexual... | 665 | Fertility awareness | 4 |
22,085 | # Fertility awareness
## To achieve pregnancy {#to_achieve_pregnancy}
### Intercourse timing {#intercourse_timing}
Timing intercourse with a person\'s estimated \'fertile window\' is a practice sometimes called \'timed intercourse\'. The effectiveness of timed intercourse is not entirely clear, however, timed interc... | 499 | Fertility awareness | 5 |
22,091 | # Ncurses
**ncurses** (new curses) is a programming library for creating textual user interfaces (TUIs) that work across a wide variety of terminals; it is written in a way that attempts to optimize the commands that are sent to the terminal, so as to reduce the latency experienced when updating the displayed content.... | 650 | Ncurses | 0 |
22,094 | # Nutation
**Nutation** (`{{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|nūtātiō}}|nodding, swaying}}`{=mediawiki}) is a rocking, swaying, or nodding motion in the axis of rotation of a largely axially symmetric object, such as a gyroscope, planet, or bullet in flight, or as an intended behaviour of a mechanism. In an appropriate refe... | 700 | Nutation | 0 |
22,094 | # Nutation
## Astronomy
The nutation of a planet occurs because the gravitational effects of other bodies cause the speed of its axial precession to vary over time, so that the speed is not constant. English astronomer James Bradley discovered the nutation of Earth\'s axis in 1728.
### Earth
Nutation subtly changes... | 379 | Nutation | 1 |
22,094 | # Nutation
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In the 1961 disaster film *The Day the Earth Caught Fire*, the near-simultaneous detonation of two super-hydrogen bombs near the poles causes a change in Earth\'s nutation, as well as an 11° shift in the axial tilt and a change in Earth\'s orbit around the Sun.
... | 93 | Nutation | 2 |
22,113 | # No Logo
***No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies*** is a book by the Canadian author Naomi Klein. First published by Knopf Canada and Picador in December 1999, shortly after the 1999 Seattle WTO protests had generated media attention around such issues, it became one of the most influential books about the alter-... | 944 | No Logo | 0 |
22,113 | # No Logo
## Summary
### \"No Logo\" {#no_logo}
The final section of the book discusses various movements that have sprung up during the 1990s. These include *Adbusters* magazine and the culture-jamming movement, as well as Reclaim the Streets and the McLibel trial. Less radical protests are also discussed, such as t... | 210 | No Logo | 1 |
22,113 | # No Logo
## Awards
In 2000, *No Logo* was short-listed for the *Guardian* First Book Award in 2000.
In 2001, the book won the following awards:
- The 2001 National Business Book Award
- The 2001 French Prix Médiations
## Editions
Several imprints of *No Logo* exist, including a hardcover first edition, a sub... | 234 | No Logo | 2 |
22,117 | # Neelin
**Neelin** is a small community in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is located on Manitoba Provincial Highway 5 in the Rural Municipality of Argyle, about 29 km east of Killarney, or about 200 km southwest of Winnipeg.
The Roseberry school district was established in 1885, leading to the construction of... | 121 | Neelin | 0 |
22,120 | # Nuoro
**Nuoro** (`{{IPA|it|ˈnuːoro|-|It-Nuoro.ogg}}`{=mediawiki} `{{IPA|it|ˈnwɔːro|label=or less correctly}}`{=mediawiki}; *Nùgoro* `{{IPA|sc|ˈnuɣɔɾɔ|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a city and *\[\[comune\]\]* (municipality) in central-eastern Sardinia, Italy, situated on the slopes of Mount Ortobene. It is the capital of the p... | 419 | Nuoro | 0 |
22,120 | # Nuoro
## Culture
### ISRE
Since 1972 in Nuoro is active the Istituto superiore regionale etnografico (ISRE), which is an institution that promotes the *study and documentation of the social and cultural life of Sardinia in its traditional manifestations and its transformations*. In fact, in addition to managing mu... | 458 | Nuoro | 1 |
22,130 | # Noun class
In linguistics, a **noun class** is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some authors use the term \"grammatical gender\" as a synonym... | 403 | Noun class | 0 |
22,130 | # Noun class
## Language families {#language_families}
### Algonquian languages {#algonquian_languages}
The Ojibwe language and other members of the Algonquian languages distinguish between animate and inanimate classes. Some sources argue that the distinction is between things which are powerful and things which ar... | 852 | Noun class | 1 |
22,130 | # Noun class
## Language families {#language_families}
### Atlantic--Congo languages {#atlanticcongo_languages}
Atlantic--Congo languages can have ten or more noun classes, defined according to non-sexual criteria. Certain nominal classes are reserved for humans. The Fula language has about 26 noun classes (the exact... | 1,038 | Noun class | 2 |
22,130 | # Noun class
## Noun classes versus noun classifiers {#noun_classes_versus_noun_classifiers}
Some languages, such as Japanese, Chinese and the Tai languages, have elaborate systems of particles that go with nouns based on shape and function, but are free morphemes rather than affixes. Because the classes defined by t... | 206 | Noun class | 3 |
22,156 | # BI Norwegian Business School
**BI Norwegian Business School** (*Handelshøyskolen BI*) is a Norwegian specialized university that provides education and conducts research primarily in the fields of business and economics, marketing, strategy, management, and administration. BI is organized as a self-owned foundation ... | 703 | BI Norwegian Business School | 0 |
22,156 | # BI Norwegian Business School
## Study programmes {#study_programmes}
BI Norwegian Business School offers education at all levels, including bachelor\'s degree, master\'s degree, doctoral degree, and postgraduate education. The education covers areas such as economics, finance, management, marketing, communication, ... | 443 | BI Norwegian Business School | 1 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
**Nuclear proliferation** is the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries, particularly those not recognized as nuclear-weapon states by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the *Non-Proliferation Treaty* or *NPT*. Nuclear proliferation occurs throu... | 460 | Nuclear proliferation | 0 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## History of nuclear non-proliferation efforts {#history_of_nuclear_non_proliferation_efforts}
Early efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation involved intense government secrecy, the wartime acquisition of known uranium stores (the Combined Development Trust), and at times even outright sabot... | 832 | Nuclear proliferation | 1 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Dual-use technology {#dual_use_technology}
Dual-use technology refers to the possibility of military use of civilian nuclear power technology. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that several stages of the nu... | 277 | Nuclear proliferation | 2 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## International Cooperation {#international_cooperation}
### Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons {#treaty_on_the_non_proliferation_of_nuclear_weapons}
At present, 189 countries are States Parties to the *Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons*, more commonly known a... | 808 | Nuclear proliferation | 3 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## International Cooperation {#international_cooperation}
### Additional Protocol {#additional_protocol}
In 1993 a program was initiated to strengthen and extend the classical safeguards system, and a model protocol was agreed by the IAEA Board of Governors 1997. The measures boosted the IAEA\... | 367 | Nuclear proliferation | 4 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## International Cooperation {#international_cooperation}
### Limitations of safeguards {#limitations_of_safeguards}
The greatest risk from nuclear weapons proliferation comes from countries that have not joined the NPT and which have significant unsafeguarded nuclear activities; India, Pakist... | 689 | Nuclear proliferation | 5 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### NPT Non Signatories {#npt_non_signatories}
India, Pakistan and Israel have been \"threshold\" countries in terms of the international non-proliferation regime. They possess or are quickly capable of assemb... | 1,258 | Nuclear proliferation | 6 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### NPT Non Signatories {#npt_non_signatories}
#### Pakistan
Over the years in Pakistan, nuclear power infrastructure has been well established. It is dedicated to the industrial and economic development of the... | 1,124 | Nuclear proliferation | 7 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### NPT Non Signatories {#npt_non_signatories}
#### North Korea {#north_korea}
The Democratic People\'s Republic of Korea (or better known as North Korea), joined the NPT in 1985 and had subsequently signed a s... | 552 | Nuclear proliferation | 8 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### NPT Non Signatories {#npt_non_signatories}
#### Israel
Israel is also thought to possess an arsenal of potentially up to several hundred nuclear warheads based on estimates of the amount of fissile material... | 562 | Nuclear proliferation | 9 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### Nuclear arms control in South Asia {#nuclear_arms_control_in_south_asia}
The public stance of India and Pakistan on non-proliferation differs markedly. Pakistan has initiated a series of regional security p... | 592 | Nuclear proliferation | 10 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### NPT signatories {#npt_signatories}
#### Egypt
In 2004 and 2005, Egypt disclosed past undeclared nuclear activities and material to the IAEA. In 2007 and 2008, high-enriched and low-enriched uranium particl... | 1,244 | Nuclear proliferation | 11 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### NPT signatories {#npt_signatories}
#### North Korea {#north_korea_1}
The Democratic People\'s Republic of Korea (DPRK) acceded to the NPT in 1985 as a condition for the supply of a nuclear power station by ... | 1,143 | Nuclear proliferation | 12 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Unsanctioned Nuclear Activity or U.N.A {#unsanctioned_nuclear_activity_or_u.n.a}
### NPT signatories {#npt_signatories}
#### South Africa {#south_africa}
In 1991, South Africa acceded to the NPT, concluded a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the IAEA, and submitted a report on its nuc... | 613 | Nuclear proliferation | 13 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Breakout capability {#breakout_capability}
For a state that does not possess nuclear weapons, the capability to produce one or more weapons quickly and with little warning is called a breakout capability.
- , with its civil nuclear infrastructure and experience, has a stockpile of separa... | 688 | Nuclear proliferation | 14 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Arguments for and against proliferation {#arguments_for_and_against_proliferation}
### Arguments against both positions {#arguments_against_both_positions}
There are numerous arguments presented against both selective and total proliferation, generally targeting the very neorealist assumpti... | 393 | Nuclear proliferation | 15 |
22,158 | # Nuclear proliferation
## Arguments for and against proliferation {#arguments_for_and_against_proliferation}
### Proliferation begets proliferation {#proliferation_begets_proliferation}
\'Proliferation begets proliferation\' is a concept described by professor of political science Scott Sagan in his article, \"Why D... | 716 | Nuclear proliferation | 16 |
22,164 | # Netlist
In electronic design, a **netlist** is a description of the connectivity of an electronic circuit. In its simplest form, a netlist consists of a list of the electronic components in a circuit and a list of the nodes they are connected to. A network (net) is a collection of two or more interconnected componen... | 593 | Netlist | 0 |
22,164 | # Netlist
## Hierarchy
In large designs, it is a common practice to split the design into pieces, each piece becoming a \"definition\" which can be used as instances in the design. In the vacuum cleaner analogy, one might have a vacuum cleaner definition with its ports, but now this definition would also include a fu... | 555 | Netlist | 1 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
`{{Nuclear weapons}}`{=mediawiki}
**Nuclear disarmament** is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term ***denuclearization*** is also used to describe the process leadin... | 297 | Nuclear disarmament | 0 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
## History
In 1945 in the New Mexico desert, American scientists conducted \"Trinity\", the first nuclear weapons test, marking the beginning of the atomic age. Even before the Trinity test, national leaders debated the impact of nuclear weapons on domestic and foreign policy. Also involved in t... | 517 | Nuclear disarmament | 1 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
## Nuclear disarmament movement {#nuclear_disarmament_movement}
`{{See also|History of the anti-nuclear movement|List of peace activists}}`{=mediawiki}
Peace movements emerged in Japan and in 1954 they converged to form a unified \"Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs\". Japanese ... | 1,149 | Nuclear disarmament | 2 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
## Arms reduction treaties {#arms_reduction_treaties}
After the 1986 Reykjavík Summit between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and the new Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, the United States and the Soviet Union concluded two important nuclear arms reduction treaties: the INF Treaty (1987)... | 715 | Nuclear disarmament | 3 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
## United Nations {#united_nations}
*Main article: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs* In its landmark resolution 1653 of 1961, \"Declaration on the prohibition of the use of nuclear and thermo-nuclear weapons,\" the UN General Assembly stated that use of nuclear weaponry \"would exce... | 297 | Nuclear disarmament | 4 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
## U.S. nuclear policy {#u.s._nuclear_policy}
Despite a general trend toward disarmament in the early 2000s, the George W. Bush administration repeatedly pushed to fund policies that would allegedly make nuclear weapons more usable in the post--Cold War environment. To date the U.S. Congress has... | 452 | Nuclear disarmament | 5 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
## U.S. nuclear policy {#u.s._nuclear_policy}
### U.S. programs to reduce risk of nuclear terrorism {#u.s._programs_to_reduce_risk_of_nuclear_terrorism}
The United States has taken the lead in ensuring that nuclear materials globally are properly safeguarded. A popular program that has received ... | 457 | Nuclear disarmament | 6 |
22,165 | # Nuclear disarmament
## Semiotics
The precise use of terminology in the context of disarmament may have important implications for political Signaling theory. In the case of North Korea, \"denuclearization\" has historically been interpreted as different from \"disarmament\" by including withdrawal of American nucle... | 1,152 | Nuclear disarmament | 7 |
22,172 | # Ode
An **ode** (from *ōidḗ*) is a type of lyric poetry, with its origins in Ancient Greece. Odes are elaborately structured poems praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally. A classic ode is structured in three major parts: the *strophe*, the *antistrophe*,... | 703 | Ode | 0 |
22,172 | # Ode
## English ode {#english_ode}
The lyrics can be on various themes. The earliest odes in the English language, using the word in its strict form, were the *Epithalamium* and *Prothalamium* of Edmund Spenser.
In the 17th century, the original odes in English were by Abraham Cowley. These were iambic, but had irr... | 486 | Ode | 1 |
22,189 | # Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
The **Temple of Olympian Zeus** (*Ναὸς τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου Διός*, *Naós tou Olympíou Diós*), also known as the **Olympieion** or **Columns of the Olympian Zeus**, is a colossal temple in the centre of Athens, now in ruins. It was dedicated to \"Olympian\" Zeus, a name originating from his po... | 738 | Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens | 0 |
22,189 | # Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
## History
### Roman era {#roman_era}
In 124--125 AD, when the Philhellene Hadrian visited Athens, a massive building programme was begun that included the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus. A walled marble-paved precinct was constructed around the temple, making it a central... | 541 | Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens | 1 |
22,189 | # Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
## History
### Medieval and modern periods {#medieval_and_modern_periods}
Over the following centuries, the temple was systematically quarried to provide building materials and material for the houses and churches of medieval Athens. By the end of the Byzantine period, it had been al... | 299 | Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens | 2 |
22,189 | # Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
## Present
Today, the temple is an open-air museum, part of the unification of the archaeological sites of Athens. As a historical site it is protected and supervised by the Ephorate of Antiquities.
### Mythodea 2001 {#mythodea_2001}
On 28 June 2001, Vangelis organized the Mythodea... | 223 | Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens | 3 |
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