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21,436 | # Negligence
**Negligence** (Lat. *negligentia*) is a failure to exercise appropriate care expected to be exercised in similar circumstances.
Within the scope of tort law, negligence pertains to harm caused by the violation of a duty of care through a negligent act or failure to act. The concept of negligence is link... | 752 | Negligence | 0 |
21,436 | # Negligence
## Elements of negligence claims {#elements_of_negligence_claims}
### Breach of duty {#breach_of_duty}
Once it is established that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff/claimant, the matter of whether or not that duty was breached must be settled. The test is both subjective and objective. The defen... | 625 | Negligence | 1 |
21,436 | # Negligence
## Elements of negligence claims {#elements_of_negligence_claims}
### Causation
In order for liability to result from a negligent act or omission, it is necessary to prove not only that the injury was caused by that negligence, but also that there is a legally sufficient connection between the act and th... | 1,058 | Negligence | 2 |
21,436 | # Negligence
## Elements of negligence claims {#elements_of_negligence_claims}
### Injury
Even though there is breach of duty, and the cause of some injury to the defendant, a plaintiff may not recover unless he can prove that the defendant\'s breach caused a pecuniary injury.
As a general rule, plaintiffs in tort l... | 424 | Negligence | 3 |
21,436 | # Negligence
## Elements of negligence claims {#elements_of_negligence_claims}
### Special doctrines {#special_doctrines}
*Res ipsa loquitur*: Latin for \"the thing speaks for itself\". To prove negligence under this doctrine the plaintiff must prove (1) the incident does not usually happen without negligence, (2) th... | 92 | Negligence | 4 |
21,436 | # Negligence
## Damages
Damages place a monetary value on the harm done, following the principle of *restitutio in integrum* (Latin for \"restoration to the original condition\"). Thus, for most purposes connected with the quantification of damages, the degree of culpability in the breach of the duty of care is irrel... | 587 | Negligence | 5 |
21,436 | # Negligence
## Worldwide
### Civil law {#civil_law}
In the Swiss Criminal Code, the term \"*négligence*\" is used to denote an omission, akin to the English term \"negligence\". However, unlike criminal negligence, it describes situations where the perpetrator acts without being aware of the potential consequences ... | 1,057 | Negligence | 6 |
21,443 | # Neal Stephenson
**Neal Town Stephenson** (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known for his works of speculative fiction. His novels have been categorized as science fiction, historical fiction, cyberpunk, and baroque.
Stephenson\'s work explores mathematics, cryptography, linguistics, philosophy, currency... | 264 | Neal Stephenson | 0 |
21,443 | # Neal Stephenson
## Writing
Stephenson\'s first novel, *The Big U*, published in 1984, is a satirical take on life at American Megaversity, a vast, bland, and alienating research university beset by chaotic riots. His next novel, *Zodiac* (1988), is a thriller following a radical environmentalist in his struggle aga... | 741 | Neal Stephenson | 1 |
21,443 | # Neal Stephenson
## Outside of writing {#outside_of_writing}
Stephenson worked at Blue Origin, Jeff Bezos\'s spaceflight company, for seven years in the early 2000s while its focus was on \"novel alternate approaches to space, alternate propulsion systems, and business models.\" He left after Blue became a more stan... | 341 | Neal Stephenson | 2 |
21,443 | # Neal Stephenson
## Publications
### Novels
- *The Big U* (1984)
- *Zodiac* (1988)
- *Snow Crash* (1992) -- British Science Fiction Association Award nominee, 1993; Clarke Award nominee, 1994
- *Interface* (1994) with J. Frederick George, as \"Stephen Bury\"
- *The Diamond Age: or A Young Lady\'s Illustra... | 636 | Neal Stephenson | 3 |
21,448 | # November 27
| 3 | November 27 | 0 |
21,454 | # Nicanor Parra
**Nicanor Segundo Parra Sandoval** (5 September 1914 -- 23 January 2018) was a Chilean physicist and poet. He has been considered one of the most influential Spanish-language Chilean poets of the 20th century.
Parra described himself as an \"anti-poet\" on account of his distaste for poetry\'s pompous... | 466 | Nicanor Parra | 0 |
21,454 | # Nicanor Parra
## List of works {#list_of_works}
- *Cancionero sin nombre* (Songbook without a Name), 1937.
- *Poemas y antipoemas* (Poems and Antipoems), 1954; Nascimento, 1956; Cátedra, 2005, `{{ISBN|978-84-376-0777-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *La cueca larga* (The Long Cueca), 1958
- *Versos de salón* (Parlor Vers... | 323 | Nicanor Parra | 1 |
21,458 | # Norma MacMillan
**Norma MacMillan** (September 15, 1921 -- March 16, 2001) was a Canadian actress, best known for voicing numerous characters in animation and claymation, including Casper the Friendly Ghost on *The New Casper Cartoon Show*, Gumby on *The Gumby Show*, Sweet Polly Purebred on *Underdog*, and Davey on ... | 503 | Norma MacMillan | 0 |
21,459 | # IMU Abacus Medal
The **IMU Abacus Medal**, known before 2022 as the **Rolf Nevanlinna Prize**, is awarded once every four years at the International Congress of Mathematicians, hosted by the International Mathematical Union (IMU), for outstanding contributions in Mathematical Aspects of Information Sciences includin... | 353 | IMU Abacus Medal | 0 |
21,459 | # IMU Abacus Medal
## Laureates
Year Laureate Reasons
------ ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 479 | IMU Abacus Medal | 1 |
21,461 | # November 2
| 3 | November 2 | 0 |
21,465 | # Niklas Luhmann
**Niklas Luhmann** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|m|ɑː|n}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|de|ˈluːman|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; December 8, 1927 -- November 11, 1998) was a German sociologist, philosopher of social science, and systems theorist.
Niklas Luhmann is one of the most influential German sociologists of the 20th centu... | 504 | Niklas Luhmann | 0 |
21,465 | # Niklas Luhmann
## Works
Luhmann wrote prolifically, with more than 70 books and nearly 400 scholarly articles published on a variety of subjects, including law, economy, politics, art, religion, ecology, mass media, and love. While his theories have yet to make a major mark in American sociology, his theory is curr... | 1,242 | Niklas Luhmann | 1 |
21,465 | # Niklas Luhmann
## Works
### Systems theory {#systems_theory}
Finally, the systems\' autopoietic closure is another fundamental difference from Parsons\' concept. Each system works strictly according to its very own code and can observe other systems only by applying its code to their operations. For example, the co... | 660 | Niklas Luhmann | 2 |
21,465 | # Niklas Luhmann
## Works
### Note-taking system (*Zettelkasten*) {#note_taking_system_zettelkasten}
Luhmann was famous for his extensive use of the \"slip box\" or *Zettelkasten* note-taking method. The notes were probably created between 1952 and the beginning of 1997. He used them to systematically organize the re... | 177 | Niklas Luhmann | 3 |
21,465 | # Niklas Luhmann
## Publications
- 1963: (with Franz Becker): *Verwaltungsfehler und Vertrauensschutz: Möglichkeiten gesetzlicher Regelung der Rücknehmbarkeit von Verwaltungsakten*, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
- 1964: *Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation*, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
- 1965: *Öffentlich-rec... | 974 | Niklas Luhmann | 4 |
21,466 | # Natacha Atlas
**Natacha Atlas** (*نتاشا أطلس*, *natāšā ʔaṭlas*, `{{IPA|ar|nataːʃaː ʔatˤlas|}}`{=mediawiki}; born 20 March 1964) is an Egyptian-Belgian singer known for her fusion of Arabic and Western music, particularly hip-hop. She once termed her music \"*cha\'abi moderne*\" (modern folk music). Her music has bee... | 398 | Natacha Atlas | 0 |
21,466 | # Natacha Atlas
## Solo career {#solo_career}
Most of Atlas\' earlier albums were produced by Tim Whelan and Hamilton Lee from Transglobal Underground. These albums include *Diaspora* (1995), *Halim* (1997) (in honour of Egyptian singer Abdel Halim Hafez), *Gedida* (1998), and *Ayeshteni* (2001).
Atlas has always sp... | 834 | Natacha Atlas | 1 |
21,466 | # Natacha Atlas
## Political views on Israel {#political_views_on_israel}
In a joint interview with the Israeli singer Yasmin Levy, Atlas noted the risk of the collaboration because feelings of anti-Zionism across the Arab world can spill over into anti-Semitism: \"Some Arabic artists wouldn\'t even consider working ... | 275 | Natacha Atlas | 2 |
21,489 | # NetHack
***NetHack*** is an open source single-player roguelike video game, first released in 1987 and maintained by the NetHack DevTeam. The game is a fork of the 1984 game *Hack*, itself inspired by the 1980 game *Rogue*. The player takes the role of one of several pre-defined character classes to descend through ... | 896 | NetHack | 0 |
21,489 | # NetHack
## Gameplay
### Blessings and curses {#blessings_and_curses}
As in many other roguelike games, all items in *NetHack* are either \"blessed\", \"uncursed\", or \"cursed\". The majority of items are found uncursed, but the blessed or cursed status of an item is unknown until it is identified or detected throu... | 633 | NetHack | 1 |
21,489 | # NetHack
## Gameplay
### Interface
*NetHack* was originally created with only a simple ASCII text-based user interface, although the option to use something more elaborate was added later in its development. Interface elements such as the environment, entities, and objects are represented by arrangements of ASCII or... | 381 | NetHack | 2 |
21,489 | # NetHack
## History and development {#history_and_development}
`{{Video game timeline | float="left"
| title = Major ''NetHack'' releases
| 1987a = v1.3d (First public release)
| 1987b = v2.2a
| 1989 = v3.0.0
| 1993 = v3.1.0
| 1996 = v3.2.0
| 1999 = v3.3.0
| 2002 = v3.4.0
| 2015 = v3.6.0
| last = 2025
}}`{=med... | 435 | NetHack | 3 |
21,489 | # NetHack
## History and development {#history_and_development}
### Release history {#release_history}
The DevTeam\'s first release of *NetHack* was on 28 July 1987.
The core DevTeam had expanded with the release of *NetHack* 3.0 in July 1989. By that point, they had established a tight-lipped culture, revealing lit... | 754 | NetHack | 4 |
21,489 | # NetHack
## Online support {#online_support}
Bugs, humorous messages, stories, experiences, and ideas for the next version are discussed on the Usenet newsgroup rec.games.roguelike.nethack.
A public server at nethack.alt.org, commonly known as \"NAO\", gives players access to NetHack through a Telnet or SSH interfa... | 343 | NetHack | 5 |
21,508 | # Noosphere
The **noosphere** (alternate spelling **noösphere**) is a philosophical concept developed and popularized by the biogeochemist Vladimir Vernadsky and philosopher and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the new state of the biosphere, and described it as the planetar... | 376 | Noosphere | 0 |
21,508 | # Noosphere
## Founding authors {#founding_authors}
The term noosphere was first used in the publications of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in 1922 in his *Cosmogenesis*. Vernadsky was most likely introduced to the term by a common acquaintance, Édouard Le Roy, during a stay in Paris. Some sources claim Édouard Le Roy ac... | 319 | Noosphere | 1 |
21,513 | # North Atlantic Deep Water
**North Atlantic Deep Water** (**NADW**) is a deep water mass formed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Thermohaline circulation (properly described as meridional overturning circulation) of the world\'s oceans involves the flow of warm surface waters from the southern hemisphere into the North A... | 276 | North Atlantic Deep Water | 0 |
21,513 | # North Atlantic Deep Water
## Spreading pathways {#spreading_pathways}
The southward spread of NADW along the Deep Western Boundary current (DWBC) can be traced by its high oxygen content, high CFCs, and density.
ULSW is the major source of upper NADW. ULSW advects southward from the Labrador Sea in small eddies th... | 402 | North Atlantic Deep Water | 1 |
21,530 | # Nitroglycerin
**Nitroglycerin** (**NG**) (alternative spelling nitroglycerine), also known as **trinitroglycerol** (**TNG**), **nitro**, **glyceryl trinitrate** (**GTN**), or **1,2,3-trinitroxypropane**, is a dense, colorless or pale yellow, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with wh... | 435 | Nitroglycerin | 0 |
21,530 | # Nitroglycerin
## History
Nitroglycerin was the first practical explosive produced that was stronger than black powder. It was synthesized by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1846, working under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Turin. Sobrero initially called his discovery *\"pyroglycerin\"* and wa... | 663 | Nitroglycerin | 1 |
21,530 | # Nitroglycerin
## History
### Wartime production rates {#wartime_production_rates}
Large quantities of nitroglycerin were manufactured during World War I and World War II for use as military propellants and in military engineering work. During World War I, HM Factory, Gretna, the largest propellant factory in the Un... | 388 | Nitroglycerin | 2 |
21,530 | # Nitroglycerin
## Detonation
When nitroglycerin explodes, the products after cooling are given by:
: 4`{{chem2|C3H5N3O9}}`{=mediawiki} → 12`{{CHEM2|CO2}}`{=mediawiki} + 10`{{CHEM2|H2O}}`{=mediawiki} + 6`{{CHEM2|N2}}`{=mediawiki} + `{{CHEM2|O2}}`{=mediawiki}
The heat released can be calculated from the heats of f... | 526 | Nitroglycerin | 3 |
21,530 | # Nitroglycerin
## Use as an explosive and a propellant {#use_as_an_explosive_and_a_propellant}
Nitroglycerin is an oily liquid that explodes when subjected to heat, shock, or flame. The main use of nitroglycerin, by tonnage, is in explosives such as dynamite and in propellants as an ingredient. However, its sensitiv... | 458 | Nitroglycerin | 4 |
21,530 | # Nitroglycerin
## Medical use {#medical_use}
Nitroglycerin belongs to a group of drugs called nitrates, which includes many other nitrates like isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) and isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket). These agents all exert their effect by being converted to nitric oxide in the body by mitoc... | 695 | Nitroglycerin | 5 |
21,533 | # Navy
A **navy**, **naval force**, **military maritime fleet**, **war navy**, or **maritime force** is the branch of a nation\'s armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It includes anything co... | 554 | Navy | 0 |
21,533 | # Navy
## History
Naval warfare developed when humans first fought from water-borne vessels. Before the introduction of the cannon and ships with enough capacity to carry them, navy warfare primarily involved ramming and boarding actions. In the time of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, naval warfare centered on l... | 1,323 | Navy | 1 |
21,533 | # Navy
## Operations
A navy typically operates from one or more naval bases. The base is a port that is specialized in naval operations, and often includes housing, a munitions depot, docks for the vessels, and various repair facilities. During times of war temporary bases may be constructed in closer proximity to st... | 502 | Navy | 2 |
21,533 | # Navy
## Naval organization {#naval_organization}
### Ships
Historically, navy ships were primarily intended for warfare. They were designed to withstand damage and to inflict the same, but only carried munitions and supplies for the voyage (rather than merchant cargo). Often, other ships that were not built specif... | 758 | Navy | 3 |
21,533 | # Navy
## Naval organization {#naval_organization}
### Ranks
A navy will typically have two sets of ranks, one for enlisted personnel and one for officers.
Typical ranks for commissioned officers include the following, in ascending order (Commonwealth ranks are listed first on each line; USA ranks are listed second ... | 548 | Navy | 4 |
21,533 | # Navy
## Naval aviation {#naval_aviation}
Naval aviation is the application of military air power by navies, whether from warships that embark aircraft, or land bases.
In World War I, several navies used floatplanes and flying boats -- mainly for scouting. By World War II, aircraft carriers could carry bomber aircr... | 119 | Navy | 5 |
21,538 | # Normed vector space
In mathematics, a **normed vector space** or **normed space** is a vector space over the real or complex numbers on which a norm is defined. A norm is a generalization of the intuitive notion of \"length\" in the physical world. If $V$ is a vector space over $K$, where $K$ is a field equal to $\m... | 494 | Normed vector space | 0 |
21,538 | # Normed vector space
## Topological structure {#topological_structure}
If $(V, \|\,\cdot\,\|)$ is a normed vector space, the norm $\|\,\cdot\,\|$ induces a metric (a notion of *distance*) and therefore a topology on $V.$ This metric is defined in the natural way: the distance between two vectors $\mathbf{u}$ and $\m... | 562 | Normed vector space | 1 |
21,538 | # Normed vector space
## Normable spaces {#normable_spaces}
A topological vector space $(X, \tau)$ is called **normable** if there exists a norm $\| \cdot \|$ on $X$ such that the canonical metric $(x, y) \mapsto \|y-x\|$ induces the topology $\tau$ on $X.$ The following theorem is due to Kolmogorov:
**Kolmogorov\'s... | 432 | Normed vector space | 2 |
21,538 | # Normed vector space
## Linear maps and dual spaces {#linear_maps_and_dual_spaces}
The most important maps between two normed vector spaces are the continuous linear maps. Together with these maps, normed vector spaces form a category.
The norm is a continuous function on its vector space. All linear maps between f... | 519 | Normed vector space | 3 |
21,556 | # Norns
The **Norns** (*norn* `{{IPA|non|ˈnorn|}}`{=mediawiki}, plural: *nornir* `{{IPA|non|ˈnornɪr|}}`{=mediawiki}) are a group of deities in Norse mythology responsible for shaping the course of human destinies. The Norns are often represented as three goddesses known as Urd (Urðr), Verðandi, and Skuld, who weave th... | 409 | Norns | 0 |
21,556 | # Norns
## Attestations
There are a number of surviving Old Norse sources that relate to the norns. The most important sources are the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda. The latter contains pagan poetry where the Norns are frequently referred to, while the former contains pagan poetry as well as retellings, descriptions... | 1,469 | Norns | 1 |
21,556 | # Norns
## Attestations
### Poetic Edda {#poetic_edda}
#### *Helgakviða Hundingsbana II* {#helgakviða_hundingsbana_ii}
In *Helgakviða Hundingsbana II*, Helgi Hundingsbane blames the norns for the fact that he had to kill Sigrún\'s father Högni and brother Bragi in order to wed her:
+-----------------------------+---... | 1,239 | Norns | 2 |
21,556 | # Norns
## Attestations
### *Prose Edda* {#prose_edda}
In the part of Snorri Sturluson\'s *Prose Edda* which is called *Gylfaginning*, Gylfi, the king of Sweden, has arrived at Valhalla calling himself Gangleri. There, he receives an education in Norse mythology from what is Odin in the shape of three men. They expla... | 507 | Norns | 3 |
21,556 | # Norns
## Attestations
### Legendary sagas {#legendary_sagas}
Some of the legendary sagas also contain references to the Norns. The *Hervarar saga* contains a poem named *Hlöðskviða*, where the Gothic king Angantýr defeats a Hunnish invasion led by his Hunnish half-brother Hlöðr. Knowing that his sister, the shieldm... | 302 | Norns | 4 |
21,557 | # Niflheim
In Norse cosmology, **Niflheim** or **Niflheimr** (Old Norse: `{{IPA|non|ˈnivlˌhɛimz̠|}}`{=mediawiki}; \"World of Mist\", literally \"Home of Mist\") is a location which sometimes overlaps with the notions of Niflhel and Hel. The name *Niflheimr* appears only in two extant sources: *Gylfaginning* and the mu... | 884 | Niflheim | 0 |
21,561 | # Nanoengineering
**Nanoengineering** is the practice of engineering on the nanoscale. It derives its name from the nanometre, a unit of measurement equalling one billionth of a meter.
Nanoengineering is largely a synonym for nanotechnology, but emphasizes the engineering rather than the pure science aspects of the f... | 284 | Nanoengineering | 0 |
21,561 | # Nanoengineering
## Degree programs {#degree_programs}
The first nanoengineering program was started at the University of Toronto within the Engineering Science program as one of the options of study in the final years. In 2003, the Lund Institute of Technology started a program in Nanoengineering. In 2004, the Coll... | 350 | Nanoengineering | 1 |
21,562 | # NP (complexity)
In computational complexity theory, **NP** (**nondeterministic polynomial time**) is a complexity class used to classify decision problems. NP is the set of decision problems for which the problem instances, where the answer is \"yes\", have proofs verifiable in polynomial time by a deterministic Tur... | 471 | NP (complexity) | 0 |
21,562 | # NP (complexity)
## Background
Many computer science problems are contained in NP, like decision versions of many search and optimization problems.
### Verifier-based definition {#verifier_based_definition}
In order to explain the verifier-based definition of NP, consider the subset sum problem: Assume that we are... | 590 | NP (complexity) | 1 |
21,562 | # NP (complexity)
## Why some NP problems are hard to solve {#why_some_np_problems_are_hard_to_solve}
Because of the many important problems in this class, there have been extensive efforts to find polynomial-time algorithms for problems in NP. However, there remain a large number of problems in NP that defy such att... | 455 | NP (complexity) | 2 |
21,562 | # NP (complexity)
## Relationship to other classes {#relationship_to_other_classes}
NP contains all problems in P, since one can verify any instance of the problem by simply ignoring the proof and solving it. NP is contained in PSPACE---to show this, it suffices to construct a PSPACE machine that loops over all proof... | 493 | NP (complexity) | 3 |
21,562 | # NP (complexity)
## Examples
### P
All problems in P, denoted $\mathsf{P \subseteq NP}$. Given a certificate for a problem in **P**, we can ignore the certificate and just solve the problem in polynomial time.
### Integer factorization {#integer_factorization}
The decision problem version of the integer factoriza... | 357 | NP (complexity) | 4 |
21,571 | # Nial
**Nial** (from \"Nested Interactive Array Language\") is a high-level array programming language developed from about 1981 by Mike Jenkins of Queen\'s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Jenkins co-created the Jenkins--Traub algorithm.
Nial combines a functional programming notation for arrays based on an a... | 469 | Nial | 0 |
21,571 | # Nial
## Examples
### Creating arrays {#creating_arrays}
`count 6`\
`|1 2 3 4 5 6`
Arrays can also be literal
`Arr := [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]`\
`|5 6 7 8 9`
Shape gives the array dimensions and reshape can be used to reshape the dimensions.
`shape Arr`\
`|5`
`a := 2 3 reshape Arr`\
`# reshape is a binary operation wit... | 392 | Nial | 1 |
21,573 | # Niels Henrik Abel
**Niels Henrik Abel** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|b|əl}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|AH|bəl}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|no|ˌnɪls ˈhɛ̀nːɾɪk ˈɑ̀ːbl̩|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 5 August 1802 -- 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. His most famous single result is... | 568 | Niels Henrik Abel | 0 |
21,573 | # Niels Henrik Abel
## Life
### Cathedral School and Royal Frederick University {#cathedral_school_and_royal_frederick_university}
With Norwegian independence and the first election held in Norway, in 1814, Søren Abel was elected as a representative to the Storting. Meetings of the Storting were held until 1866 in th... | 589 | Niels Henrik Abel | 1 |
21,573 | # Niels Henrik Abel
## Life
### Career
After he graduated, professors from university supported Abel financially, and Professor Christopher Hansteen let him live in a room in the attic of his home. Abel would later view Ms. Hansteen as his second mother. While living here, Abel helped his younger brother, Peder Abel,... | 1,015 | Niels Henrik Abel | 2 |
21,573 | # Niels Henrik Abel
## Contributions to mathematics {#contributions_to_mathematics}
Abel showed that there is no general algebraic solution for the roots of a quintic equation, or any general polynomial equation of degree greater than four, in terms of explicit algebraic operations with the Abel-Ruffini theorem. To d... | 372 | Niels Henrik Abel | 3 |
21,573 | # Niels Henrik Abel
## Legacy
Under Abel\'s guidance, the prevailing obscurities of analysis began to be cleared, new fields were entered upon and the study of functions so advanced as to provide mathematicians with numerous ramifications along which progress could be made. His works, the greater part of which origin... | 563 | Niels Henrik Abel | 4 |
21,575 | # November 20
| 3 | November 20 | 0 |
21,576 | # November 21
| 3 | November 21 | 0 |
21,577 | # November 30
| 3 | November 30 | 0 |
21,582 | # Nicolaus von Amsdorf
**Nicolaus von Amsdorf** (Latin: Nicolaus Amsdorfius, 3 December 1483 -- 14 May 1565) was a German Lutheran theologian and an early Protestant reformer. As bishop of Naumburg (1542--1546), he became the first Lutheran bishop in the Holy Roman Empire.
## Biography
He was born in Torgau, on the ... | 502 | Nicolaus von Amsdorf | 0 |
21,585 | # Nereus
In Greek mythology, **Nereus** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɪər|i|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|NEER|ee|əs}}`{=mediawiki}; *Nēreús*) was the eldest son of Pontus (the Sea) and Gaia (the Earth), with Pontus himself being a son of Gaia. Nereus and Doris became the parents of 50 daughters (the Nereids) and a son (Nerites), w... | 585 | Nereus | 0 |
21,585 | # Nereus
## Mythology
In the *Iliad*, the Old Man of the Sea is the father of Nereids, though Nereus is not directly named. He was never more manifestly the Old Man of the Sea than when he was described, like Proteus, as a shapeshifter with the power of prophecy, who would aid heroes such as Heracles who managed to c... | 393 | Nereus | 1 |
21,586 | # Nereids
In Greek mythology, the **Nereids** or **Nereides** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɪər|i|ɪ|d|z}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|NEER|ee|idz}}`{=mediawiki}; *Nērēḯdes*; `{{abbr|sg.|singular}}`{=mediawiki} *label=none*, also Νημερτές) are sea nymphs (female spirits of sea waters), the 50 daughters of the \'Old Man of the Sea\' Nere... | 450 | Nereids | 0 |
21,586 | # Nereids
## List of Nereids {#list_of_nereids}
This list is correlated from four sources: Homer\'s *Iliad*, Hesiod\'s *Theogony*, the *Bibliotheca* of Pseudo-Apollodorus and the *Fabulae* of Hyginus. Because of this, the total number of names goes beyond fifty.
+----------------------------------------+------------... | 1,098 | Nereids | 1 |
21,586 | # Nereids
## Worship
Nereides were worshiped in several parts of Greece, but more especially in seaport towns, such as Cardamyle, and on the Isthmus of Corinth. The epithets given them by the poets refer partly to their beauty and partly to their place of abode.
## Modern use {#modern_use}
In modern Greek folklore,... | 604 | Nereids | 2 |
21,594 | # Njörðr
In Norse mythology, **Njörðr** (Old Norse: *Njǫrðr*) is a god among the Vanir. Njörðr, father of the deities Freyr and Freyja by his unnamed sister, was in an ill-fated marriage with the goddess Skaði, lives in Nóatún and is associated with the sea, seafaring, wind, fishing, wealth, and crop fertility.
Njörð... | 428 | Njörðr | 0 |
21,594 | # Njörðr
## Attestations
### *Poetic Edda* {#poetic_edda}
Njörðr is described as a future survivor of Ragnarök in stanza 39 of the poem *Vafþrúðnismál*. In the poem, the god Odin, disguised as \"Gagnráðr\" faces off with the wise jötunn Vafþrúðnir in a battle of wits. While Odin states that Vafþrúðnir knows all the ... | 538 | Njörðr | 1 |
21,594 | # Njörðr
## Attestations
### *Prose Edda* {#prose_edda}
Njörðr is also mentioned in the *Prose Edda* books *Gylfaginning* and *Skáldskaparmál*.
#### *Gylfaginning*
In the *Prose Edda*, Njörðr is introduced in chapter 23 of the book *Gylfaginning*. In this chapter, Njörðr is described by the enthroned figure of High... | 721 | Njörðr | 2 |
21,594 | # Njörðr
## Attestations
### *Heimskringla*
Njörðr appears in or is mentioned in three Kings\' sagas collected in *Heimskringla*; *Ynglinga saga*, the *Saga of Hákon the Good* and the *Saga of Harald Graycloak*. In chapter 4 of *Ynglinga saga*, Njörðr is introduced in connection with the Æsir-Vanir War. When the two ... | 481 | Njörðr | 3 |
21,594 | # Njörðr
## Attestations
### *Egils saga* {#egils_saga}
In chapter 80 of the 13th century Icelandic saga *Egils saga*, Egill Skallagrímsson composes a poem in praise of Arinbjörn (*Arinbjarnarkviða*). In stanza 17, Egill writes that all others watch in marvel how Arinbjörn gives out wealth, as he has been so endowed ... | 227 | Njörðr | 4 |
21,594 | # Njörðr
## Scholastic reception {#scholastic_reception}
### Nerthus
Njörðr is often identified with the goddess Nerthus, whose reverence by various Germanic tribes is described by Roman historian Tacitus in his 1st CE century work *Germania*. The connection between the two is due to the linguistic relationship betw... | 522 | Njörðr | 5 |
21,619 | # List of multi-level marketing companies
This is a list of companies which use **multi-level marketing** (also known as **network marketing**, **direct selling**, **referral marketing**, and **pyramid selling**) for most of their sales.
## Active
- 5Linx
- ACN Inc.
- AdvoCare
- Ambit Energy
- American Inc... | 342 | List of multi-level marketing companies | 0 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
A **near-Earth object** (**NEO**) is any small Solar System body orbiting the Sun whose closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 times the Earth--Sun distance (astronomical unit, AU). This definition applies to the object\'s orbit around the Sun, rather than its current position, t... | 455 | Near-Earth object | 0 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Definitions
Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are formally defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as all small Solar System bodies with orbits around the Sun that are at least partially closer than 1.3 astronomical units (AU; Sun--Earth distance) from the Sun. This definition excludes la... | 344 | Near-Earth object | 1 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## History of human awareness of NEOs {#history_of_human_awareness_of_neos}
The first near-Earth objects to be observed by humans were comets. Their extraterrestrial nature was recognised and confirmed only after Tycho Brahe tried to measure the distance of a comet through its parallax in 1577 and... | 861 | Near-Earth object | 2 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## History of human awareness of NEOs {#history_of_human_awareness_of_neos}
### Encounters with Earth {#encounters_with_earth}
#### Impacts
When a near-Earth object impacts Earth, objects up to a few tens of metres across ordinarily explode in the upper atmosphere (most of them harmlessly), with m... | 646 | Near-Earth object | 3 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## History of human awareness of NEOs {#history_of_human_awareness_of_neos}
### Risk
Through human history, the risk that any near-Earth object poses has been viewed having regard to both the culture and the technology of human society. Through history, humans have associated NEOs with changing ri... | 827 | Near-Earth object | 4 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## History of human awareness of NEOs {#history_of_human_awareness_of_neos}
### Risk
#### Highly rated risks {#highly_rated_risks}
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA maintains an automated system to evaluate the threat from known NEOs over the next 100 years, which generates th... | 693 | Near-Earth object | 5 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## History of human awareness of NEOs {#history_of_human_awareness_of_neos}
### Projects to minimize the threat {#projects_to_minimize_the_threat}
A year before the 1968 close approach of asteroid Icarus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology students launched Project Icarus, devising a plan to de... | 697 | Near-Earth object | 6 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Number and classification {#number_and_classification}
When an NEO is detected, like all other small Solar System bodies, its positions and brightness are submitted to the (IAU\'s) Minor Planet Center (MPC) for cataloging. The MPC maintains separate lists of confirmed NEOs and potential NEOs. T... | 805 | Near-Earth object | 7 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Number and classification {#number_and_classification}
### Near-Earth asteroids`{{anchor|Near-Earth_asteroids}}`{=mediawiki} {#near_earth_asteroids}
These are asteroids in a near-Earth orbit without the tail or coma of a comet. `{{As of|2024|12}}`{=mediawiki}, 37,255 **near-Earth asteroids** (N... | 1,193 | Near-Earth object | 8 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Number and classification {#number_and_classification}
### Near-Earth asteroids`{{anchor|Near-Earth_asteroids}}`{=mediawiki} {#near_earth_asteroids}
#### Size distribution {#size_distribution}
The smallest known near-Earth asteroid is `{{mp|2015 FF|415}}`{=mediawiki} with an absolute magnitude ... | 403 | Near-Earth object | 9 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Number and classification {#number_and_classification}
### Near-Earth asteroids`{{anchor|Near-Earth_asteroids}}`{=mediawiki} {#near_earth_asteroids}
#### Co-orbital asteroids {#co_orbital_asteroids}
Most NEAs have orbits that are significantly more eccentric than that of the Earth and the other... | 877 | Near-Earth object | 10 |
21,626 | # Near-Earth object
## Number and classification {#number_and_classification}
### Meteoroids
In 1961, the IAU defined meteoroids as a class of solid interplanetary objects distinct from asteroids by their considerably smaller size. This definition was useful at the time because, with the exception of the Tunguska eve... | 566 | Near-Earth object | 11 |
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