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23,002 | # Perfect competition
## Criticisms
The use of the assumption of perfect competition as the foundation of price theory for product markets is often criticized as representing all agents as passive, thus removing the active attempts to increase one\'s welfare or profits by price undercutting, product design, advertisi... | 1,107 | Perfect competition | 6 |
23,008 | # Preliminary hearing
In common law jurisdictions, a **preliminary hearing**, **preliminary examination**, **preliminary inquiry**, **evidentiary hearing** or **probable cause hearing** is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to requir... | 743 | Preliminary hearing | 0 |
23,021 | # Telecommunications in Poland
**Telecommunications in Poland** include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
## Radio and television {#radio_and_television}
- Radio stations:
- State-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned n... | 730 | Telecommunications in Poland | 0 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
The **mass media in Poland** consist of several different types of communications media including television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet.
The media landscape is very pluralistic but highly polarized along political and ideological divides.
## The media landscape {#the_m... | 266 | Mass media in Poland | 0 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
## History and political landscape {#history_and_political_landscape}
The oldest Polish newspaper was Merkuriusz Polski, first published in 1661. A number of other dailies were established during the First Polish Republic, including the Monitor and Gazeta Warszawska.
Public radio service and t... | 762 | Mass media in Poland | 1 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
## Media ownership {#media_ownership}
Foreign companies hold a dominant position in the Polish media market. This fact entered into the political debate, in particular since the PiS government took office. To contrast this, Jarosław Kaczyński, founder of the PiS and former Prime Minister, calle... | 447 | Mass media in Poland | 2 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
## Media freedom and pluralism {#media_freedom_and_pluralism}
### Public television and radio broadcasters {#public_television_and_radio_broadcasters}
After winning parliamentary elections in October 2015, the PiS party replaced the management positions at the public television and radio broadc... | 537 | Mass media in Poland | 3 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
## TV stations {#tv_stations}
**TVP -- public broadcaster**
- TVP 1
- TVP 2
- TVP 3 (regional)
- TVP HD
- TVP Info (news and regional)
- TVP Polonia (for Poles abroad)
- TVP Kultura (cultural)
- TVP Seriale (drama)
- TVP Rozrywka (entertainment)
- TVP ABC (children\'s chann... | 526 | Mass media in Poland | 4 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
## Radio stations {#radio_stations}
### Polskie Radio (public broadcaster) {#polskie_radio_public_broadcaster}
- Program 1 (Jedynka) - (news, current affairs, easy listening music, focused at listeners aged 40--64) - 225 LW, FM, DAB+ and the Internet
- Program 2 (Dwójka) - (classical music... | 1,025 | Mass media in Poland | 5 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
## Press (all private) {#press_all_private}
### Weekly magazines {#weekly_magazines}
- Polityka (left-wing)
- Newsweek Polska (Polish edition of Newsweek, left-wing. German Swiss owned. Axel-Springer)
- Do rzeczy (right-wing)
- Sieci (right-wing)
- Przekrój (left-wing)
- Przegląd (l... | 110 | Mass media in Poland | 6 |
23,028 | # Mass media in Poland
## Internet
- Top-level domain: .pl
- Internet users: 25.0 million users, 21st in the world; 65.0% of the population, 54th in the world (2012).
- Fixed broadband: 6.4 million subscriptions, 17th in the world; 16.6% of the population, 54th in the world (2012).
- Wireless broadband: 18.9 ... | 79 | Mass media in Poland | 7 |
23,036 | # Printer (publishing)
In publishing, **printers** are both companies providing printing services and individuals who directly operate printing presses.
## Origins of printing {#origins_of_printing}
The history of printers in publishing in Western Europe dates back to the mid-15th century with the invention of the p... | 269 | Printer (publishing) | 0 |
23,059 | # Passover
**Passover**, also called **Pesach** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛ|s|ɑː|x|,_|ˈ|p|eɪ|-}}`{=mediawiki}; *the Passing Over\]\]*), is a major Jewish holiday and one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals. It celebrates the Exodus of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt.
According to the Book of Exodus, God commanded Moses to t... | 802 | Passover | 0 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative}
### In the Book of Exodus {#in_the_book_of_exodus}
In the Book of Exodus, the Israelites are enslaved in ancient Egypt. Yahweh, the god of the Israelites, appears to Moses in a burning bush and commands Moses to confront the Pharaoh. To show his power, Yahweh in... | 917 | Passover | 1 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Date and duration {#date_and_duration}
The Passover begins on the 15th day of the month of Nisan, which at present falls between March 26 and April 25 of the Gregorian calendar. The 15th day begins in the evening, after the 14th day, and the seder meal is eaten that evening. Passover is a spring festiva... | 380 | Passover | 2 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Prohibition of Chametz {#prohibition_of_chametz}
### Removing all leaven (*chametz*) {#removing_all_leaven_chametz}
Leaven, in Hebrew *chametz* (Hebrew: *חמץ* *ḥamets*, \"leavening\") is made from one of five types of grains combined with water and left to stand for more than eighteen minutes. The cons... | 1,020 | Passover | 3 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Prohibition of Chametz {#prohibition_of_chametz}
### Search for leaven`{{anchor|Formal search for chametz}}`{=mediawiki} {#search_for_leaven}
On the night of the fourteenth of Nisan, the night before the Passover Seder (after nightfall on the evening before Passover eve), Jews do a formal search in thei... | 501 | Passover | 4 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Morning of 14th of Nisan {#morning_of_14th_of_nisan}
Note that if the 14th of Nisan is Shabbat, many of the below will be celebrated on the 13th instead due to restrictions in place during Shabbat.
### Fast of the Firstborn {#fast_of_the_firstborn}
On the day preceding the first Passover seder (or on ... | 428 | Passover | 5 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Passover sacrifice {#passover_sacrifice}
The main entity in Passover according to Judaism is the sacrificial lamb. During the existence of the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem, the focus of the Passover festival was the Passover sacrifice, also known as the Paschal lamb, eaten during the Pas... | 409 | Passover | 6 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Matzah
A symbol of the Passover holiday is matzah, an unleavened flatbread made solely from flour and water which is continually worked from mixing through baking, so that it is not allowed to rise. Matzo may be made by machine or by hand. The Torah contains an instruction to eat matzah, specifically, o... | 484 | Passover | 7 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Passover seder {#passover_seder}
*Main article: Passover Seder* It is traditional for Jewish families to gather on the first night of Passover (first two nights in Orthodox and Conservative communities outside Israel) for a special dinner called a seder (Hebrew: *סדר* *seder* -- derived from the Hebrew ... | 1,030 | Passover | 8 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Passover seder {#passover_seder}
### Concluding songs {#concluding_songs}
After the Hallel, the fourth glass of wine is drunk, and participants recite a prayer that ends in \"Next year in Jerusalem!\". This is followed by several lyric prayers that expound upon God\'s mercy and kindness, and give thanks... | 195 | Passover | 9 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Counting of the Omer {#counting_of_the_omer}
Beginning on the second night of Passover, the 16th day of Nisan, Jews begin the practice of the Counting of the Omer, a nightly reminder of the approach of the holiday of Shavuot 50 days hence. Each night after the evening prayer service, men and women recit... | 411 | Passover | 10 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Chol HaMoed: The intermediate days of Passover {#chol_hamoed_the_intermediate_days_of_passover}
In Israel, Passover lasts for seven days with the first and last days being major Jewish holidays. In Orthodox and Conservative communities, no work is performed on those days, with most of the rules relating... | 625 | Passover | 11 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Notable events on Passover {#notable_events_on_passover}
**Biblical**
1. Abel offered the lamb which was accepted
2. The war of Abraham and the four kings when he went to rescue Lot.
3. The Covenant Between the Parts (1743 BCE): God forged a special covenant with Abraham. Genesis 15:13--18
4. Abrah... | 382 | Passover | 12 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Traditional foods {#traditional_foods}
Because the house is free of leaven (*chametz*) for eight days, the Jewish household typically eats different foods during the week of Passover. Some include:
**Ashkenazi foods**
- *Matzah brei* -- Matzo softened in milk or water and fried with egg and fat; ser... | 278 | Passover | 13 |
23,059 | # Passover
## Related celebrations, sermons, liturgy, and song in other religions {#related_celebrations_sermons_liturgy_and_song_in_other_religions}
- That slaves can go free, and that the future can be better than the present, has inspired a number of religious sermons, prayers, and songs -- including spirituals ... | 486 | Passover | 14 |
23,069 | # Punch (magazine)
Punch § Periodicals}} `{{Not to be confused with|Puck (magazine)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox magazine
| title = Punch, or The London Charivari
| image_file = Punch volume 1 cover (1841).png
| image_si... | 305 | Punch (magazine) | 0 |
23,069 | # Punch (magazine)
## History
*Punch* was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25 (`{{Inflation|UK|25|1841|2023|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}`{=mediawiki}). It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. It was subtitled *The London Charivari* in homage to Ch... | 426 | Punch (magazine) | 1 |
23,069 | # Punch (magazine)
## History
### Gaining a market and relations with other papers {#gaining_a_market_and_relations_with_other_papers}
After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, *Punch* became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive materia... | 787 | Punch (magazine) | 2 |
23,069 | # Punch (magazine)
## Contributors
### Editors
- Mark Lemon (1841--1870)
- Henry Mayhew (1841--1842)
- Charles William Shirley Brooks (1870--1874)
- Tom Taylor (1874--1880)
- Sir Francis Burnand (1880--1906)
- Sir Owen Seaman (1906--1932)
- E. V. Knox (1932--1949)
- Kenneth Bird (1949--1952)
- Malc... | 832 | Punch (magazine) | 3 |
23,085 | # Plotter
A **plotter** is a machine that produces vector graphics drawings. Plotters draw lines on paper using a pen, or in some applications, use a knife to cut a material like vinyl or leather. In the latter case, they are sometimes known as a **cutting plotter**.
In the past, plotters were used in applications su... | 333 | Plotter | 0 |
23,085 | # Plotter
## Types
### X--Y plotter {#xy_plotter}
An **X--Y plotter** is a plotter that operates in two axes of motion (\"X\" and \"Y\") in order to draw continuous vector graphics. The term was used to differentiate it from standard plotters which had control only of the \"y\" axis, the \"x\" axis being continuousl... | 449 | Plotter | 1 |
23,085 | # Plotter
## Types
### `{{anchor|cutting}}`{=mediawiki} Cutting plotters {#cutting_plotters}
Cutting plotters use knives to cut into a piece of material (such as paper, mylar film, or vinyl film) that is lying on the flat surface area of the plotter. The cutting plotter is connected to a computer, which is equipped w... | 927 | Plotter | 2 |
23,085 | # Plotter
## History
One of the earliest plotter was Konrad Zuse\'s computer-controlled and transistorized Graphomat Z64 in 1958, also shown at the Hannover Messe in 1961.
Early pen plotters, e.g., the Calcomp 565 of 1959, worked by placing the paper over a roller that moved the paper back and forth for X motion, wh... | 1,013 | Plotter | 3 |
23,101 | # High-low split
In traditional poker games, the player with the best traditional hand wins the whole pot. Lowball variations award the pot to the lowest hand, by any of several methods (see Low hand (poker)). **High-low split** games are those in which the pot is divided between the player with the best traditional h... | 482 | High-low split | 0 |
23,106 | # Kicker (poker)
A **kicker**, also called a **side card**, is a card in a poker hand that does not itself take part in determining the rank of the hand, but that may be used to break ties between hands of the same rank. For example, the hand **Q-Q-10-5-2** is ranked as a pair of queens. The **10**, **5**, and **2** a... | 336 | Kicker (poker) | 0 |
23,128 | # Showdown (poker)
In poker, the **showdown** is the situation when, if more than one player remains after the final betting round, the remaining players expose and compare their hands to determine the winner or winners.
To win any part of a pot at showdown, a player must show all of their cards faceup on the table, ... | 381 | Showdown (poker) | 0 |
23,134 | # Check-raise
A **check-raise** in poker is a common deceptive play in which a player checks early in a betting round, hoping someone else will open. The player who checked then raises in the same round.
This might be done, for example, when the first player believes that an opponent has an inferior hand and will not... | 489 | Check-raise | 0 |
23,144 | # Twist (poker)
**Twist** is poker jargon for a round with specific rules which is sometimes used in the poker variant stud poker.
One can replace any round of (or add a round to) a stud poker game with a twist round, in which each player is offered the option to replace exactly one card in his hand with a new one fr... | 265 | Twist (poker) | 0 |
23,145 | # Stripped deck
A **stripped deck** or **short deck** (US), **short pack** or **shortened pack** (UK), is a set of playing cards reduced in size from a full pack or deck by the removal of a certain card or cards. The removed cards are usually pip cards, but can also be court cards or Tarot cards. Many card games use s... | 823 | Stripped deck | 0 |
23,145 | # Stripped deck
## In poker variants {#in_poker_variants}
Stripped decks are used in certain poker variants. The earliest form of poker was played with only 20 cards. The Australian game of Manila uses a piquet deck, and Mexican stud is played with the **8**s, **9**s, and **10**s removed from the deck (and a joker ad... | 452 | Stripped deck | 1 |
23,146 | # Roll-your-own cigarette
thumb\|upright=1.35\|A roll-your-own cigarette
A **roll-your-own** (**RYO**) **cigarette**, also called a **handrolled cigarette**, is a cigarette made from loose tobacco (usually a *shag* cut) and rolling paper. Factory-made cigarettes are called industrial or tailor-made cigarettes.
## Ro... | 254 | Roll-your-own cigarette | 0 |
23,147 | # Rollout (poker)
**Rollout** or **roll \'em out** is poker jargon used for a game phase in certain poker variants. It is often incorrectly called \"roll your own\", to which it has similarities but from which it is fundamentally different.
Poker games with a rollout phase resemble stud poker but have significantly d... | 251 | Rollout (poker) | 0 |
23,150 | # Cards speak
**Cards speak** (\"for themselves\"), also known as \"**cards read**\" is used in two poker contexts:
First, it is used to describe a high-low split game without a declaration. That is, in a cards speak game, players all reveal their hands at the showdown, and whoever has the highest hand wins the high ... | 210 | Cards speak | 0 |
23,157 | # Value (poker)
In poker, the strength of a hand (how likely it is to be the best according to the rules of the game being played) is often called its **value**; however, in the context of poker strategy the term is more often used to describe a betting tactic, a **value bet**. This bet (or raise) is intended to incre... | 326 | Value (poker) | 0 |
23,158 | # Nut hand
In poker, the **nut hand** (or **the nuts**) is the strongest possible hand in a given situation. The **second-nut hand** or **third-nut hand** (and so on) may refer to the second and third best possible hands. The term applies mostly to community card poker games where the individual holding the strongest ... | 649 | Nut hand | 0 |
23,159 | # Protection (poker)
**Protection** in poker is a bet made with a strong but vulnerable hand, such as top pair when straight or flush draws are possible. The bet forces opponents with draws to either call with insufficient pot odds, or to fold, both of which are profitable for the betting player. By contrast, if he fa... | 289 | Protection (poker) | 0 |
23,160 | # Draw (poker)
A poker player is **drawing** if they have a hand that is incomplete and needs further cards to become valuable. The hand itself is called a **draw** or **drawing hand**. For example, in seven-card stud, if four of a player\'s first five cards are all spades, but the hand is otherwise weak, they are *dr... | 533 | Draw (poker) | 0 |
23,160 | # Draw (poker)
## Types of draws {#types_of_draws}
### Flush draw {#flush_draw}
A **flush draw**, or **four flush**, is a hand with four cards of the same suit that may improve to a flush. For example, **K♣ 9♣ 8♣ 5♣ x**. A flush draw has nine outs (thirteen cards of the suit less the four already in the hand). If a ... | 788 | Draw (poker) | 1 |
23,162 | # Out (poker)
In a poker game with more than one betting round, an **out** is any unseen card that, if drawn, will improve a player\'s hand to one that is likely to win. Knowing the number of outs a player has is an important part of poker strategy. For example, in draw poker, a hand with four diamonds has nine outs t... | 661 | Out (poker) | 0 |
23,165 | # Position (poker)
**Position** in poker is the order in which players are seated around the table and the related poker strategy implications. Players who act first are in \"early position\"; players who act later are in \"late position\"; players who act in between are in \"middle position\". A player \"has position... | 491 | Position (poker) | 0 |
23,166 | # Steal (poker)
In poker, a **steal** is a type of a bluff, a raise during the first betting round made with an inferior hand and meant to make other players fold superior hands because of shown strength. A steal is normally either an \"ante steal\" or \"blind steal\" (depending on whether the game being played uses a... | 377 | Steal (poker) | 0 |
23,170 | # Isolation (poker)
In poker, an **isolation** play is usually a raise designed to encourage one or more players to fold, specifically for the purpose of making the hand a one-on-one contest with a specific opponent. For example, if an opponent raises and a player suspects they are holding a weak, but playable hand, t... | 238 | Isolation (poker) | 0 |
23,172 | # Freeroll
In poker, a **freeroll tournament** is a tournament with no entry fee, and a **freeroll hand** is where a player is guaranteed to at least split the pot with their opponent, with a chance they can win the whole pot if certain final cards are dealt.
## Freeroll hand {#freeroll_hand}
In playing a particular... | 310 | Freeroll | 0 |
23,172 | # Freeroll
## Freeroll tournament {#freeroll_tournament}
A **freeroll tournament** is a tournament with no entry fee, although some freerolls require a payment at some point to gain entry to the tournament.
In a typical pay-to-play tournament, the prize pool consists of an accumulation of the entry fees minus a \"fe... | 492 | Freeroll | 1 |
23,184 | # Aggression (poker)
In the game of poker, opens and raises are considered **aggressive** plays, while calls and checks are considered **passive** (though a check-raise would be considered a very aggressive play). It is said`{{By whom|date=April 2014}}`{=mediawiki} that \"aggression has its own value\", meaning that o... | 405 | Aggression (poker) | 0 |
23,190 | # Cut (cards)
In card games, to **cut** the cards (also \"cut the deck\" or \"cut the pack\") is to split the deck into two packets by lifting one packet from the top and placing it face down next to the remaining cards beneath it. The lower packet is then placed on top of it. This is typically done after the cards ha... | 664 | Cut (cards) | 0 |
23,190 | # Cut (cards)
## Types of cut {#types_of_cut}
### Scarne\'s cut {#scarnes_cut}
When the contiguous section is taken from the middle of the deck this is called \"Scarne\'s cut,\" named after the American magician John Scarne who developed it during World War II to help protect servicemen against cheating by unscrupul... | 297 | Cut (cards) | 1 |
23,196 | # Particular
In metaphysics, **particulars** or individuals are usually contrasted with *universals*. Universals concern features that can be exemplified by various different particulars. Particulars are often seen as concrete, spatiotemporal entities as opposed to abstract entities, such as properties or numbers. The... | 280 | Particular | 0 |
23,210 | # Pseudorandomness
A **pseudorandom** sequence of numbers is one that appears to be statistically random, despite having been produced by a completely deterministic and repeatable process. Pseudorandom number generators are often used in computer programming, as traditional sources of randomness available to humans (s... | 542 | Pseudorandomness | 0 |
23,233 | # Problem of the criterion
In the field of epistemology, the **problem of the criterion** is an issue regarding the starting point of knowledge. This is a separate and more fundamental issue than the regress argument found in discussions on justification of knowledge.
In Western philosophy the earliest surviving docu... | 348 | Problem of the criterion | 0 |
23,241 | # Telecommunications in China
The People\'s Republic of China possesses a diversified communications system that links all parts of the country by Internet, telephone, telegraph, radio, and television. The country is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-o... | 831 | Telecommunications in China | 0 |
23,241 | # Telecommunications in China
## History of telecommunications services {#history_of_telecommunications_services}
In 1987 the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (now the Ministry of Information Industry) administered China\'s telecommunications systems and related research and production facilities. Besides pos... | 997 | Telecommunications in China | 1 |
23,241 | # Telecommunications in China
## Recent development {#recent_development}
The former telecoms regulator -- the Ministry of Information Industry (MII) -- reported in 2004 that China had 295 million subscribers to main telephone lines and 305 million cellular telephone subscribers, the highest numbers in both categorie... | 559 | Telecommunications in China | 2 |
23,241 | # Telecommunications in China
## Sectors
### Telephone
- Telephones -- main lines in use: 284.3 million (March 2012)
- Telephones -- mobile cellular subscribers: 1.01 billion (March 2012)
- Telephone country code: 86 (see *Telephone numbers in China*)
China imported its first mobile phone telecommunication fa... | 369 | Telecommunications in China | 3 |
23,241 | # Telecommunications in China
## Trans-Pacific Express {#trans_pacific_express}
The Trans-Pacific Express is a telecommunications project to connect the United States with China with a fiber-optic cable that is designed to meet increasing internet traffic between the regions, with 60 times more capacity than existing... | 215 | Telecommunications in China | 4 |
23,263 | # Physical geography
`{{geography sidebar}}`{=mediawiki} **Physical geography** (also known as **physiography**) is one of the three main branches of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere... | 1,422 | Physical geography | 0 |
23,263 | # Physical geography
## Historical evolution of the discipline {#historical_evolution_of_the_discipline}
From the birth of geography as a science during the Greek classical period and until the late nineteenth century with the birth of anthropogeography (human geography), geography was almost exclusively a natural sc... | 920 | Physical geography | 1 |
23,265 | # Peter Altenberg
**Peter Altenberg** (9 March 1859 -- 8 January 1919) was a writer and poet from Vienna, Austria. He played a key role in the genesis of early modernism in the city.
## Biography
He was born Richard Engländer on 9 March 1859 in Vienna into a Jewish family. The nom de plume, \"Altenberg\", came from ... | 756 | Peter Altenberg | 0 |
23,265 | # Peter Altenberg
## Works
### German
- *Wie ich es sehe*. S. Fischer, Berlin 1896; Manesse, Zürich 2007, `{{ISBN|978-3-7175-2128-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Ashantee*. Fischer, Berlin 1897; Loecker, Wien 2008, `{{ISBN|978-3-85409-460-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Was der Tag mir zuträgt. Fünfundfünfzig neue Studien*. Fischer, ... | 233 | Peter Altenberg | 1 |
23,280 | # Time Out of Joint
***Time Out of Joint*** is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in novel form in the United States in 1959. An abridged version was also serialised in the British science fiction magazine *New Worlds Science Fiction* in several installments from December 1959 t... | 866 | Time Out of Joint | 0 |
23,281 | # A Scanner Darkly
*A Scanner Darkly* (film)}} `{{use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{infobox book
| name = A Scanner Darkly
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = AScannerDarkly(1stEd).jpg
| caption = First edition (hardcover)
| author = [[Philip K. Dick]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| l... | 638 | A Scanner Darkly | 0 |
23,281 | # A Scanner Darkly
## Autobiographical nature {#autobiographical_nature}
*A Scanner Darkly* is a fictionalized account of real events, based on Dick\'s experiences in the 1970s drug culture. Dick said in an interview, \"Everything in *A Scanner Darkly* I actually saw.\"
Between mid-1970 (when his fourth wife Nancy l... | 474 | A Scanner Darkly | 1 |
23,281 | # A Scanner Darkly
## Background and publication {#background_and_publication}
*A Scanner Darkly* was one of the few Dick novels to gestate over a long period of time. By February 1973, in an effort to prove that the effects of his amphetamine usage were merely psychosomatic, the newly clean-and-sober author had alre... | 732 | A Scanner Darkly | 2 |
23,285 | # Radio Free Albemuth
***Radio Free Albemuth*** is a dystopian novel by Philip K. Dick, written in 1976 and published posthumously in 1985. Originally titled *VALISystem A*, it was his first attempt to deal in fiction with his experiences of early 1974. When his publishers at Bantam requested extensive rewrites he can... | 703 | Radio Free Albemuth | 0 |
23,285 | # Radio Free Albemuth
## Film adaptation {#film_adaptation}
John Alan Simon wrote, produced and directed a film adaptation of *Radio Free Albemuth*. Canadian singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette stars as Sadassa Silvia. Filming took place in October 2007 at Los Angeles\' Lacy Street Studios and multiple other location... | 74 | Radio Free Albemuth | 1 |
23,290 | # Propaganda film
A **propaganda film** is a film that involves some form of propaganda. Propaganda films spread and promote certain ideas that are usually religious, political, or cultural in nature. A propaganda film is made with the intent that the viewer will adopt the position promoted by the propagator and event... | 386 | Propaganda film | 0 |
23,290 | # Propaganda film
## Tools used in propaganda film {#tools_used_in_propaganda_film}
### Rhetoric
Making the viewer sympathize with the characters that align with the agenda or message the filmmaker portray is a common rhetorical tool used in propaganda film. Propaganda films exhibit this by having reoccurring themes ... | 414 | Propaganda film | 1 |
23,304 | # Personal digital assistant
A **personal digital assistant** (**PDA**) is a multi-purpose mobile device which functions as a personal information manager. Following a boom in the 1990s and 2000s, PDAs were mostly displaced by the widespread adoption of more highly capable smartphones, in particular those based on iOS... | 291 | Personal digital assistant | 0 |
23,304 | # Personal digital assistant
## Typical features {#typical_features}
A typical PDA has a touchscreen for navigation, a memory card slot for data storage, and IrDA, Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi. However, some PDAs may not have a touchscreen, using soft keys, a directional pad, and a numeric keypad or a thumb keyboard for in... | 889 | Personal digital assistant | 1 |
23,304 | # Personal digital assistant
## Typical features {#typical_features}
### Synchronization
Most PDAs can synchronize their data with applications on a user\'s computer, allowing the user to update contact, schedule, or other information on their computer, using software such as Microsoft Outlook or ACT!, and have that ... | 623 | Personal digital assistant | 2 |
23,304 | # Personal digital assistant
## Automobile navigation {#automobile_navigation}
Some PDAs include Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Other PDAs are compatible with external GPS-receiver add-ons that use the PDA\'s processor and screen to display location information. PDAs with GPS functionality can be used for... | 492 | Personal digital assistant | 3 |
23,306 | # Personal Telco
The **Personal Telco Project** (or PTP) is a wireless community network project in Portland, Oregon. It was founded by Adam Shand in November 2000 after he read a Slashdot article about the Consume The Net project in London.
PTP has wireless hotspots offering free Internet access at locations around ... | 189 | Personal Telco | 0 |
23,309 | # Paul Vixie
**Paul Vixie** is an American computer scientist whose technical contributions include Domain Name System (DNS) protocol design and procedure, mechanisms to achieve operational robustness of DNS implementations, and significant contributions to open source software principles and methodology. He also crea... | 528 | Paul Vixie | 0 |
23,342 | # P
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 42, column 28):
unexpected '9'
|- style="background:#eee;"9997145563
^
`` | 17 | P | 0 |
23,345 | # Pokey the Penguin
***Pokey the Penguin*** is an online comic strip created in 1998. It chronicles the adventures of a penguin named Pokey and a large cast of other characters. *Pokey* comics are drawn crudely and minimalistically, and they consist largely of a string of non-sequiturs and absurd journeys, with a toke... | 875 | Pokey the Penguin | 0 |
23,346 | # Post-communism
**Post-communism** is the period of political and economic transformation or transition in post-Soviet states and other formerly communist states located in Central-Eastern Europe and parts of Latin America, Africa, and Asia, in which new governments aimed to create free market-oriented capitalist eco... | 288 | Post-communism | 0 |
23,346 | # Post-communism
## Economy
Several communist states had undergone economic reforms from a command economy towards a more market-oriented economy in the 1980s, notably Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The post-communist economic transition was much more abrupt and aimed at creating fully capitalist economies... | 456 | Post-communism | 1 |
23,359 | # Polygonales
**Polygonales** was an order of flowering plants recognized by several older systems such as the Wettstein system, last revised in 1935, the Engler system, in its update of 1964, and the Cronquist system, 1981. Its circumscription was typically:
- order Polygonales
: family Polygonaceae
In the... | 84 | Polygonales | 0 |
23,361 | # Polygonaceae
The **Polygonaceae** are a family of flowering plants known informally as the **knotweed family** or **smartweed---buckwheat family** in the United States. The name is based on the genus *Polygonum*, and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, *Genera Plantarum*. The name may r... | 618 | Polygonaceae | 0 |
23,361 | # Polygonaceae
## Genera
, Plants of the World Online accepted 56 genera: `{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Acanthoscyphus* Small
- *Afrobrunnichia* Hutch. & Dalziel
- *Antigonon* Endl.
- *Aristocapsa* Reveal & Hardham
- *Atraphaxis* L.
- *Bactria* Yurtseva & Mavrodiev
- *Bistorta* (L.) Scop.
... | 284 | Polygonaceae | 1 |
23,361 | # Polygonaceae
## Phylogeny
The following phylogenetic tree is based on two papers on the molecular phylogenetics of Polygonaceae | 19 | Polygonaceae | 2 |
23,373 | # History of Palau
thumb\|upright=2\|Republic of Palau **Palau** was initially settled around 1000 BC.
Palau was likely sighted for the first time by Europeans as early as 1522, when the Spanish mission of the Trinidad, the flagship of Ferdinand Magellan\'s voyage of circumnavigation, sighted two small islands around... | 510 | History of Palau | 0 |
23,373 | # History of Palau
## Archaeology
Carbon dating of cave burials show a pygmy population, presumably the result of insular dwarfism, from at least 3,000, and perhaps as long as 4,500 years ago until about 900 years ago (1000--2500 BC until ca. 1100 AD).
Evidence for early occupation in Palau comes from several loci s... | 944 | History of Palau | 1 |
23,373 | # History of Palau
## European contact and discovery in 1696 {#european_contact_and_discovery_in_1696}
There still is a debate whether the islands were or were not seen by some of the early European discoverers in the 16th century. Historians take note of the early navigational routes of European explorers in the Pac... | 708 | History of Palau | 2 |
23,373 | # History of Palau
## Japanese mandate {#japanese_mandate}
Under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Empire of Japan declared war on the German Empire in 1914 and invaded German colonial empire in the Pacific Ocean. Palau was seized by ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy. After the war, the League of Nation... | 437 | History of Palau | 3 |
23,373 | # History of Palau
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
Life was especially hard for Palauans during World War II. By the late 1930s the Japanese military build-up was well underway and some restrictions were already being applied to Palauans. When the war began to turn against the Japanese in 1942, the restrictions on Pa... | 471 | History of Palau | 4 |
23,373 | # History of Palau
## Post-war era {#post_war_era}
In 1947, the United States, as the post-World War II occupying power, agreed to administer Palau as part of the U.N.-created Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI). While the U.S. used Palau as a strategic military base, it was reluctant to provide socioeconom... | 343 | History of Palau | 5 |
23,376 | # Politics of Palau
The **politics of Palau** take place in a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Palau is both head of state and head of government. Palau currently has no political parties and is a *de facto* non-partisan democracy although there is no law preventing the formati... | 268 | Politics of Palau | 0 |
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