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22,655 | # Ossian
## Gaelic studies {#gaelic_studies}
Macpherson\'s *Ossian* made a strong impression on Dugald Buchanan (1716--1768), a Perthshire poet whose celebrated *Spiritual Hymns* are written in a Scots Gaelic of a high quality that to some extent reflects the Classical Gaelic literary language once common to the bard... | 612 | Ossian | 4 |
22,655 | # Ossian
## In art {#in_art}
### France
In France, the enthusiasm of Napoleon for the poems accounts for most artistic depictions, and those by the most famous artists, but a painting exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1800 by Paul Duqueylar (now Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence) excited *Les Barbus* (\"the Bearded Ones\")... | 550 | Ossian | 5 |
22,655 | # Ossian
## Editions
National Library of Scotland has 327 books and associated materials in its Ossian Collection. The collection was originally assembled by J. Norman Methven of Perth and includes different editions and translations of James Macpherson\'s epic poem \'Ossian\', some with a map of the \'Kingdom of Con... | 288 | Ossian | 6 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
thumb\|upright=1.15\|right\|Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, is the most popular alternative candidate for the author behind the alleged pseudonym, Shakespeare. Unknown artist after lost original, 1575; National Portrait Gallery, London.
The **Oxfordian theory of S... | 462 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 0 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## History of the Oxfordian theory {#history_of_the_oxfordian_theory}
The theory that the works of Shakespeare were in fact written by someone other than William Shakespeare dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. In 1857, the first book on the topic, *The Philosophy of ... | 697 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 1 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## History of the Oxfordian theory {#history_of_the_oxfordian_theory}
### Decline and revival {#decline_and_revival}
After a period of decline of the Oxfordian theory beginning with World War II, in 1952 Dorothy and Charlton Greenwood Ogburn published the 1,300-page *This ... | 712 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 2 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Variant Oxfordian theories {#variant_oxfordian_theories}
Although most Oxfordians agree on the main arguments for Oxford, the theory has spawned schismatic variants that have not met with wide acceptance by all Oxfordians, although they have gained much attention.
### ... | 710 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 3 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Case against Oxfordian theory {#case_against_oxfordian_theory}
### Methodology of Oxfordian argument {#methodology_of_oxfordian_argument}
\[\[<File:King> Lear Q1.jpg\|upright=0.85\|thumb\|right\|Title page of the first quarto
*King Lear*, one of 12 plays scholars say ... | 407 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 4 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Circumstantial evidence {#circumstantial_evidence}
thumb\|upright=0.85\|Shakespeare\'s First Folio was dedicated to Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke and his brother William Herbert. Philip Herbert was married to Oxford\'s daughter, Susan de Vere. While no documentar... | 818 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 5 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Circumstantial evidence {#circumstantial_evidence}
### Oxford\'s travels and the settings of Shakespeare\'s plays {#oxfords_travels_and_the_settings_of_shakespeares_plays}
Almost half of Shakespeare\'s plays are set in Italy, many of them containing details of Italian l... | 636 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 6 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Oxford\'s literary reputation {#oxfords_literary_reputation}
### Oxford\'s lyric poetry {#oxfords_lyric_poetry}
Some of Oxford\'s lyric works have survived. Steven W. May, an authority on Oxford\'s poetry, attributes sixteen poems definitely, and four possibly, to Oxfo... | 777 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 7 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Oxford\'s literary reputation {#oxfords_literary_reputation}
### Perceived allusions to Oxford as a concealed writer {#perceived_allusions_to_oxford_as_a_concealed_writer}
Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in th... | 548 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 8 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Chronology of the plays and Oxford\'s 1604 death {#chronology_of_the_plays_and_oxfords_1604_death}
For mainstream Shakespearian scholars, the most compelling evidence against Oxford (besides the historical evidence for William Shakespeare) is his death in 1604, since th... | 843 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 9 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Chronology of the plays and Oxford\'s 1604 death {#chronology_of_the_plays_and_oxfords_1604_death}
### Contemporary references to Shakespeare as alive or dead {#contemporary_references_to_shakespeare_as_alive_or_dead}
Oxfordian writers say some literary allusions imply ... | 831 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 10 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Chronology of the plays and Oxford\'s 1604 death {#chronology_of_the_plays_and_oxfords_1604_death}
### Dates of composition {#dates_of_composition}
#### *The Tempest* {#the_tempest}
right\|thumb\|upright=0.85\|Sylvester Jordain\'s *A Discovery of the Barmudas*, 1610 The... | 1,022 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 11 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Parallels with the plays {#parallels_with_the_plays}
Literary scholars say that the idea that an author\'s work must reflect his or her life is a Modernist assumption not held by Elizabethan writers, and that biographical interpretations of literature are unreliable in ... | 708 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 12 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Parallels with the plays {#parallels_with_the_plays}
### Earls of Oxford in the histories {#earls_of_oxford_in_the_histories}
Oxfordians claim that flattering treatment of Oxford\'s ancestors in Shakespeare\'s history plays is evidence of his authorship. Shakespeare omi... | 440 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 13 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Parallels with the plays {#parallels_with_the_plays}
### Oxford\'s finances {#oxfords_finances}
In 1577 the Company of Cathay was formed to support Martin Frobisher\'s hunt for the Northwest Passage, although Frobisher and his investors quickly became distracted by repo... | 533 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 14 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## Parallels with the sonnets and poems {#parallels_with_the_sonnets_and_poems}
In 1609, a volume of 154 linked poems was published under the title *SHAKE-SPEARES SONNETS*. Oxfordians believe the title (*Shake-Speares Sonnets*) suggests a finality indicating that it was a ... | 940 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 15 |
22,676 | # Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
- Leslie Howard\'s 1943 anti-Nazi film *\"Pimpernel\" Smith* features dialogue by the protagonist endorsing the Oxfordian theory.
- In the afterword of the 2000 young adult novel *A Question of Will*, author Lynne Kositsky addresses the deba... | 159 | Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship | 16 |
22,677 | # Oxymoron
`{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
An **oxymoron** (plurals: **oxymorons** and **oxymora**) is a figure of speech that juxtaposes concepts with opposite meanings within a word or in a phrase that is a self-contradiction. As a rhetorical device, an oxymoron illustrates a point to communicate a... | 881 | Oxymoron | 0 |
22,677 | # Oxymoron
## Antonym pairs {#antonym_pairs}
Listing of antonyms, such as \"good and evil\", \"great and small\", etc., does not create oxymorons, as it is not implied that any given object has the two opposing properties simultaneously. In some languages, it is not necessary to place a conjunction like *and* between... | 166 | Oxymoron | 1 |
22,685 | # Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The **organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union** was based on the principles of democratic centralism.
The governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the Party Congress, which initially met annually but whose meetings b... | 775 | Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | 0 |
22,693 | # Operator overloading
In computer programming, **operator overloading**, sometimes termed *operator ad hoc polymorphism*, is a specific case of polymorphism, where different operators have different implementations depending on their arguments. Operator overloading is generally defined by a programming language, a pr... | 487 | Operator overloading | 0 |
22,693 | # Operator overloading
## Criticisms
Operator overloading has often been criticized because it allows programmers to reassign the semantics of operators depending on the types of their operands. For example, the use of the `{{code|<<}}`{=mediawiki} operator in C++
``` Cpp
a << b
```
shifts the bits in the variable ... | 528 | Operator overloading | 1 |
22,693 | # Operator overloading
## Timeline of operator overloading {#timeline_of_operator_overloading}
### 1960s
The ALGOL 68 specification allowed operator overloading.
Extract from the ALGOL 68 language specification (page 177) where the overloaded operators ¬, =, ≠, and **abs** are defined:
`10.2.2. Operations on Boole... | 512 | Operator overloading | 2 |
22,700 | # Omphalos hypothesis
The **Omphalos hypothesis** is one attempt to reconcile the scientific evidence that the Earth is billions of years old with a literal interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative, which implies that the Earth is only a few thousand years old. It is based on the religious belief that the univ... | 294 | Omphalos hypothesis | 0 |
22,700 | # Omphalos hypothesis
## Development of the idea {#development_of_the_idea}
### Pre-scientific sources {#pre_scientific_sources}
Stories of the beginning of human life based on the creation story in Genesis have been published for centuries. The 4th-century theologian Ephrem the Syrian described a world in which div... | 811 | Omphalos hypothesis | 1 |
22,700 | # Omphalos hypothesis
## Similar formulations {#similar_formulations}
### Five-minute hypothesis {#five_minute_hypothesis}
The **five-minute hypothesis** is a skeptical hypothesis put forth by the philosopher Bertrand Russell, that proposes that the universe sprang into existence five minutes ago from nothing, with ... | 210 | Omphalos hypothesis | 2 |
22,703 | # Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 5, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
`` | 21 | Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate | 0 |
22,727 | # Otaku no Video
is a 1991 Japanese original video animation (OVA) produced by Gainax. The anime spoofs the life and culture of otaku, individuals with obsessive interests in media, particularly anime and manga, as well as the history of Gainax and its creators. It is noted for its mix of conventional documentary film... | 545 | Otaku no Video | 0 |
22,727 | # Otaku no Video
## Production
*Otaku no Video* is based on the experiences of Gainax employees which started as a sci-fi and anime fanclub. Staff involved in the OVA include Shinji Higuchi, Takeshi Mori, Kohei Tanaka, Yu Honda, Hidenori Matsubara, and Toshio Okada.
Since *Otaku no Video* was partially based in the ... | 373 | Otaku no Video | 1 |
22,727 | # Otaku no Video
## Characters
### Animated version {#animated_version}
`{{nihongo|Ken Kubo|久保 健|Kubo Ken}}`{=mediawiki}
: The main character. `{{Voiced by|[[Kōji Tsujitani]]}}`{=mediawiki}
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
`{{nihongo|Tanaka|田中|}}`{=mediawiki}
:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
`{{nihongo|Hino|日野|}}`{=mediaw... | 456 | Otaku no Video | 2 |
22,739 | # Obfuscation (software)
In software development, **obfuscation** is the practice of creating source or machine code that is intentionally difficult for humans or computers to understand. Similar to obfuscation in natural language, code obfuscation may involve using unnecessarily roundabout ways to write statements. P... | 460 | Obfuscation (software) | 0 |
22,739 | # Obfuscation (software)
## Disadvantages of obfuscation {#disadvantages_of_obfuscation}
- While obfuscation can make reading, writing, and reverse-engineering a program difficult and time-consuming, it will not necessarily make it impossible.
- It adds time and complexity to the build process for the developers.... | 445 | Obfuscation (software) | 1 |
22,751 | # Original Sin (2001 film)
***Original Sin*** is a 2001 American erotic romantic thriller film written and directed by Michael Cristofer and starring Antonio Banderas and Angelina Jolie. It is based on the 1947 novel *Waltz into Darkness* by Cornell Woolrich, which was previously made into the 1969 François Truffaut f... | 726 | Original Sin (2001 film) | 0 |
22,751 | # Original Sin (2001 film)
## Production
It was rumored that the chemistry between Jolie and Banderas led to a relationship, which they denied. The film had to be cut to achieve a R-rating, which director Michael Cristofer called censorship.
## Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 12% approval rating based o... | 182 | Original Sin (2001 film) | 1 |
22,758 | # List of object-oriented programming languages
This is a list of notable programming languages with features designed for object-oriented programming (OOP).
The listed languages are designed with varying degrees of OOP support. Some are highly focused in OOP while others support multiple paradigms including OOP. For... | 355 | List of object-oriented programming languages | 0 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
**Interlingue** (`{{IPA|ie|interˈliŋɡwe||LL-Q35850 (ile)-Frzzl-Interlingue.wav}}`{=mediawiki}; ISO 639 *ie*, *ile*), originally **Occidental** (`{{IPA|ie|oktsidenˈtaːl||LL-Q35850 (ile)-Frzzl-Occidental.wav}}`{=mediawiki}), is an international auxiliary language created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its cr... | 325 | Interlingue | 0 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## History and activity {#history_and_activity}
### Beginnings
Edgar de Wahl announced the creation of Occidental in 1922 with the first issue of the magazine *Cosmoglotta*, published in Tallinn, Estonia under the name *Kosmoglott*. Occidental was a product of years of personal experimentation under th... | 398 | Interlingue | 1 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## History and activity {#history_and_activity}
### Vienna period and World War II {#vienna_period_and_world_war_ii}
The Vienna period was also marked by financial stability. With the help of two major backers, Hanns Hörbiger, also from Vienna, and G.A. Moore from London, *Cosmoglotta* thrived despite t... | 1,009 | Interlingue | 2 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## History and activity {#history_and_activity}
### IALA, Interlingua, and name change to Interlingue {#iala_interlingua_and_name_change_to_interlingue}
The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA), founded in 1924 to study and determine the best planned language for international communicati... | 1,132 | Interlingue | 3 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## History and activity {#history_and_activity}
### Stagnation and revival {#stagnation_and_revival}
While the migration of so many users to Interlingua had severely weakened Interlingue, the ensuing drop in activity was gradual and took place over decades. *Cosmoglotta B* ceased publication after 1950,... | 546 | Interlingue | 4 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## Language philosophy {#language_philosophy}
De Wahl was first introduced to planned languages through Volapük, an international auxiliary language released in 1879. De Wahl later became one of the earliest users of Esperanto (*la lingvo internacia*), which he encountered for the first time in 1888 dur... | 1,356 | Interlingue | 5 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## Language philosophy {#language_philosophy}
Occidental\'s erring on the side of regularity led to vocabulary that was still recognizable but different from the international norm, such as *ínpossibil* in place of impossibil (ín + poss + ibil), *scientic*{{lang\|ie\| (scientific, from scient-ie + -ic),... | 270 | Interlingue | 6 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## Language philosophy {#language_philosophy}
### Symbol
The symbol of Occidental and its dimensions were chosen in 1936 after some deliberation and many other proposed symbols that included stylized letters, a star (as in Esperanto and Ido), a setting sun to represent the sun in the west (the Occident)... | 124 | Interlingue | 7 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## Linguistic features {#linguistic_features}
### Orthography
Interlingue is written with 26 Latin letters: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, and z. The names of the letters are *a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, jot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, qu, er, es, te, u, ve,... | 866 | Interlingue | 8 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## Linguistic features {#linguistic_features}
### Grammar
#### Articles
Like English, Interlingue has definite and an indefinite articles. The definite article (the) is *li*, and the indefinite (a, an) is *un*. Plural of a noun is made by adding *-s* after a vowel, or *-es* after most consonants. To av... | 1,160 | Interlingue | 9 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## Linguistic features {#linguistic_features}
### Grammar
#### Derivation
The application of de Wahl\'s rule to verbs, and the usage of numerous suffixes and prefixes, was created to resolve irregularities that had plagued creators of language projects before Occidental, who were forced to make the choi... | 804 | Interlingue | 10 |
22,761 | # Interlingue
## Example texts {#example_texts}
Possible pronunciation: `{{IPA|ie|li mateˈrjaːl tsivilizaˈtsjoːn li ˈstsjentsje e ˈmeːm li ˈarte uˈniːfika se ˈpluː e ˈpluː li kultiˈvaːt ewroˈpaːno ˈsenti se ˈkwaːzi in ˈheːm in ˈomni ˈlandes ˌkweːles ˈhaːve ewroˈpaːn tsivilizaˈtsjoːn it ˈes ˈpluː e ˈpluː in li ˈtoːt ˈ... | 484 | Interlingue | 11 |
22,776 | # Omnipotence
`{{Attributes of God}}`{=mediawiki} **Omnipotence** is the property of possessing maximal power. Monotheistic religions generally attribute omnipotence only to the deity of their faith. In the monotheistic religious philosophy of Abrahamic religions, omnipotence is often listed as one of God\'s character... | 1,420 | Omnipotence | 0 |
22,776 | # Omnipotence
## Rejection or limitation {#rejection_or_limitation}
Some monotheists reject the view that a deity is or could be omnipotent, or take the view that, by choosing to create creatures with free will, a deity has chosen to limit divine omnipotence. In Conservative and Reform Judaism, and some movements wit... | 539 | Omnipotence | 1 |
22,776 | # Omnipotence
## Uncertainty
Trying to develop a theory to explain, assign or reject omnipotence on grounds of logic has little merit, since being omnipotent, in a Cartesian sense, would mean the omnipotent being is above logic, a view supported by René Descartes. He issues this idea in his *Meditations on First Phil... | 108 | Omnipotence | 2 |
22,781 | # Omniscience
**Omniscience** is the property of possessing maximal knowledge. In Hinduism, Sikhism and the Abrahamic religions, it is often attributed to a divine being or an all-knowing spirit, entity or person. In Jainism, omniscience is an attribute that any individual can eventually attain. In Buddhism, there are... | 801 | Omniscience | 0 |
22,781 | # Omniscience
## Omniscience and the privacy of conscious experience {#omniscience_and_the_privacy_of_conscious_experience}
Some philosophers, such as Patrick Grim, Linda Zagzebski, Stephan Torre, and William Mander have discussed the issue of whether the apparent exclusively first-person nature of conscious experien... | 207 | Omniscience | 1 |
22,789 | # World Organisation for Animal Health
The **World Organisation for Animal Health** (**WOAH**), formerly the ***Office International des Epizooties*** (**OIE**), is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1924, coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control. The primary objective of WOAH is to cont... | 1,206 | World Organisation for Animal Health | 0 |
22,789 | # World Organisation for Animal Health
## Organisational structure {#organisational_structure}
WOAH functions under the authority of a World Assembly of Delegates designated by the Governments of Members. The Organisation is placed under the responsibility of a Director General elected by the World Assembly of Delega... | 278 | World Organisation for Animal Health | 1 |
22,789 | # World Organisation for Animal Health
## Headquarters
WOAH\'s headquarters is based in Paris, in the 17th arrondissement. It was in 1939 that WOAH moved to the aristocratic district of Parc Monceau, after having occupied premises since 1927 near the Champs de Mars and the Eiffel Tower, that had been provided by the ... | 509 | World Organisation for Animal Health | 2 |
22,789 | # World Organisation for Animal Health
## Specialist commissions {#specialist_commissions}
WOAH\'s Specialist Commissions collaborate with its global scientific network and are responsible for the official recognition of animal health status. They advise on epidemiology and the prevention and control of animal diseas... | 529 | World Organisation for Animal Health | 3 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
**Osborne Earl Smith** (born December 26, 1954) is an American former professional baseball player. Nicknamed \"**The Wizard of Oz**\", Smith played shortstop for the San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals in Major League Baseball, winning the National League Gold Glove Award for defensive play at shor... | 416 | Ozzie Smith | 0 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
## Early life {#early_life}
Smith was born in Mobile, Alabama, the second of Clovi and Marvella Smith\'s six children (five boys and one girl). His father worked as a sandblaster at Brookley Air Force Base. When Smith was six, his family moved to the Watts section of Los Angeles. His father became a del... | 373 | Ozzie Smith | 1 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
## Professional baseball career {#professional_baseball_career}
### San Diego Padres (1978--1981) {#san_diego_padres_19781981}
Smith was playing semi-professional baseball in Clarinda, Iowa, when in June 1976 he was selected in the seventh round of the amateur entry draft by the Detroit Tigers. The par... | 1,108 | Ozzie Smith | 2 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
## Professional baseball career {#professional_baseball_career}
### St. Louis Cardinals (1982--1996) {#st._louis_cardinals_19821996}
#### 1982--1984
On December 10, 1981, the Padres traded Smith, Steve Mura, and a player to be named later to the Cardinals for Templeton, Sixto Lezcano and a player to be... | 542 | Ozzie Smith | 3 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
## Professional baseball career {#professional_baseball_career}
### St. Louis Cardinals (1982--1996) {#st._louis_cardinals_19821996}
#### 1985--1986 {#section_1}
In 1985, Smith amassed a .276 batting average, 31 stolen bases, and 591 assists in the field. The Cardinals as a team won 101 games during the... | 1,139 | Ozzie Smith | 4 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
## Professional baseball career {#professional_baseball_career}
### St. Louis Cardinals (1982--1996) {#st._louis_cardinals_19821996}
#### 1996 {#section_4}
As Smith entered the 1996 season, he finalized a divorce from his wife Denise during the first half of the year. Meanwhile, manager Tony La Russa be... | 726 | Ozzie Smith | 5 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
Upon retirement, Smith took over from Mel Allen as the host of the television series *This Week in Baseball* (*TWIB*) in 1997. Smith also became color commentator for the local broadcast of Cardinals games on KPLR-TV from 1997 to 1999. When his stint on *Thi... | 593 | Ozzie Smith | 6 |
22,790 | # Ozzie Smith
## Career MLB statistics {#career_mlb_statistics}
### Hitting
Category G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB SB SO AVG OBP SLG
----------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----- ---- ---- ----- ------- ----- ----- ------ ------ ------
Statistic 2,573 9,39... | 210 | Ozzie Smith | 7 |
22,791 | # Boeing OC-135B Open Skies
The **OC-135B Open Skies** is a United States Air Force observation aircraft that supports the Treaty on Open Skies. The aircraft, a modified WC-135B, flies unarmed observation flights over participating parties of the treaty. Three OC-135B aircraft were modified by the Aeronautical Systems... | 662 | Boeing OC-135B Open Skies | 0 |
22,791 | # Boeing OC-135B Open Skies
## Modifications
The OC-135B modifications center around four cameras installed in the rear of the aircraft. Since its primary mission is to take pictures, most of the installed equipment and systems provide direct support to the cameras and the camera operator. Other modifications to the ... | 286 | Boeing OC-135B Open Skies | 1 |
22,791 | # Boeing OC-135B Open Skies
## Specifications (OC-135) {#specifications_oc_135}
`{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1994–95 (crew and operational equipment),<ref name=JAWA94-95>{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1994–95 |editor1-last=Lambert |editor1-first=Mark |editor2-last=Munson ... | 152 | Boeing OC-135B Open Skies | 2 |
22,792 | # Treaty on Open Skies
The **Treaty on Open Skies** establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire territory of its participants. The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information ab... | 479 | Treaty on Open Skies | 0 |
22,792 | # Treaty on Open Skies
## Summary
### Territory
The Open Skies regulations covers the territory over which the parties exercise sovereignty, including mainland, islands, and internal and territorial waters. The treaty specifies that the entire territory of a member state is open to observation. Observation flights m... | 647 | Treaty on Open Skies | 1 |
22,792 | # Treaty on Open Skies
## History
At a Geneva Conference meeting with Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin in 1955, U.S. President Eisenhower proposed that the United States and Soviet Union conduct surveillance overflights of each other\'s territory to reassure each country that the other was not preparing to attack. The... | 919 | Treaty on Open Skies | 2 |
22,820 | # Odobenidae
**Odobenidae** is a family of pinnipeds, of which the only extant species is the walrus (*Odobenus rosmarus*). In the past, however, the group was much more diverse, and includes more than a dozen fossil genera.
## Taxonomy
All genera, except *Odobenus*, are extinct.
- †*Archaeodobenus*
- †*Protota... | 178 | Odobenidae | 0 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
`{{Paleolithic}}`{=mediawiki} The **Paleolithic** or **Palaeolithic** (c. 3.3 million years ago) (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|eɪ|l|i|oʊ|ˈ|l|ɪ|θ|ɪ|k|,_|ˌ|p|æ|l|i|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Paleolithic.wav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|PAY|lee|oh|LITH|ik |,_|PAL|ee|-}}`{=mediawiki}), also called the **Old Stone... | 442 | Paleolithic | 0 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Paleogeography and climate {#paleogeography_and_climate}
thumb\|left\|upright=0.7\|A skull of early *Homo neanderthalensis*, Miguelón from the Lower Paleolithic dated to 430,000 BP. thumb\|290px \|right \|Temperature rise in Antarctica marking the end of the Paleolithic, as derived from ice core data... | 1,080 | Paleolithic | 1 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Paleolithic people {#paleolithic_people}
Nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic people and way of life comes from archaeology and ethnographic comparisons to modern hunter-gatherer cultures such as the !Kung San who live similarly to their Paleolithic predecessors. The economy of a typical Paleol... | 681 | Paleolithic | 2 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Technology and crafts {#technology_and_crafts}
Some researchers have noted that science, limited in that age to some early ideas about astronomy (or cosmology), had limited impact on Paleolithic technology. Making fire was widespread knowledge, and it was possible without an understanding of chemical... | 1,095 | Paleolithic | 3 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Technology and crafts {#technology_and_crafts}
### Other inventions {#other_inventions}
During the Upper Paleolithic, further inventions were made, such as the net (`{{c.|22,000}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{c.|29,000|lk=no}}`{=mediawiki} BP) bolas, the spear thrower (`{{c.|30,000|lk=no}}`{=mediawiki} BP), th... | 243 | Paleolithic | 4 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Diet and nutrition {#diet_and_nutrition}
Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate varying proportions of vegetables (including tubers and roots), fruit, seeds (including nuts and wild grass seeds) and insects, meat, fish, and shellfish. However, there is little direct evidence of the relative pro... | 1,490 | Paleolithic | 5 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Social organization {#social_organization}
The social organization of the earliest Paleolithic (Lower Paleolithic) societies remains largely unknown to scientists, though Lower Paleolithic hominins such as *Homo habilis* and *Homo erectus* are likely to have had more complex social structures than ch... | 1,098 | Paleolithic | 6 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Sculpture and painting {#sculpture_and_painting}
Early examples of artistic expression, such as the Venus of Tan-Tan and the patterns found on elephant bones from Bilzingsleben in Thuringia, may have been produced by Acheulean tool users such as *Homo erectus* prior to the start of the Middle Paleoli... | 592 | Paleolithic | 7 |
22,860 | # Paleolithic
## Music
The origins of music during the Paleolithic are unknown. The earliest forms of music probably did not use musical instruments other than the human voice or natural objects such as rocks. This early music would not have left an archaeological footprint. Music may have developed from rhythmic sou... | 899 | Paleolithic | 8 |
22,923 | # PhpWiki
**PhpWiki** is a web-based wiki software application. It began as a clone of WikiWikiWeb and was the first wiki written in PHP. PhpWiki has been used to edit and format paper books for publication.
## History
The first version, by Steve Wainstead, was released in December 1999. It was the first Wiki writte... | 237 | PhpWiki | 0 |
22,946 | # List of painters by name
The following **lists of painters by name** includes about 3,400 painters from all ages and parts of the world | 25 | List of painters by name | 0 |
22,951 | # Psychological egoism
**Psychological egoism** is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they expect to obtain, directly or indi... | 519 | Psychological egoism | 0 |
22,951 | # Psychological egoism
## Contributions to modern psychology {#contributions_to_modern_psychology}
### Psychoanalysis
Whether or not Sigmund Freud was a psychological egoist, his concept of the pleasure principle borrowed much from psychological egoism and psychological hedonism in particular. The pleasure principle... | 348 | Psychological egoism | 1 |
22,951 | # Psychological egoism
## Debate
Psychological egoism is controversial. Proponents cite evidence from introspection: reflection on one\'s own actions may reveal their motives and intended results to be based on self-interest. Psychological hedonists have found through numerous observations of natural human behavior t... | 603 | Psychological egoism | 2 |
22,951 | # Psychological egoism
## Problem of apparent altruism {#problem_of_apparent_altruism}
David Hume once wrote, \"What interest can a fond mother have in view, who loses her health by assiduous attendance on her sick child, and afterwards languishes and dies of grief, when freed, by its death \[the child\'s\], from the... | 426 | Psychological egoism | 3 |
22,951 | # Psychological egoism
## Criticism
### Circularity
Psychological egoism has been accused of being circular: \"If a person willingly performs an act, that means he derives personal enjoyment from it; therefore, people only perform acts that give them personal enjoyment.\" In particular, seemingly altruistic acts mus... | 722 | Psychological egoism | 4 |
22,960 | # Elementary event
In probability theory, an **elementary event**, also called an **atomic event** or **sample point**, is an event which contains only a single outcome in the sample space. Using set theory terminology, an elementary event is a singleton. Elementary events and their corresponding outcomes are often wr... | 323 | Elementary event | 0 |
22,961 | # Event (probability theory)
In probability theory, an **event** is a subset of outcomes of an experiment (a subset of the sample space) to which a probability is assigned. A single outcome may be an element of many different events, and different events in an experiment are usually not equally likely, since they may ... | 836 | Event (probability theory) | 0 |
22,981 | # Phone (phonetics)
In phonetics (a branch of linguistics), a **phone** is any distinct speech sound. It is any surface-level or unanalyzed sound of a language, the smallest identifiable unit occurring inside a stream of speech. In spoken human language, a phone is thus any vowel or consonant sound (or semivowel sound... | 571 | Phone (phonetics) | 0 |
22,993 | # Postmaster General
A **Postmaster General**, in Anglosphere countries, is the chief executive officer of the postal service of that country, a ministerial office responsible for overseeing all other postmasters.
## History
The practice of having a government official responsible for overseeing the delivery of mail... | 176 | Postmaster General | 0 |
23,002 | # Perfect competition
In economics, specifically general equilibrium theory, a **perfect market**, also known as an **atomistic market**, is defined by several idealizing conditions, collectively called **perfect competition**, or **atomistic competition**. In theoretical models where conditions of perfect competition... | 731 | Perfect competition | 0 |
23,002 | # Perfect competition
## Idealizing conditions of perfect competition {#idealizing_conditions_of_perfect_competition}
The definition of perfect competition is when the following conditions all hold:
- **A large number of sellers and buyers** -- A large number of consumers with the willingness and ability to buy th... | 421 | Perfect competition | 1 |
23,002 | # Perfect competition
## Normal profit {#normal_profit}
In a perfect market the sellers operate at zero economic surplus: sellers make a level of return on investment known as normal profits.
*Normal* profit is a component of (implicit) costs and not a component of business profit at all. It represents all the oppor... | 1,265 | Perfect competition | 2 |
23,002 | # Perfect competition
## Results
In a perfectly competitive market, the demand curve facing a firm is perfectly elastic.
As mentioned above, the perfect competition model, if interpreted as applying also to short-period or very-short-period behaviour, is approximated only by markets of homogeneous products produced ... | 655 | Perfect competition | 3 |
23,002 | # Perfect competition
## Results
### Profit
In contrast to a monopoly or oligopoly, in perfect competition it is impossible for a firm to earn economic profit in the long run, which is to say that a firm cannot make any more money than is necessary to cover its economic costs. In order not to misinterpret this zero-l... | 380 | Perfect competition | 4 |
23,002 | # Perfect competition
## Shutdown point {#shutdown_point}
In the short run, a firm operating at a loss \[$\text{R} < \text{TC}$ (revenue less than total cost) or $P < \text{ATC}$ (price less than unit cost)\] must decide whether to continue to operate or temporarily shut down. The shutdown rule states \"in the short ... | 795 | Perfect competition | 5 |
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