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23,376 | # Politics of Palau
## Executive branch {#executive_branch}
Presidential elections take place every four years, when the president and vice president run on separate tickets. The president, who is the head of state and head of government, is currently Surangel Whipps Jr.
### Cabinet
The President is advised and ass... | 588 | Politics of Palau | 1 |
23,376 | # Politics of Palau
## Judiciary
The judiciary of Palau interprets and applies the laws of Palau, as modified by custom and tradition, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The judiciary comprises a four-member Supreme Court, a Court of Common Pleas, and a Land Court. T... | 187 | Politics of Palau | 2 |
23,378 | # Telecommunications in Palau
## Telephones
**Telephones - main lines in use:** 7,300 (2012)
**Telephones - mobile cellular:** 17,150 (2012)
**Telephone system:**\
*domestic:* Palau National Communications Corporation\
*international:* satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
## Radio and television {#... | 82 | Telecommunications in Palau | 0 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
The **history of Panama** includes the history of the Isthmus of Panama prior to European colonization.
Before the arrival of Europeans, Panama was widely settled by peoples speaking Chibchan languages, Choco languages, and Cueva language. There is no accurate knowledge of the size of the Pre-Colu... | 553 | History of Panama | 0 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Spanish colonial period {#spanish_colonial_period}
In 1501, Rodrigo de Bastidas was the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama sailing along the eastern coast. A year later Christopher Columbus on his fourth voyage, sailing south and eastward from upper Central America, explored Bocas ... | 426 | History of Panama | 1 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Spanish colonial period {#spanish_colonial_period}
### Colonization
On August 15, 1519, Pedrarias, having abandoned *Santa María la Antigua del Darién*, moved the capital of *Castilla del Oro* with all its organizational institutions to the Pacific Ocean\'s coast and founded Nuestra Señora de l... | 541 | History of Panama | 2 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Spanish colonial period {#spanish_colonial_period}
### Real Audiencia of Panama {#real_audiencia_of_panama}
In 1538, the Real Audiencia of Panama, was established, initially with jurisdiction from Nicaragua to Cape Horn. A Real Audiencia (royal audiency) was a judicial district that functioned ... | 560 | History of Panama | 3 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Independence
In 1819, New Granada finally achieved freedom from Spain. Panama and the other regions of former New Granada were therefore technically free. Panama considered union with Peru or with Central America in federations that were emerging in the region. Finally it was won over by Gran C... | 534 | History of Panama | 4 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Independence
### José de Fábrega {#josé_de_fábrega}
On November 10, 1821, in a special event called Grito de La Villa de Los Santos, the residents of the Azuero declared their separation from the Spanish Empire. In Veraguas and Panama City, this act was met with disdain, but of differing degree... | 634 | History of Panama | 5 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Independence
### Panama and Colombia {#panama_and_colombia}
Simón Bolívar had hesitated to include Panama in his Gran Colombia project, because he was aware of Panama\'s geographical obstacles and its critical role in trade throughout history, and while under Spanish tutelage. Also, he had no r... | 525 | History of Panama | 6 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## 19th century {#th_century}
When separation of Venezuela and Ecuador were being established, in 1831 the isthmus again reiterated its independence, now under the same General Alzuru as supreme military commander. Abuses by Alzuru\'s short-lived administration were countered by forces led by Colo... | 633 | History of Panama | 7 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Panama Canal {#panama_canal}
Panamanian history which has been shaped by the recurrent theme of transisthmian commerce, looked now at the possibility of a canal to replace the difficult overland route. In 1519, the Spanish crown financed the building of a cobbled track that joined the oceans, a... | 1,151 | History of Panama | 8 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Panama Canal {#panama_canal}
### Construction
The Panama Canal was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914; the existing 83-kilometer (50-mi.) lock canal is considered one of the world\'s great engineering triumphs. On January 5, 1909, the government of Rafael Reyes in C... | 279 | History of Panama | 9 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Military coups and coalitions {#military_coups_and_coalitions}
From 1903 until 1968, Panama was a republic dominated by a commercially oriented oligarchy. During the 1950s, the Panamanian military began to challenge the oligarchy\'s political hegemony. The January 9, 1964 Martyrs\' Day riots es... | 320 | History of Panama | 10 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## Manuel Noriega regime (1983--1989) {#manuel_noriega_regime_19831989}
Torrijos died in a mysterious plane crash on July 31, 1981. The circumstances of his death generated charges and speculation that he was assassinated. Torrijos\' death changed the tone but not the direction of Panama\'s politi... | 587 | History of Panama | 11 |
23,392 | # History of Panama
## After Noriega (1989--present) {#after_noriega_1989present}
In the morning of December 20, 1989, hours after the invasion started, the presumptive winner of the May 1989 election, Guillermo Endara, was sworn in as president of Panama at a US military installation in the Canal Zone. On December 2... | 629 | History of Panama | 12 |
23,393 | # Geography of Panama
upright=2.0\|thumb\|A map of Panama
**Panama** is a country located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. Panama is located on the narrow and low Isthmus of Panama.
This S-shaped isthmus is situated between 7° and 10° north ... | 662 | Geography of Panama | 0 |
23,393 | # Geography of Panama
## Climate
thumb\|upright=2.0\|Panama map of Köppen climate classification zones\|alt=
Panama has a tropical climate. Temperatures are uniformly high---as is the relative humidity---and there is little seasonal variation. Diurnal ranges are low; on a typical dry-season day in the capital city, ... | 1,101 | Geography of Panama | 1 |
23,393 | # Geography of Panama
## Climate
### Examples
**Interior lowlands** `{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
|collapsed = Y
| location = Santiago de Veraguas (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 37.0
| Feb record high C = 38.0
| Mar record high C = 39.4
| Apr record high C = 39.4
|... | 717 | Geography of Panama | 2 |
23,393 | # Geography of Panama
## Climate
### Examples
**Highlands** `{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Boquete
| Jan record high C = 31.0
| Feb record high C = 30.2
| Mar record high C = 31.0
| Apr record high C = 31.0
| May record high C = 30.5
| Jun record high C = 29.5
| ... | 544 | Geography of Panama | 3 |
23,393 | # Geography of Panama
## Vegetation
thumb\|upright=2.0\|Panama\'s vegetation, 1981 Panama\'s tropical environment supports an abundance of plants. Forests dominate, interrupted in places by grasslands, scrub, and crops. Nearly 40 percent of Panama is wooded. Deforestation is a continuing threat to the rain-drenched w... | 541 | Geography of Panama | 4 |
23,393 | # Geography of Panama
## General facts {#general_facts}
thumb\|upright=2.0\|Economic activity in Panama, 1981
**Geographic coordinates:** 9 00 N 80 00 W type:country
**Map references:** Northern South America, the Caribbean and sometimes Central America
**Area:**\
*total:* 75,420 km^2^\
*land:* 74,340 km^2^\
*wate... | 328 | Geography of Panama | 5 |
23,395 | # Politics of Panama
The **politics of Panama** take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system, whereby the President of Panama is both head of state and head of government.
Executive power is exercised by the president. Legislative power is vested in the Nati... | 752 | Politics of Panama | 0 |
23,398 | # Transport in Panama
Transport in Panama covers a vast network of routes predominantly traversed by cargo trucks and buses. The country\'s railway system, known as the Panama Canal Railway, facilitates the transportation of both passengers and goods. With a total of 15,137 km of roads, its four expressways---Corredor... | 362 | Transport in Panama | 0 |
23,398 | # Transport in Panama
## Road transport {#road_transport}
- Total: 15,137 km
- *paved:* 6,351 km (including 149 km of expressways)
- *unpaved:* 8,785 km (2010)
Panama has well-developed highways in particular, there are four main expressways:
- Corredor Sur: Panama City to the Tocumen International ... | 566 | Transport in Panama | 1 |
23,406 | # Communications in Papua New Guinea
Communications in Papua New Guinea refers to the media in the country which are regulated by the Media Council of Papua New Guinea such as newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet.
## Newspapers
Papua New Guinea has two circulating newspapers:
- *The National*, and the
... | 631 | Communications in Papua New Guinea | 0 |
23,407 | # Transport in Papua New Guinea
**Transport in Papua New Guinea** is mainly based around roads (the vast majority of which is unpaved) and air travel. It is in many cases heavily limited by the mountainous terrain and copious amount of rainfall and frequent severe weather occurring in many locations, such as Lae. The ... | 758 | Transport in Papua New Guinea | 0 |
23,407 | # Transport in Papua New Guinea
## Waterways and ports {#waterways_and_ports}
The country has 10,940 km of waterways, and commercial port facilities at Port Moresby, Alotau, Oro Bay, Lae, Kimbe, Kieta Madang, Buka, Rabaul/Kokopo, Kiunga, Wewak and Vanimo.
The major exports are mining and raw materials, with some con... | 134 | Transport in Papua New Guinea | 1 |
23,422 | # Geography of Paraguay
Paraguay is a country in South America, bordering Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. The Paraguay River (Spanish: *Río Paraguay*) divides the country into strikingly different eastern and western regions. Both the eastern region (officially called Eastern Paraguay, *Paraguay Oriental*, and known as... | 381 | Geography of Paraguay | 0 |
23,422 | # Geography of Paraguay
## Natural regions {#natural_regions}
### The Eastern Region: Paraneña {#the_eastern_region_paraneña}
The Eastern region extends from the Río Paraguay eastward to the Río Paraná, which forms the border with Brazil and Argentina. The eastern hills and mountains, an extension of a plateau in sou... | 850 | Geography of Paraguay | 1 |
23,422 | # Geography of Paraguay
## Natural regions {#natural_regions}
### The Western Region: Chaco {#the_western_region_chaco}
*Main article: Gran Chaco*
Separated from the Eastern region by the Paraguay River, the Chaco region is a vast plain with elevations reaching no higher than 300 m and averaging 125 m. Covering more... | 368 | Geography of Paraguay | 2 |
23,422 | # Geography of Paraguay
## Drainage
The word **Paraguay** can be translated as the *Paradise of Waters*, as there is plenty to be found all around the country, including underneath it; see Guarani Aquifer. The Paraguay River has a total course of 2600 km, 2300 km of which are navigable and 1200 km of which either bor... | 591 | Geography of Paraguay | 3 |
23,422 | # Geography of Paraguay
## Climate
Paraguay experiences a subtropical climate in the Paraneña region and a tropical climate in the Chaco. The Paraneña region has a humid climate, with abundant precipitation throughout the year and only moderate seasonal changes in temperature. During the Southern Hemisphere\'s summer... | 757 | Geography of Paraguay | 4 |
23,422 | # Geography of Paraguay
## Statistics
**Geographic coordinates:** 23 00 S 58 00 W type:country
**Area:**\
*total:* 406,750 km^2^\
*land:* 397,300 km^2^\
*water:* 9,450 km^2^
**Land boundaries:**\
*total:* 3,920 km\
*border countries:* Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km
**Coastline:** 0 km (landloc... | 117 | Geography of Paraguay | 5 |
23,426 | # Telecommunications in Paraguay
**Telecommunications in Paraguay** are meager. Paraguay has the lowest fixed-line telephone density in South America, with 5.6 lines per 100 residents, compared with 8.7 per 100 in Bolivia, 21.9 in Brazil, and 24.9 in Argentina.
## Telephones
The state-owned Corporación Paraguaya de ... | 286 | Telecommunications in Paraguay | 0 |
23,426 | # Telecommunications in Paraguay
## Censorship
The law provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. Individuals criticize the government publicly and privately, generally without reprisal or impediment. There are no government restrictions on access to the ... | 295 | Telecommunications in Paraguay | 1 |
23,427 | # Transport in Paraguay
**Paraguay\'s transportation system** ranges from adequate to poor, largely depending on the region of the country. The country has a network of roads, railroads, rivers, and airports, but significant infrastructure and regulation improvements are needed.
## Roads
Estimates vary on the total ... | 562 | Transport in Paraguay | 0 |
23,427 | # Transport in Paraguay
## Airports
As of 2013, Paraguay has 799 airports but only 15 with paved runways. The airport serving Asunción, Silvio Pettirossi International Airport, is the country\'s major airport for international and domestic flights. Another airport is Guaraní International Airport, located near Ciudad... | 92 | Transport in Paraguay | 1 |
23,428 | # Armed Forces of Paraguay
The **Armed Forces of Paraguay** (*Fuerzas Armadas de Paraguay*) officially the **Armed Forces of the Nation** (*Fuerzas Armadas de la Nación*) consist of the Paraguayan army, Paraguayan navy (including naval aviation and marine corps) and air force.
The constitution of Paraguay establishes... | 463 | Armed Forces of Paraguay | 0 |
23,428 | # Armed Forces of Paraguay
## Navy
Although Paraguay is a landlocked country, it has a strong naval tradition by virtue of the fact that it has access to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraguay--Paraná rivers. The Paraguayan Navy has twelve bases. The main base is the Puerto Sajonia in Asuncion, followed by Bahia Neg... | 475 | Armed Forces of Paraguay | 1 |
23,428 | # Armed Forces of Paraguay
## Air Force {#air_force}
The air force, the newest and smallest of the services, has about 1,100 personnel as of 2012. The Paraguayan Air Forces is organised in an Air Brigade of seven air groups and a brigade of paratroopers on battalion level. Almost all operating units are based in or a... | 329 | Armed Forces of Paraguay | 2 |
23,432 | # Geography of Peru
Peru is a country on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the Southern Hemisphere, its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about 3.3 km south of the equator. Peru shares land borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, a... | 980 | Geography of Peru | 0 |
23,432 | # Geography of Peru
## Urbanization
The most populated city in the country is Lima, the capital of Peru. Lima\'s metropolitan area has a population of over 10 million. The country\'s second and third largest cities, Callao and Arequipa, have around 1.3 and 1.2 million people, respectively. Peru\'s developed urban cit... | 297 | Geography of Peru | 1 |
23,432 | # Geography of Peru
## Climate
The combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations and two ocean currents (Humboldt and El Niño) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Peru has a tropical climate with a wet and dry season.
### Amazon Basin or Low Amazon {#amazon_basin_or_low_amazon}
The ... | 928 | Geography of Peru | 2 |
23,432 | # Geography of Peru
## Climate
### Coast
#### Northern coast {#northern_coast}
The northern coast consists of the eastern region of Lambayeque, the Piura Region and the Tumbes Region. They are characterized by having different climate and geography from the rest of the coast. Right between the 3-hour drive on the Sec... | 705 | Geography of Peru | 3 |
23,432 | # Geography of Peru
## Agriculture
Peru\'s agricultural lands make up 18.5% of Peru\'s total surface area, a substantially lower percentage compared to its neighbors who average at around 22% agricultural land. Common crops include, but are not limited to root vegetables like potatoes and cassava; peppers including c... | 189 | Geography of Peru | 4 |
23,436 | # Telecommunications in Peru
**Telecommunications in Peru** include radio and television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
## Regulation
The technical regulator of communications in Peru is the Presidency of the Minister Council, through the *Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión Privada en Telecomunica... | 366 | Telecommunications in Peru | 0 |
23,436 | # Telecommunications in Peru
## Telephones
`{{See also |Telephone numbers in Peru}}`{=mediawiki}
- Calling code: +51.
- International call prefix: 00
- Fixed lines: 3.4 million lines in use (2012).
- Fixed-line teledensity: about 12 per 100 persons (2010).
- Mobile subscribers: 15.2 million unique subscrib... | 287 | Telecommunications in Peru | 1 |
23,436 | # Telecommunications in Peru
## Internet
- Top-level domain: .pe.
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 158 providers`{{dubious|date=August 2014}}`{=mediawiki} (2005).`{{update after|2014|8|9}}`{=mediawiki}
- Internet hosts: 234,102 hosts (2012).
- Internet users: 11.3 million users, 37th in the world; 38.2% o... | 415 | Telecommunications in Peru | 2 |
23,437 | # Transport in Peru
This article describes the **transport in Peru**.
## Railways
**total:** 2374 km\
**standard gauge:** 1608 km, `{{RailGauge|ussg|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki} gauge\
**narrow gauge:**380 km, `{{RailGauge|3ft|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki} gauge
There are two unconnected principal railways in Peru.
The **Ferrocarr... | 730 | Transport in Peru | 0 |
23,437 | # Transport in Peru
## Waterways
of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lake Titicaca.
There are river boat service from Yurimaguas and Pucallpa to Iquitos, and from there to the Brazilian border in the Amazon River. Touristic boats can be reached at Puno in Lake Titicaca.
## Pipelines
- crude o... | 363 | Transport in Peru | 1 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
**Politics in the Philippines** are governed by a three-branch system of government. The country is a democracy, with a president who is directly elected by the people and serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The president serves as the leader of the executive bran... | 446 | Politics of the Philippines | 0 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Executive
Executive power is vested to the president, who is both head of state and head of government. This individual is directly elected to a six-year term through a single-round first past the post election, and being limited to one term are unable to seek re-election. To be eligi... | 615 | Politics of the Philippines | 1 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Legislature
Congress is a bicameral legislature. The upper house, the Senate, is composed of 24 senators. These are elected through plurality-at-large voting, with the entire country considered a single district. The senators elect amongst themselves a Senate President. Half of the Se... | 428 | Politics of the Philippines | 2 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Judiciary
The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court, which lies at the top of three lower court levels. The Supreme Court is the court of last resort, and can decide on the constitutionality of laws. Vested with the responsibility of overseeing the other branches of government, the... | 552 | Politics of the Philippines | 3 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Legal system {#legal_system}
The Philippine legal system is a hybrid form based on the Spanish civil law and American common law system, with a system of Sharia law in place for some areas of law involving Muslims.
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and laws passed by th... | 661 | Politics of the Philippines | 4 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Elections
Since 1935 and the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, elections have been administered by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). The elected officials are the president, vice president, members of Congress, regional governors and assemblymen, provincial go... | 995 | Politics of the Philippines | 5 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Local government {#local_government}
The Philippines has been highly centralized since Spanish rule, being governed from an \"Imperial Manila\". The Spanish created some bodies to bring together barangays in 1893, and the Americans organized provincial governments in 1905. Both action... | 535 | Politics of the Philippines | 6 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Culture and influences {#culture_and_influences}
Despite the challenges faced by Filipino elections, and a sometimes pessimistic view about the potential of elections, there is broad public support for democracy, coupled with a free press and an established legal system. Voter turnout... | 1,427 | Politics of the Philippines | 7 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Culture and influences {#culture_and_influences}
### Catholic Church {#catholic_church}
The influence of the Church in civil society dates back to the Spanish era, when the Church exercised considerable secular power. Despite the separation of Church and State that was established und... | 509 | Politics of the Philippines | 8 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## Culture and influences {#culture_and_influences}
### Military
The Philippine military became officially involved in socioeconomic issues during the Hukbalahap Rebellion. Its involvement was expanded further by Ferdinand Marcos, who actively used the military for civil work. While the ... | 664 | Politics of the Philippines | 9 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## History
### Pre-independence {#pre_independence}
Before the onset of Spanish rule in the 16th century, the Philippines was split into numerous barangays, which were small entities while being part of region-wide trade networks. The arrival of Hindu influence increased the power of In... | 1,114 | Politics of the Philippines | 10 |
23,444 | # Politics of the Philippines
## History
### Independence
The impact of the war led to a weaker civil service and a reduction in the dominance of Manila, with provincial politicians gaining political power and in some cases *de facto* autonomy. Many leveraged their provincial power to engage in national politics. Uni... | 1,286 | Politics of the Philippines | 11 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
**Transportation in the Philippines** covers the transportation methods within the archipelagic nation of over 7,600 islands. From a previously underdeveloped state of transportation, the government of the Philippines has been improving transportation through various direct infrastr... | 700 | Transportation in the Philippines | 0 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
## Road infrastructure {#road_infrastructure}
### Expressways
The Philippines has numerous expressways and most of them are located in the main island of the country, Luzon. The first expressway systems in the country are the North Luzon Expressway formerly known as North Diversion... | 399 | Transportation in the Philippines | 1 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
## Road transportation {#road_transportation}
As of May 2022, there are over 5.8 million registered motor vehicles in the country, with motorcycles and tricycles accounting for 60 percent of all registered motor vehicles, followed by utility vehicles at 18 percent, cars and SUVs at... | 967 | Transportation in the Philippines | 2 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
## Road transportation {#road_transportation}
### Taxi
Taxis are one of the modes of transportation in the country. They are regulated by the Department of Transportation (DOTr), the Land Transportation Office (LTO), and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTF... | 233 | Transportation in the Philippines | 3 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
## Rail transportation {#rail_transportation}
Rail transportation in the Philippines includes services provided by three rapid transit lines and one commuter rail line: the Manila Light Rail Transit System (Lines 1 and 2), Manila Metro Rail Transit System (Line 3) and the PNR Metro... | 474 | Transportation in the Philippines | 4 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
## Water transportation {#water_transportation}
### Boats
Motorized and non-motorized boats are the primary mode of water transportation between islands and across inland and coastal waters. The native bangka is also typically used for fishing, transporting goods, and island hoppi... | 338 | Transportation in the Philippines | 5 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
## Air transportation {#air_transportation}
### Airports
Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Davao, Clark, Subic, Zamboanga, Laoag, Legazpi and Puerto Princesa are the international gateways to the country, with Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila as the main and premier gateway... | 390 | Transportation in the Philippines | 6 |
23,447 | # Transportation in the Philippines
## Issues
With the rapid growth in economic activities and urbanization, public utility vehicles, along with private vehicles, exponentially increased in numbers, which resulted in poorer air quality and frequent traffic congestion in the cities.
### Traffic congestion {#traffic_c... | 288 | Transportation in the Philippines | 7 |
23,452 | # Geography of the Pitcairn Islands
**The Pitcairn Islands** are a group of four islands in the south Pacific Ocean: the group comprises Pitcairn Island (a volcanic island), Henderson Island (an uplifted coral island), and two coral atolls, Oeno Island and Ducie Island.
The only inhabited island, Pitcairn, has an are... | 273 | Geography of the Pitcairn Islands | 0 |
23,452 | # Geography of the Pitcairn Islands
## Climate
The Pitcairn Islands have a maritime tropical rainforest climate (*Af* according to the Köppen climate classification), with the climate being warm and humid year-round, with no dry season. The warmest month in Adamstown is February, with a mean of 23.8 C, while the cool... | 638 | Geography of the Pitcairn Islands | 1 |
23,452 | # Geography of the Pitcairn Islands
## Natural hazards {#natural_hazards}
Tropical Cyclones (especially November to May)
## Environment -- current issues {#environment_current_issues}
Deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)
## Maps
Worldwi... | 113 | Geography of the Pitcairn Islands | 2 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
The **population of Puerto Rico** has been shaped by native American settlement, European colonization especially under the Spanish Empire, slavery and economic migration. Demographic features of the population of Puerto Rico include population density, ethnicity, education of the populac... | 623 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 0 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
## Migration
Sometime between 400 B.C. and A.D. 100, the Arawak group of Amerindians inhabited Puerto Rico. Around A.D. 600, the Arawaks no longer lived on the island, perhaps because they had integrated with another culture or perhaps because they had been killed by illness. By A.D. 100... | 766 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 1 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) TFR
------ -------------------- ------------- ------... | 1,168 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 2 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
### Life expectancy {#life_expectancy}
Period Life expectancy in Years Period Life expectancy in Years
------------ -------------------------- ------------ --------------------------
1950--1955 63.5 1985-... | 58 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 3 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
Year White% Non-White%
------ -------- ------------
1802 42.0 58.0
1812 40.8 59.2
1820 39.4 60.6
1830 45.1 54.9
1877 52.3 47.7
1887 53.5 46.5
1897 64.3 35.7
1899 61.8 38.2
1910 6... | 1,128 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 4 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
### Non-Hispanic population {#non_hispanic_population}
In 2020, non-Hispanic residents of Puerto Rico made up 1.1% of the population, up from 1.0% in 2010. Their highest concentrations are in Culebra (10.8%), Vieques (8.0%), Rincón (5.1%), Dorado (3.4%),... | 237 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 5 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
## Religion
There are many religious beliefs represented in the island with Christianity as the religion indicated by the majority in 2010.
Religious breakdown in Puerto Rico (2010): `{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Pew Research Center (2010)'''<ref name="auto"/>
|label1 = [[Ca... | 764 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 6 |
23,462 | # Demographics of Puerto Rico
## Religion
### Other religious practices {#other_religious_practices}
Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered/reinvented by a handful of advocates. According to some sources, starting in about 1840, there have been attempts to create a quasi-indigenous Taíno identity in rural a... | 131 | Demographics of Puerto Rico | 7 |
23,465 | # Telecommunications in Puerto Rico
**Telecommunications in Puerto Rico** includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
## History
Telegraph service was inaugurated in 1869, responding to an 1864... | 398 | Telecommunications in Puerto Rico | 0 |
23,467 | # Military of Puerto Rico
The **military defense of Puerto Rico** is the responsibility of the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris. Locally, Puerto Rico has its own National Guard, the **Puerto Rico National Guard**, and its own state defense force, the Puerto Rico State Guard, which, by local law, is under t... | 750 | Military of Puerto Rico | 0 |
23,467 | # Military of Puerto Rico
## Military personnel in Puerto Rico {#military_personnel_in_puerto_rico}
A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Forces, largely as National Guard members and civilian employees. The size of the overall military-related community in Puerto Ri... | 402 | Military of Puerto Rico | 1 |
23,467 | # Military of Puerto Rico
## Military and Naval uses of Puerto Rico {#military_and_naval_uses_of_puerto_rico}
The US military installations in Puerto Rico are part of the US Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). USNORTHCOM has authority over all US military operations that take place throughout the Northern Area of Responsi... | 393 | Military of Puerto Rico | 2 |
23,472 | # Paper-and-pencil game
Pen and Paper}}
**Paper-and-pencil games** or **paper-and-pen games** (or some variation on those terms) are games that can be played solely with paper and pencils (or other writing implements), usually without erasing. They may be played to pass the time, as icebreakers, or for brain training... | 126 | Paper-and-pencil game | 0 |
23,473 | # Paleomap
**Paleomaps** are maps of continents and mountain ranges in the past based on plate reconstructions. Until the 1960s, paleomaps were not very satisfactory, since it was difficult to understand many quite distinctive features. For example, huge river deltas seemed to be associated with what must have been ra... | 204 | Paleomap | 0 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
A **plea bargain**, also known as a **plea agreement** or **plea deal**, is a legal arrangement in criminal law where the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest to a charge in exchange for concessions from the prosecutor. These concessions can include a reduction in the severity of the charges, ... | 464 | Plea bargain | 0 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Disadvantages and issues {#disadvantages_and_issues}
### Scope for coercive manipulation {#scope_for_coercive_manipulation}
Plea bargaining is criticized, particularly outside the United States, on the grounds that its close relationship with rewards, threats and coercion potentially endanger the c... | 1,017 | Plea bargain | 1 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Disadvantages and issues {#disadvantages_and_issues}
### Issues related to cost of justice {#issues_related_to_cost_of_justice}
Another argument against plea bargaining is that it may not actually reduce the costs of administering justice. For example, if a prosecutor has only a 25% chance of winnin... | 82 | Plea bargain | 2 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Usage in common law countries {#usage_in_common_law_countries}
### Canada
In Canada, the courts always have the final say with regard to sentencing. Nevertheless, plea bargaining has become an accepted part of the criminal justice system although judges and Crown attorneys are often reluctant to re... | 591 | Plea bargain | 3 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Usage in common law countries {#usage_in_common_law_countries}
### England and Wales {#england_and_wales}
In England and Wales, plea bargaining, in the sense of seeking a particular sentence in exchange for dropping some charges, is not permitted; only the judge or magistrates have the power to dete... | 931 | Plea bargain | 4 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Usage in common law countries {#usage_in_common_law_countries}
### United States {#united_states}
Plea bargaining is a significant part of the criminal justice system in the United States; the vast majority (roughly 90%) of criminal cases in the United States are settled by plea bargain rather than ... | 723 | Plea bargain | 5 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Use in civil law countries {#use_in_civil_law_countries}
Plea bargaining is extremely difficult in jurisdictions based on the civil law. This is because, unlike common law systems, civil law systems have no concept of plea: if the defendant confesses, a confession is entered into evidence, but the p... | 708 | Plea bargain | 6 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Use in civil law countries {#use_in_civil_law_countries}
### Georgia
Plea bargaining (Georgian: საპროცესო შეთანხმება, literally \"plea agreement\") was introduced in Georgia in 2004. The substance of the Georgian plea bargaining is similar to the United States and other common law jurisdictions.
A ... | 868 | Plea bargain | 7 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Use in civil law countries {#use_in_civil_law_countries}
### Germany
Plea agreements have made a limited appearance in Germany. However, there is no exact equivalent of a guilty plea in German criminal procedure. In practice, the criminal justice system relied on negotiations behind closed doors for... | 1,013 | Plea bargain | 8 |
23,476 | # Plea bargain
## Use in civil law countries {#use_in_civil_law_countries}
### Spain
Spain has relatively recently adopted a limited form of plea bargaining and the procedure is called a \"conformity sentence\" meaning the accused is in agreement and can only be used in minor charges but not in serious charges where ... | 60 | Plea bargain | 9 |
23,483 | # Philosophy of perception
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Checker shadow illusion thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|The two areas of the image that are marked A and B and the rectangle connecting them are all of the same shade: one\'s eyes automatically \"correct\" for the shadow of the cylinder.
The **philosophy of perception** is co... | 611 | Philosophy of perception | 0 |
23,483 | # Philosophy of perception
## Problem of Perception {#problem_of_perception}
Important philosophical problems derive from the epistemology of perception---how we can gain knowledge via perception---such as the question of the nature of qualia. Within the biological study of perception naive realism is unusable. Howev... | 519 | Philosophy of perception | 1 |
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