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The number of participants with at least one bleeding episode.The total number of days on which bleeding occurred.Number of participants with at least one episode of severe or life‐threatening haemorrhage.Time to first bleeding episode from the start of study. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Comparison of different platelet count thresholds to guide administration of prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with haematological disorders after myelosuppressive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Disease‐free survival: defined as the time interval from the date of remission to leukaemic relapse or death from any cause.Overall survival: defined as the time interval from the date of randomisation or entry into study to death from any cause. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interleukin‐2 as maintenance therapy for children and adults with acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete remission | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
The number of participants with at least one bleeding episode.The total number of days on which bleeding occurred per participant.The number of participants with at least one episode of severe or life‐threatening haemorrhage.Time to first bleeding episode from the start of the study. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Different doses of prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with haematological disorders after myelosuppressive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survivalSuccessful stem cell collection | Provide primary outcome for the study
Additional plerixafor to granulocyte colony‐stimulating factors for haematopoietic stem cell mobilisation for autologous transplantation in people with malignant lymphoma or multiple myeloma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
All‐cause mortalityMortality due to bleeding, infection, transfusion reactions, or iron overload, or both. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Comparison of a restrictive versus liberal red cell transfusion policy for patients with myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia, and other congenital bone marrow failure disorders | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
The number of participants with at least one bleeding episode.The total number of days on which bleeding occurred per participant.The number of participants with at least one episode of severe or life‐threatening bleeding.Time to first bleeding episode from the start of the study. | Provide primary outcome for the study
A therapeutic‐only versus prophylactic platelet transfusion strategy for preventing bleeding in patients with haematological disorders after myelosuppressive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): defined as the time from randomisation or entry into study to death from any cause or last follow‐up.Disease‐free survival (DFS): defined as the time from complete remission (CR) to first relapse, or death from any cause or the last follow‐up. | Provide primary outcome for the study
The effects of idarubicin versus other anthracyclines for induction therapy of patients with newly diagnosed leukaemia | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Incidence of hepatic VOD (proportion of participants who developed hepatic VOD during the study period)Overall survival (reported as time‐to‐event data) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interventions for prophylaxis of hepatic veno‐occlusive disease in people undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Pain status (frequency, duration, severity, location, precipitating factors, modulating factors)Mood (anxiety, depression)Coping strategies (behavioural responses, cognitive strategies)Health service utilisation (frequency of Accident & Emergency department visits and hospital admissions, duration of hospitalisations, consultations with doctors (including general practitioners)) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Psychological therapies for sickle cell disease and pain | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival: the time from randomization until death from any cause (FDA 2007).Progression‐free survival: the time from randomization until objective tumor progression or death (FDA 2007).Safety: | Provide primary outcome for the study
Janus kinase‐1 and Janus kinase‐2 inhibitors for treating myelofibrosis | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Change in blood phenylalanine concentration | Provide primary outcome for the study
Sapropterin dihydrochloride for phenylketonuria | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Frequency of side effectsHaemoglobin and platelet countsHepatosplenomegalySpleen size (e.g. multiples of normal, tissue mL/kg body weight or mL)Liver size (e.g. multiples of normal, tissue mL/kg body weight or mL) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Weight gain, body mass index, z scores, centiles, other indices of nutritional status or growthMeasures of neuropsychological performance | Provide primary outcome for the study
Protein substitute for children and adults with phenylketonuria | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Treatment failure at Days 28, 42, and 63; PCR‐adjusted and PCR‐unadjusted.Our primary analysis drew on the WHO protocol for assessing and monitoring antimalarial drug efficacy (Bloland 2003). This protocol has been used to guide most efficacy trials since its publication in 2003, even though it was designed to assess the level of antimalarial resistance in the study area rather than for comparative trials. As a consequence, a high number of randomized participants are excluded from the final efficacy outcome as losses to follow‐up, or voluntary or involuntary withdrawals. For this reason we conducted a sensitivity analysis to restore the integrity of the randomization process and test the robustness of the results to this methodology. (For a summary of the methodology and sensitivity analysis see Table 1). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Artemisinin‐naphthoquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
MortalityBlood loss assessed objectivelyduring surgeryby variation of haemoglobin levelsby transfusion requirement (number of red blood cell (RBC) units infused)after surgeryby variation of haemoglobin levelsby transfusion requirement (number of RBC units infused)Need for re‐intervention | Provide primary outcome for the study
Treatment for preventing bleeding in people with haemophilia or other congenital bleeding disorders undergoing surgery | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
The specific aim of this systematic review was to meta‐analyse OS as the primary endpoint, as this is the outcome of greatest clinical relevance and utmost importance to patients. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Positron emission tomography‐adapted therapy for first‐line treatment in individuals with Hodgkin lymphoma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival defined as the time from randomisation until death from any cause, and measured in the intent‐to‐treat population (FDA 2007). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Eculizumab for treating patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (measured at any point in time). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Deferasirox for managing iron overload in people with myelodysplastic syndrome | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
For the conceptual framework, see Figure 1. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Bleeding control (the response to therapy judged by a clinician as bleeding resolved with date or bleeding not resolved) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interventions for treating acute bleeding episodes in people with acquired hemophilia A | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Incidence of acute GVHD.Overall survival. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Mycophenolate mofetil versus methotrexate for prevention of graft‐versus‐host disease in people receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
OS, defined as the time from random treatment assignment into the study to death from any cause or to last available follow up. | Provide primary outcome for the study
The role of additional radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Time to death (any cause) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Deferasirox for managing transfusional iron overload in people with sickle cell disease | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Total failure at days 28, 42, and 63; PCR‐adjusted and PCR‐unadjusted.Our primary analyses drew on the WHO's protocol for assessing and monitoring antimalarial drug efficacy (Bloland 2003). This protocol has been used to guide most efficacy trials since its publication in 2003, even though it was designed to assess the level of antimalarial resistance in the study area rather than for comparative trials. As a consequence, a high number of randomized participants are excluded from the final efficacy outcome as losses to follow‐up or voluntary or involuntary withdrawals. For this reason we conducted a series of sensitivity analyses to restore the integrity of the randomization process and test the robustness of the results to this methodology (For a summary of the methodology and sensitivity analysis see Table 2). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Dihydroartemisinin‐piperaquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
P. vivax parasitaemia detected more than 30 days after starting primaquine.Serious adverse events (fatal, life threatening, or requiring hospitalization). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Primaquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria treated with chloroquine | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Recurrence of P. vivax parasitaemia by days 14 and 28. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (or total mortality; we also planned to evaluate disease‐related mortality, if possible)Disease‐free survival (i.e absence of new disease, progression, and mortality)Locoregional recurrenceRecurrence (including loco‐regional recurrence and distant metastasis) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Appropriate outcome measures depend on the nature of the LRTI and the anatomical location. Some outcome measures allow pooled analysis across different anatomical locations and reflect the generally similar effect of radiation on most tissues. However, given the high clinical heterogeneity present, for this update, we have largely eliminated the overall estimates of effect across different anatomical areas.Studies were eligible for inclusion in our quantitative analysis if they reported any of the outcomes listed under Primary outcomes and Secondary outcomes. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for late radiation tissue injury | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS), defined as time from start of treatment until death by any causeHealth‐related quality of life (HRQoL), measured via validated international scalesToxicity/adverse events (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] grade 3 to 5, and Patient Reported Outcomes [PRO]‐CTCAE if reported) (Kluetz 2016) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Best first‐line therapy for people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer, performance status 2 without a targetable mutation or with an unknown mutation status | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causesProgression‐free survival (PFS): survival until disease progression | Provide primary outcome for the study
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
We sought the following outcomes of interest. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Functional capacity determined with the 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) (maximum number of metres walked in six minutes in a corridor at least 20 metres long) postoperativelyPostoperative complication rate (Clavien‐Dindo scale (CD) or Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) (Slankamenac 2013)) within 30 daysPatient‐reported HRQoL, measured using the following questionnaires: Short Form‐36 (SF‐36), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D), European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires Core module and ColoRectal cancer module (EORTC QLQ‐C30/‐CR29)) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Prehabilitation versus no prehabilitation to improve functional capacity, reduce postoperative complications and improve quality of life in colorectal cancer surgery | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS), defined as the time from random treatment assignment to death from any causeQuality of life (QoL), assessed with validated and reliable instrumentsSerious adverse events (SAEs)*, assessed as the number of participants with at least one eventIn one trial, QoL should have been assessed with FACT‐G, but we could not find results anywhere (NCT01392183).In another trial, QoL should have been assessed with FACIT‐F, but we could not find results anywhere (NCT01613846).Separate data for treatment‐naive participants were not reported in two trials (NCT00334282; NCT01030783).In one trial, 'time to definitive deterioration' analyses were reported, which were not a focus of this review (NCT00719264).In another trial, 'time to first deterioration' analyses were reported, which were not a focus of this review (NCT02811861).For one trial, we did not extract data because of a discrepancy between methods and reported results (NCT01064310).For one trial, it was not possible to estimate data from the provided graphs (NCT00631371).FKSI‐DRS in five trials (NCT00098657/NCT00083889; NCT00920816; NCT01108445; NCT03141177; NCT00903175).EQ‐5D‐VAS in three trials (NCT00098657/NCT00083889; NCT00920816; NCT02231749).FACT‐G in two trials NCT00098657/NCT00083889; NCT02231749).FACIT‐F in one trial (NCT00720941). | Provide primary outcome for the study
First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from any cause | Provide primary outcome for the study
Angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Breast cancer mortality | Provide primary outcome for the study
Mammography in combination with breast ultrasonography versus mammography for breast cancer screening in women at average risk | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival; determined as the time from randomisation until death from any cause.Frequency of adverse events, of any nature. This was subdivided into mild–moderate adverse events (e.g. musculoskeletal or abdominal pain), and life‐threatening events (e.g. electrolyte imbalance requiring hospitalisation). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interventions for weight reduction in obesity to improve survival in women with endometrial cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival: time to death during the follow‐up period, considered separately for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and early breast cancer | Provide primary outcome for the study
Skin‐sparing mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Fatigue, measured by a validated questionnaire such as the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI 20; Smets 1996), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Fatigue (FACT‐F; Cella 2002), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI; Mendoza 1999), or Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS; Reeve 2012). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Exercise interventions for adults with cancer receiving radiation therapy alone | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Time to death from prostate cancerSevere RT toxicity | Provide primary outcome for the study
Dose‐escalated radiotherapy for clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Number of participants with SSIs (infection of the incision site involving the skin and subcutaneous tissue (superficial), deep soft tissue (deep), or a part of the body deeper than the fascia/muscle layers that was opened or manipulated during the surgical procedure (organ/space) and occurs within 30 days after the surgical procedure);Number of participants with anastomotic leakage. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Preoperative combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation for preventing complications in elective colorectal surgery | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Participant‐reported fatigue relief, assessed with validated scales, such as Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Fatigue scale (FACIT‐F), European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ‐C30) fatigue subscale, Brief Fatigue Inventory, Profile of Mood States fatigue subscale, Visual Analog Fatigue Scale (VAFS), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) for reported relief of fatigue, or SF‐36 vitality subscale. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS), expressed as a hazard ratio (HR).Adverse events (AEs), expressed as the proportion of participants with Grade three or four AEs on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scale (CTCAE 2010). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival at one year, three years, and five years.Adverse event rates: the incidence of all reported adverse events or toxicities, including modification of treatment or withdrawal from the trial due to adverse events. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with colorectal cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
We considered all‐cause mortality as the primary outcome (survival period was defined as the time interval from random treatment assignment to either death from any cause or the last follow‐up).We did not separate the primary outcome data into short‐ (2 to 6 weeks), medium‐ (7 to 16 weeks), and long‐term (17 to 48 weeks) mortality (Higgins 2022). When possible, we also estimated mortality that occurred during hospitalisation. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Pre‐emptive antifungal therapy versus empirical antifungal therapy for febrile neutropenia in people with cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
The primary outcome for this review was cognitive performance as assessed by neuropsychological tests (and not self‐report); this could be a general or composite cognitive score or individual cognitive test scores using validated neuropsychological tests (e.g. Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised (HVLT‐R (HVLT‐R), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWA)). Cognitive functioning had to be measured at baseline and following intervention at any time point.In studies involving preventative interventions, we determined efficacy as a statistically significant improvement in cognitive functioning, or no change/decline from baseline. Studies could have objective cognitive functioning as a primary outcome or include cognitive performance as the secondary outcome to an alternative primary quality of life measure (e.g. fatigue, mood).In studies involving ameliorating interventions, we determined efficacy as a statistically significant improvement, or no change, in cognitive functioning from baseline. To increase the relevance of the review, we did not restrict eligible studies with respect to the time point at which cognitive functioning was measured at baseline or at follow‐up. We noted and discussed the time points at which cognitive functioning was measured. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interventions for preventing and ameliorating cognitive deficits in adults treated with cranial irradiation | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Risk of developing a postoperative pulmonary complication (i.e. pneumonia (new infiltrate coupled with either fever (greater than 38 ºC) and purulent secretions, or fever and white cell count greater than 11,000), bronchopleural fistula, severe atelectasis that required chest physiotherapy, or bronchoscopy and prolonged mechanical ventilation (greater than 48 hours)).Number of days participants needed an intercostal catheter following surgery.Safety of the intervention as measured by numbers of adverse events postintervention (preoperative). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Preoperative exercise training for people with non‐small cell lung cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Heart failure:clinical heart failure (as defined by the authors; including death caused by heart failure) clinical heart failure (as defined by the authors; including death caused by heart failure) and subclinical myocardial dysfunction (defined as either abnormalities in cardiac function measured by imaging (echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) or histological abnormalities scored by the Billingham score (Billingham 1978) on endomyocardial biopsy) combinedOverall survival (OS) or overall mortality | Provide primary outcome for the study
Dexrazoxane for preventing or reducing cardiotoxicity in adults and children with cancer receiving anthracyclines | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): survival until mortality from all causes. We planned to assess survival from the time when women were randomised into the studiesSurgery‐related adverse events: surgery‐related complications measured as the proportion of women who develop one or more of the items below (according to the study definition) within 12 weeksIntraoperative complicationsHaemorrhageBladder injuryGastrointestinal tract injury ‐ small or large bowelVascular injuryUreteric injuryNerve injuryCardiac or respiratory complicationsAnaphylaxisWe planned to classify postoperative complications as either early (before discharge from hospital or within seven days of surgery), late (from seven days to follow‐up: within 12 weeks of surgery), or total (early and late):Wound breakdownInfectionLymphocyst/lymphoedemaAbscessBowel obstruction/ileusBowel perforationPrimary haemorrhageSecondary haemorrhageUreteric obstructionFistula (urinary or bowel)Anastomotic leakHerniaCardiac or respiratory complicationsPulmonary embolismDeep vein thrombosisNeurologicalPsychiatric/psychosexual problemsCCRT‐related adverse events: CCRT‐related complications, measured as the proportion of women who develop one or more of the items below (according to the study definition) within two years:Haematological or blood (leukopenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, haemorrhage)Gastrointestinal or bowel (nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea, proctitis, bowel obstruction)Genitourinary (sexual dysfunction, urinary frequency, haematuria, incontinence, renal failure)Skin (stomatitis, mucositis, desquamation, alopecia, allergy)Lymphoedema (swelling of the legs due to lymphatic obstruction)InfectionNeurological or nervous system (peripheral and central)Pulmonary or lung (dyspnoea)General (weakness, fatigue, lethargy, malaise) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Debulking hysterectomy followed by chemoradiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy for FIGO stage (2019) IB3/II cervical cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
self/clinician report of number of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements (within 24 hours and two weeks, by any scale or measure);patient report change in bowel status measured using for instance the three‐item Bowel Function Index (BFI), where scores above 28.8 indicate constipation, or rating via the Patient Global Impression of Change using for bowel status a single rating system of better, no change or worse (within the duration of the trial).symptoms of opioid withdrawal such as sweating, tremor, restlessness and anxiety. This could be measured using for instance the Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS), where a total score of greater than five is considered elevated and clinically significant;change in analgesic requirements such as a 10% increase in requirements;intensity of pain however measured.number and type of adverse event. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes. Survival was assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study. One study reported disease‐specific survival rather than death from any cause (Aletti 2006a). We additionally added this as an outcome in the review. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Ultra‐radical (extensive) surgery versus standard surgery for the primary cytoreduction of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study, or as defined by the trial authors. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Lung cancer‐related mortality ≥ 5 years post‐randomisationHarms of screening at any time point, including the number of invasive tests performed in those with a false‐positive diagnosis (positive screen in the absence of lung cancer), and any complications arising from these tests, including death | Provide primary outcome for the study
Impact of low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening on lung cancer‐related mortality | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes. We assessed survival from the time when women were enrolled in the study.Response rate: the sum of complete and partial responders as defined by a standardised response criterion such as R esponse E valuation C riteria I n S olid Tumours (RECIST) or that of the World Health Organization (WHO) (Litière 2016; Park 2003).Quality of life, measured using a scale that has been validated through reporting of norms in a peer‐reviewed publication (Cella 1993; Spitzer 1981). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Taxane monotherapy regimens for the treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Pain was the primary outcome. This is often reported as pain intensity (typically reported as a continuous measure, measured on a visual assessment scale (VAS) or numerical rating scale (NRS)) or pain relief (typically reported as a categorical measure), which we have treated as measures of essentially the same thing, albeit from opposite starting points (i.e. effectiveness is demonstrated by pain intensity going down and by pain relief going up). The majority of the included studies reported pain intensity, with much fewer studies reporting pain relief apart from the newly added Chinese‐language studies (see also Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity; Sensitivity analysis; Excluded studies). We therefore meta‐analysed pain intensity and treated this as our primary outcome measure (see also Measures of treatment effect; Data synthesis), but we also meta‐analysed pain relief, where possible.Both these outcomes had to be participant‐reported and could be reported in any transparent manner (e.g. by using numerical or verbal rating scales). We did not consider these outcomes when reported by physicians, nurses, or carers. If possible, we aimed to distinguish between nociceptive and neuropathic pain, but the data were not presented in a manner that made this possible. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Length of postoperative hospital stay (i.e. the number of days from the day of surgery to discharge).Postoperative complication rate within 30 days of operation, for example: acute confusion, nausea and vomiting, postoperative fever, secondary haemorrhage, atelectasis (i.e. the lack of gas exchange within alveoli owing to blood consolidation), pneumonia, wound infection, wound or anastomosis dehiscence (i.e. breakdown of the stitches), embolism and deep vein thrombosis, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, bowel obstruction owing to fibrinous adhesions, paralytic ileus, incisional hernia, persistent fistula (i.e. an abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels that normally do not connect).Early and late postoperative mortality from all causes (early mortality is defined as death within 30 days of operation; late mortality is defined as death within two to three months of operation). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Perioperative enhanced recovery programmes for women with gynaecological cancers | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Complications (30 days; defined and graded by the Clavien‐Dindo complications classification system) (Clavien 2009).Cardiopulmonary complications (defined by authors, e.g. arrhythmia, ischaemias, atelectasis, hypoxaemia, pneumothorax, pulmonary oedema).Procedure‐related general complications (surgical morbidity).Pneumoperitoneum‐related serious adverse events (30 days; defined by authors, e.g. gas embolism, subcutaneous emphysema, abdominal explosion). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Gases for establishing pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic abdominal surgery | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
PFS, defined as time from randomisation to disease progression or death from any cause.OS, defined as time from randomisation to death from any cause.The primary toxicity outcome of interest was the risk of severe neutropenia, defined as grade 3 or 4 neutropenia classified according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 (CTCAE 2018). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Weekly versus tri‐weekly paclitaxel with carboplatin for first‐line treatment in women with epithelial ovarian cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Delayed gastric emptying (preferably defined according to the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) definition (Wente 2007a)). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Antecolic versus retrocolic reconstruction after partial pancreaticoduodenectomy | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Symptoms of AIMSS (specifically pain, stiffness and grip strength) from baseline. These were preferably assessed by validated questionnaires, such as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General (FACT‐G), Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36) and the Modified Score for the Assessment of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands (M‐SACRAH). These questionnaires identified participant symptoms including, but not limited to, pain (e.g. severity of pain, change in pain scores), physical function (e.g. using stairs, sitting up, performing domestic duties) and stiffness. These outcomes were assessed for both the impact on AIMSS immediately after the intervention, and in the long‐term, where available.Safety of the intervention, including adverse effects. All grade of adverse events were considered from each intervention. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Systemic therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor‐induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Progression‐free survival (PFS): defined as the time from date of randomisation to date of objective disease progression by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST 1.1; Eisenhauer 2009) or death from any cause, whichever occurred first.Adverse events (AE) as reported by the included trials individually. We presented the incidence of overall, grade 3 and 4, grade 5 AEs and by AE type (gastrointestinal, haematological, hepatic, and general). AE grade (1 to 5) was defined by common terminology criteria for AEs (CTCAE v4). We also presented treatment reductions, which includes possible dose reduction, interruption, and treatment discontinuation as a measure of tolerability. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Targeted therapy for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Quality of lifeSymptom controlPsychological outcomesOverall survival | Provide primary outcome for the study
Early palliative interventions for improving outcomes in people with a primary malignant brain tumour and their carers | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival, defined as the time to death from any cause (or total mortality) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Mortality30‐day mortality90‐day mortalityInfectious complicationsintra‐abdominal infection (measured at 30 days)wound infection (measured at 30 days)Drain‐related complications (measured at 30 days) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival: defined as the interval between the date of randomisation and the date of death from any cause.Progression‐free survival: defined as the time from randomisation to either death or disease progression, whichever occurred first. Disease progression was defined according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST; Therasse 2000), as at least a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum of the longest diameter recorded since the treatment starts, or the appearance of one or more new lesions. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Time to disease recurrence (time‐to‐event outcome).Time to disease progression (time‐to‐event outcome).Surgical complications, serious (grade III, IV, and V according to Clavien‐Dindo) (dichotomous outcome) (Clavien 2009). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Blue versus white light for transurethral resection of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
We included all trials fitting the inclusion criteria mentioned above, irrespective of reported outcomes. We estimated the relative ranking of competing interventions according to each of the following outcomes. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Antiemetics for adults for prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: a network meta‐analysis | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Incidence of breast hematoma within 90 days of breast surgery (requiring reoperation, interventional drainage, or no treatment). Hematomas were measured with clinical diagnosis alone or imaging.Pain intensity 24 (± 12) hours following surgery. Pain was measured with validated pain scales including the numerical rating scale (NRS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and verbal categorical rating scale (VRS), which are ascertained from reviews on pain assessment (Hjermstad 2011; Younger 2009). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Perioperative systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in women undergoing breast surgery | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Psychological outcomes (e.g. state anxiety, depression, distress, mood, hope, resilience)Physical symptoms (e.g. fatigue, pain) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
All‐cause mortality | Provide primary outcome for the study
Oral anticoagulation in people with cancer who have no therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
CVC‐related sepsis (CRS). Many CRS definitions are used throughout the literature; most studies used the catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) or central‐line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) definition (CDC CLABSI Criteria; Mermel 2009; O'Grady 2002). Some authors registered all bloodstream infections (BSI), defined as infection‐related symptoms and a positive blood culture.Local infections, i.e. exit‐site infections (positive exit site culture, cellulitis or pus around the exit site) or tunnel infections (cellulitis overlying the tunnel tract). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing gram‐positive infections associated with long‐term central venous catheters in adults and children receiving treatment for cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
All‐cause mortality. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Antithrombotic therapy for ambulatory patients with multiple myeloma receiving immunomodulatory agents | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Proportion of students meeting recommendations for moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)Duration of MVPASedentary time | Provide primary outcome for the study
School‐based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Health‐related quality of life after surgery (at time point closest to 12 months postoperatively), assessed by any generic and disease‐specific questionnaires on domains such as global health status and physical and mental well‐being.Incidence of anastomotic leakage (defined as Clavien‐Dindo grade II or greater) (Clavien 2009; Dindo 2004), within 30 days after surgery. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Roux‐en‐Y versus Billroth‐I reconstruction after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
All‐cause mortality.Serious adverse events. We used the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice's definition of a serious adverse event (ICH‐GCP 1997), i.e. any untoward medical occurrence that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly or birth defect. We considered all other adverse events as non‐serious (see below).Health‐related quality of life (as reported by the participants and as assessed by standard grading systems measured on a valid scale (e.g. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Hepatobiliary cancers) (FACT‐Hep 2015). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Uptake or non‐uptake of cervical screening, as recorded by health service records (such as screening administration system, hospital or primary care physician records)Uptake or non‐uptake of cervical screening as collected via self‐report (i.e. directly reported by the participant in a telephone interview or questionnaire) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Event‐free survival (as defined by the authors of the original study)Overall survival (as defined by the authors of the original study)Quality‐adjusted survival (as defined by the authors of the original study)Toxicity (i.e. adverse effects) of the treatment (as defined by the authors of the original study) | Provide primary outcome for the study
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
1.1 Local recurrence‐free survival (LR‐FS) in the ipsilateral breast. We defined local recurrence as a recurrence of the same histological type of cancer within the same quadrant of the breast as the primary cancer.1.2 Cosmesis (cosmetic outcome or breast appearance). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Participant‐reported pain intensity levels measured using a validated VAS or categorical pain scale. We were particularly interested in, but not limited to, numbers of participants who achieved 'no worse than mild pain' (Moore 2013). "No or mild pain" has been previously considered as: 3/10 on a numerical rating scale, or 30/100 mm on a VAS (Wiffen 2013). We did not consider physician, nurse or carer‐reported measures of pain.Participant‐reported pain relief measured using a validated scale. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Hydromorphone for cancer pain | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survivalSerious adverse events | Provide primary outcome for the study
Degarelix for treating advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Quality of life: measured by scales such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL Core), Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), and DISABKIDS or other validated questionnaires.Adverse events related to the physical therapy intervention such as falls, fractures, soft tissue injuries, or any worsening of impairments (e.g. pain) requiring withdrawal from the study. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Physical therapy interventions, other than general physical exercise interventions, in children and adolescents before, during and following treatment for cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): defined as death from any cause from time of randomisationProgression‐free survival (PFS): defined as time free of disease progression or death from time of randomisation | Provide primary outcome for the study
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery versus surgery followed by chemotherapy for initial treatment in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Local control (LC) with proton compared to photon therapy, defined by the authors of the included studies by only included study as the absence of tumor or persistent mass with no evident growth (Park 2006).Overall survival (OS) with proton compared to photon therapy, defined by authors of the included studies (5 years (Park 2006 ; Jagersberg 2017) , and 10 years overall survival (Park 2006).Progression‐free survival (PFS) with proton compared to photon therapy, defined by authors of the included studies as the period between the time of additional surgery and former surgery (Takahashi 2009).Treatment‐related toxicity, using definitions provided by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, particularly the frequency of higher severity (grade 2 or above) adverse events (CTCAE 2017). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Protons versus photons for the treatment of chordoma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Time to recurrence (time‐to‐event outcome).Time to progression (time‐to‐event outcome).Grade III to V adverse events (dichotomous outcome). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS): defined as time from randomisation to death from any cause (https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/overall-survival).Progression‐free survival (PFS): defined as time from randomisation to cancer progression or death from any cause. (https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/progression-free-survival). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS), defined as the length of time from randomisation to death from any cause. | Provide primary outcome for the study
PARP (Poly ADP‐Ribose Polymerase) inhibitors for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survivalProgression‐free survival | Provide primary outcome for the study
First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Lean body mass, assessed at the first study time point following the end of an exercise programme. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS), defined as the time interval from randomisation to death from any cause, or to last follow‐upSpecific adverse events, including gastrointestinal perforations or fistulae, haemorrhage, thromboembolic events, and hypertension | Provide primary outcome for the study
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting therapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Quality of recovery during the initial postoperative period (1 to 3 days) assessed by outcomes such as incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative analgesic requirement, hospital stay, time to ambulation, and patient satisfactionPostoperative pain at rest at 2 hours, at 6 hours, and at 24 hours on the first postoperative day measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) with a range of 0 to 10, or 0 to 100, or a numerical rating scale (NRS) with a similar rangePostoperative pain on movement at 2 hours, at 6 hours, and at 24 hours on the first postoperative day measured on a VAS with a range of 0 to 10, or 0 to 100, or an NRS with a similar rangeMortality related to the anaesthetic technique, if any | Provide primary outcome for the study
Paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation versus general anaesthesia for women undergoing breast cancer surgery | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival: survival from study entry until death from all causes, or as reported by investigatorsHealth‐related quality of life (QoL): as measured using a standardised questionnaire, e.g. the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ‐C30 or QLQ‐BN20 (specific for brain cancer), or the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale (FACT‐G (general) or FACT‐Br (specific for brain cancer)) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Treatment options for progression or recurrence of glioblastoma: a network meta‐analysis | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
1. Endometrial polyps2. Endometrial hyperplasia3. Endometrial cancer | Provide primary outcome for the study
Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Time to death due to any causeQuality of life | Provide primary outcome for the study
Abiraterone acetate in combination with androgen deprivation therapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy only for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival: generally defined in RCTs as time elapsed between randomisation (or study enrolment or intervention initiation) to date of death from any cause.Breast cancer recurrence: generally defined in RCTs as time elapsed between randomisation (or study enrolment or intervention initiation) and event, with event defined as disease recurrence. | Provide primary outcome for the study
Body weight management in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Proportion of participants with pain response. We considered all trials reporting on the proportion of participants with pain response. We did not impose restrictions on pain assessment tools or the definition of pain response in the trials. We defined pain response as a reduction in pain scores as defined in the trials (see Effects of interventions under Primary outcome: proportion of participants with pain response; Network meta‐analysis).Adverse eventsRenal impairment. We considered all trials reporting renal adverse events. As drugs might be described with nephrotoxicity with variable expression, we considered creatinine elevation and renal failure as renal adverse events.Osteonecrosis of the jaw | Provide primary outcome for the study
Bisphosphonates or RANK‐ligand‐inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases: a network meta‐analysis | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Overall survival (OS)Progression‐free survival/time to progression (PFS/TTP) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Platinum‐containing regimens for triple‐negative metastatic breast cancer | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Progression‐free survival (PFS)Overall survival (OS)Serious adverse events (SAEs; Grade 3 or 4) | Provide primary outcome for the study
Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
First‐time symptomatic venous thromboembolism during ALL treatment with asparaginase until four weeks after the last asparaginase dose (the cut‐off time point of measurable pegylated asparaginase activity (Henriksen 2017)) (benefit; dichotomous).All‐cause mortality (harm; dichotomous).Major bleeding events during treatment with primary systemic prophylactic treatment for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (harm; dichotomous), defined as non‐traumatic fatal bleeding and/or symptomatic haemorrhage in a critical area or organ (intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal, intra‐articular, pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome) and/or bleeding causing a decrease in haemoglobin level of at least 20 g/L (1.24 mmol/L) within one day, or leading to transfusion of at least 2 units of whole blood or red blood cells (Schulman 2005)). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Prophylaxis of thromboembolism during therapy with asparaginase in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Patient health‐related quality of life, measured using validated assessment scales which may be generic and disease/condition‐specific health‐related quality of life measures; andPatient symptom burden, specifically, a collection of two or more symptoms which could be physical (e.g. pain), psychological (e.g. anxiety, depression), social or spiritual domains, either patient or proxy‐reported through validated generalised assessment scales. | Provide primary outcome for the study
The effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of hospital‐based specialist palliative care for adults with advanced illness and their caregivers | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
Urinary continence within one week after catheter removal (dichotomous outcome).Urinary continence three months after surgery (dichotomous outcome).Serious adverse events (dichotomous outcome). | Provide primary outcome for the study
Retzius‐sparing versus standard robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. | You are a research assistant. Based on the question please provide appropriate answers |
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