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Introduction
In humans, ACTN4 mutations cause a form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (Kaplan et al. 2000). This lesion, which describes a pattern of injury characterized by regions of sclerosis in some renal glomeruli, is a common finding in kidney disease from a wide range of primary disorders, including ... | 15208719 | PMC423141 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e167 |
From a biochemical perspective, a living cell is a collection of molecules jampacked into a confined space by a flexible barrier, called the plasma membrane. A diverse array of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane act as conduits between the cell interior and its external environment, conveying nutrients, metabolit... | 0 | PMC423142 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e168 |
It goes without saying that the cellular plasma membrane effectively creates a barrier between the inside (intracellular area) and outside (extracellular area) of the cell it defines. In order for the cell to sense and respond to its environment (including other cells and the supporting structures that comprise the ext... | 15208721 | PMC423143 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e169 |
Blackburn and Rowley's (2004) criticism of a report on embryonic stem cell research from the President's Council on Bioethics (2004) is puzzling. Where is the bioethics? The nub of their complaint is that some details of the report have been partisan and have distorted ‘the potential of biomedical research and the moti... | 15208722 | PMC423144 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e170 |
Throughout his career, Bela Julesz created new scientific disciplines by remarkable combinations of seemingly disparate approaches. The selection of his major discipline, which would eventually be called visual neuroscience, may have been serendipity or choice.
When the unexpected Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 sp... | 0 | PMC423145 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e172 |
Introduction
The waking brain updates and fulfills intentions through brain processes that operate within and across multiple brain areas to integrate perception, association, and action. Fulfillment of intentions is facilitated by features of these and other processes that support informed anticipation of and selectiv... | 15208723 | PMC423146 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e176 |
I read with interest the article in a recent issue of PLoS Biology by Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley, two of the scientific members of President Bush's Council on Bioethics. Invited by the President to serve on this Council, they say that it was ‘a difficult invitation to accept’. Maybe, but that they did accept ... | 15208724 | PMC423147 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e177 |
Light waves from an awaited signal—a white circle—arrive at the subject's eye; within a fraction of a second, the subject's thumb presses a button. Between eye and thumb lies the central nervous system, its feats of perception, integration, and response largely opaque to scientific scrutiny. Imaging techniques like mag... | 0 | PMC423148 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e180 |
It is indeed regrettable that a distinguished and thoughtful scientist such as Elizabeth Blackburn should have been dismissed from the President's Council on Bioethics. Scientific perspectives such as hers are surely needed on this committee.
Her dismissal was apparently the consequence of her disagreement with some o... | 15208726 | PMC423149 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e181 |
In the very thoughtful essay “Reason as Our Guide” by Drs. Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley (2004), the authors highlight a key concern with the reports published by the President's Council on Bioethics—the lack of credible scientific information being passed on to policy makers.
Blackburn and Rowley point out man... | 15208727 | PMC423150 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e182 |
From a human perspective, sexes seem a relatively simple thing to get one's head around—there are females, and there are males. But our perspective seems biased and narrow when applied to life as a whole, says evolutionary biologist Laurence Hurst of the University of Bath, United Kingdom.“If you were a single-celled a... | 15208728 | PMC423151 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e183 |
Every time a cell divides, it must first duplicate its entire genome. Barring the occasional error, the daughter cells inherit identical copies of the parent cell's genome. With a typical human cell containing almost 9 feet of DNA made of 3 billion base pairs crammed into a nucleus about 5 microns (.0002 inches) in dia... | 0 | PMC423152 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e184 |
Since the days of ancient Greece, mathematics has been used to describe the world in the hopes of identifying underlying laws of nature. Physicists have long relied on mathematics to understand the behavior and interaction of particles too small to observe directly. Since it's not always possible to determine the behav... | 0 | PMC423153 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e185 |
It's no surprise that the Amazonian rainforest contains far more species than, say, the Siberian tundra. Over 50% of the world's species live in tropical rainforests, which cover just 6% to 7% of the earth's terrestrial surface. That the number of marine and terrestrial species declines with distance from the equator i... | 0 | PMC423154 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e186 |
The biogerontologist David Sinclair and the bioethicist Leon Kass recently locked horns in a radio debate (http://www.theconnection.org/shows/2004/01/20040106_b_main.asp) on human life extension that was remarkable for one thing: on the key issue, Kass was right and Sinclair wrong. Sinclair suggested, as have other exp... | 0 | PMC423155 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e187 |
In their essay in the April 2004 issue of PLoS Biology, Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley (2004), two distinguished cellular biologists and members of the President's Council on Bioethics, strongly question the scientific foundation of two reports from the Council (President's Council on Bioethics 2003, 2004). The C... | 15208732 | PMC423156 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e188 |
It is a great pity when vested interest and dogma dominate what should be a well-informed and rational debate. The essay by Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley (2004), about the output and the workings of the President's Council on Bioethics, therefore prompted in me a strong reaction of sadness and despair, although ... | 15208733 | PMC423157 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e189 |
Consider a piece of text, either this one that you are now reading or any other. Surely they are all pretty much alike, in so far as they are all run-on strings of characters. In this same sense, we can envision that all DNA strands are alike because all are monotonous polymers with the same general chemical makeup. In... | 15208734 | PMC423158 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e190 |
When Francis Collins and Craig Venter reported the draft sequence of the human genome in 2001, Collins described the so-called book of life as more of a life sciences encyclopedia. In it, we can find our evolutionary history written in the fossil record of our DNA, a parts manual listing the genes and proteins needed t... | 0 | PMC423159 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e192 |
Understanding how the cell functions—or breaks down—implies an understanding of the assembly lines, transportation systems, and powerhouses that keep it running. Global approaches are needed to identify the numerous proteins essential to each cellular machine. But which techniques are best? Lars Steinmetz and colleague... | 0 | PMC423160 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e193 |
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) made a brief media splash last year when a kidney transplant forced NBA superstar Alonso Mourning into early retirement. Mourning's condition elicited a flood of calls from fans offering their kidneys, but most people with kidney disease are not so lucky. Some 56,000 patients a... | 0 | PMC423161 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e194 |
Calcium makes up just 2% of the human body, and 99% of it is sequestered in bones and teeth. The remainder exists within and around cells, influencing a variety of cellular processes, from transcription and cell survival to nerve signaling and muscle contraction. Calcium inhabits the intra- and extracellular space as a... | 0 | PMC423162 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e195 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 5:
Mre11 Assembles Linear DNA Fragments into DNA Damage Signaling Complexes
Vincenzo Costanzo, Tanya Paull, Max Gottesman, Jean Gautier
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020110
Because of a labeling error, the size of the DNA fragment used throughout the experiments was reported incorr... | 0 | PMC423163 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e229 |
Introduction
Subsequent to the discovery of DNA as the information-carrying blueprint for biopolymer assembly, the possibility has existed for its utilization to program molecular processes devised by man. DNA is an attractive material for several reasons. It provides very high information density: a micromolar solutio... | 15221027 | PMC434148 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e173 |
Introduction
Creation of molecular function represents a fundamental challenge. Nature accomplishes the task through evolution, iterating cycles of selection, amplification, and diversification. Multiple generations of selective pressure and reproduction transform a diverse population into one consisting only of molecu... | 15221028 | PMC434149 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e174 |
Introduction
A number of strategies have been proposed recently to enable the in vitro selection and evolution of chemical libraries (Harbury and Halpin 2000; Gartner and Liu 2001). These new approaches to molecular discovery rely upon DNA-directed synthesis, whereby a physical linkage is established between DNA “genes... | 15221029 | PMC434150 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e175 |
Introduction
As a typical metazoan suffers numerous microbial assaults during its lifespan, survival depends on robust defense strategies. Metazoan defenses are classified as either innate or adaptive. Adaptive immunity is characterized by elaborate genetic rearrangements and clonal selection events that produce an ext... | 15221030 | PMC434151 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 22; 2(8):e203 |
Traditionally, developing small molecules for research or drug treatments has been a painstaking enterprise. Drugs work largely by binding to a target protein and modifying or inhibiting its activity, but discovering the rare compound that hits a particular protein is like, well, finding a needle in a haystack. With a ... | 0 | PMC434152 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e222 |
Introduction
Genetic variation in pathogen virulence (harm to the host) has been found whenever it has been looked for. A considerable body of theory, based on the transmission consequences of virulence, has been developed to predict how natural selection will act on this genetic variation and how it will shape virulen... | 15221031 | PMC434153 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 22; 2(9):e230 |
An organism's ability to sense and respond to potentially harmful pathogens is key to its survival. To fight off disease and infection, organisms must detect pathogens, activate immune cell signaling pathways, and produce molecules able to thwart a pathogenic attack. So fundamental is this need that molecules and prote... | 0 | PMC434154 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 22; 2(8):e249 |
Strictly defined, evolution is a change in the gene pool, or total set of genes, of a given population over time. Genetic changes that increase the fitness of an organism—that is, increase survival or fertility—are more likely to be retained, through natural selection, and passed on to succeeding generations. In the cl... | 0 | PMC434155 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 22; 2(9):e251 |
The hardest working molecules in cell biology, proteins abound in a dazzling variety of shapes and sizes to carry out an equally impressive array of tasks. Many proteins function within the cell, while others get shipped out to locations both near and far. Specialized organelles within the cell package the traveling pr... | 0 | PMC439008 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 29; 2(8):e253 |
The eyes may be the window to the soul for poets, but for neuroscientists, they serve a more practical purpose. Of the 100 trillion or so cells that make up the human body, over 100 billion are dedicated to the structure and operation of the brain alone. Given the molecular and functional complexity inherent in such nu... | 0 | PMC439009 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 2(9):e265 |
Introduction
Exocytosis allows cells to transport membrane-impermeable macromolecules outside without compromising the integrity of the plasma membrane. The proteins that form the conserved machinery for constitutive and regulated exocytosis have been identified (Sollner and Rothman 1996), and calcium has been identifi... | 15226824 | PMC439782 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 29; 2(8):e233 |
Introduction
The vertebrate retina is a model system for studying both the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Only six major types of neurons develop within the retina, along with a single type of glial cell (Rodieck 1998). These cells are readily distinguished from one another by morphology ... | 15226823 | PMC439783 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 2(9):e247 |
Introduction
Pattern formation in multicellular organisms relies on inductive signaling events. Several evolutionarily conserved ligand–receptor combinations and associated signal transduction pathways are used again and again during development to induce tissue- and cell-type-specific responses. Thus, context-dependen... | 15252441 | PMC449784 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e158 |
Introduction
In mammals, dosage differences of X-linked genes between XX female and XY male cells are adjusted by transcriptional inactivation of one of the two female X chromosomes. X inactivation is a multistep process, in which the cell counts the number of X chromosomes, chooses one to be active, and silences all o... | 15252442 | PMC449785 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e171 |
Introduction
Transcriptional repression is an important feature of developmental processes, where it is necessary for establishing intricate patterns of gene expression (reviewed in Herschbach and Johnson 1993; Gray and Levine 1996; Hanna-Rose and Hansen 1996; Courey and Jia 2001; Gaston and Jayaraman 2003). Drosophila... | 15252443 | PMC449821 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e178 |
Introduction
Immunoglobulin (Ig) genes are further diversified after V(D)J rearrangement by gene conversion, hypermutation, or a combination of the two. Surprisingly, even closely related species employ different strategies: mice and humans use exclusively hypermutation (Milstein and Rada 1995), whereas rabbits, cows,... | 15252444 | PMC449846 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e179 |
Introduction
Mammals have been severely affected by the current extinction crisis: around a quarter of extant species are considered to be threatened with extinction (Hilton-Taylor 2000). Understanding the ecological processes that cause some species to decline, while others remain relatively safe, may help to predict ... | 15252445 | PMC449851 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e197 |
Introduction
There is now compelling evidence that a subset of T-cells with regulatory activity suppresses T-cell activation in both mice and humans (Sakaguchi et al. 1995; Asano et al. 1996; Suri-Payer et al. 1998; Takahashi et al. 1998; Thornton and Shevach 1998; Baecher-Allan et al. 2001; Dieckmann et al. 2001; Jonu... | 15252446 | PMC449855 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e198 |
A single, fertilized egg divides into apparently identical daughter cells. As these twins divide again and again, differences emerge among their progeny, establishing segments that will distinguish back from front and head from tail in the growing embryo. Development of segments—and, later, distinct tissues—requires a ... | 0 | PMC449864 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e204 |
The process of morphogenesis has long inspired the wonder and imagination of those who study it. And until the advent of adequate microscopy and lab techniques in the early 19th century, theories based more on imagination—like preformation, which held that sperm harbored fully formed, tiny beings—than observation persi... | 0 | PMC449866 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e205 |
If necessity is the mother of invention, then its father is an inveterate tinkerer, with a large garage full of spare parts. Innovation (like homicide) requires motive and opportunity. Clearly, the predominant ‘motive’ during the evolution of a novel gene function is to gain a selective advantage. To understand why gen... | 15252449 | PMC449868 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e206 |
Introduction
Gene and Genome Evolution
The evolution of genomes has been primarily driven by single basepair mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, and gene duplication (Ohno 1970; Samonte and Eichler 2002), with the latter being the key mechanism for generating new genes and biological processes that facilitated the ev... | 15252450 | PMC449870 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e207 |
Close to a quarter of the world's mammals are at high risk of extinction. Save for the periodic “great extinctions,” mammalian extinction has been a relatively rare event in geological terms, with one species disappearing from the fossil record every 1,000 years or so. Over the past 400 years, species have been disappe... | 0 | PMC449891 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e208 |
Nearly a dozen varieties of interdependent cells work in harmony to protect the body from infectious pathogens. Dendritic cells and B-cells carry remnants of pathogens to nearby helper T-cells (also known as CD4 cells because they express the CD4 protein on their surfaces), which coordinate a threat response by signali... | 0 | PMC449894 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e209 |
“…where people do come with a sense that there's going to be openness. That there's going to be a great comfort with people standing up and challenging a particular perspective. That young people are welcome. That old codgers are welcome as well. This is sort of the idyllic way that science is supposed to happen. And C... | 15252453 | PMC449895 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e210 |
Introduction
When a scout honeybee discovers an attractive patch of flowers, she returns to the hive and performs the famous “waggle dance” to advertise the location of the food source to her nestmates (von Frisch 1993). The dance consists of a series of alternating left-hand and right-hand loops, interspersed by a seg... | 15252454 | PMC449896 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e211 |
Introduction
Seasonal behaviors occur in virtually all organisms, ranging from insects to mammals (Goldman et al. 2004). Just as circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate daily cycles of light and dark, circannual behaviors such as migration allow them to predict and respond to seasonal changes in environmental c... | 15252455 | PMC449897 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e212 |
In July 2000, the finger of blame for a mysterious mass killer of Californian oak trees came to rest on a previously undescribed plant pathogen. From the initial identification of Phytophthora ramorum, it took less than four years to produce a draft sequence of its genome, one of the fastest-ever discovery-to-sequence ... | 15252456 | PMC449898 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e213 |
A scientist living in Russia is often asked two questions: “Why haven't you left?” and “Is it still possible to work there?” The best response to the first question is, “Why should I?”—which either terminates the conversation or leads to a stimulating discussion about the fate of the world. The second question, however... | 15252457 | PMC449899 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e214 |
During development, cells need to communicate with each other to establish properly organised and functional tissues. Cells communicate with each other in various ways, such as by secreting and receiving diffusible molecules (morphogens, hormones, and neurotransmitters) or by establishing intercellular connections (gap... | 15252458 | PMC449900 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e215 |
Experimental psychologists working with humans have a fundamental advantage over scientists studying the behaviour of other animals. This is because human subjects can give a verbal account of their experience. For example, they can report: ‘These two lights of different colour look equally bright’ or ‘This object look... | 15252459 | PMC449901 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e216 |
Every spring and fall, billions of songbirds fly thousands of miles between their summer breeding grounds in North America and their wintering grounds in the more hospitable climes of southern California, Mexico, and Central and South America. While some birds fly during the day, most, including the white-crowned sparr... | 0 | PMC449902 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e221 |
At some time almost 4 billion years ago, nature likely was faced with a chemical dilemma. Nucleic acids had emerged as replicable information carriers and primitive catalysts (Joyce 2002), yet their functional potential was constrained by their structural homogeneity and lack of reactive groups. These properties render... | 15252462 | PMC449903 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e223 |
Viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens betray their presence in the body through exterior proteins, distinct to each strain. To prepare for the multitude of potential infectious agents, developing B-cells shuffle their genes to produce as many as a billion different antibodies, one to match almost any foreign protein. ... | 0 | PMC449904 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e226 |
When a trip for food can require a three-mile flight, it pays to get the directions right, especially if you're a bee. Bees more typically forage within a 600- to 800-yard radius, expending a significant amount of energy—a fact they seem keenly aware of: for reasons that remain unclear, bees tend to ignore directions t... | 0 | PMC449905 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e227 |
This is the third installment in a series of editorials on the implications of open-access publishing for established publishing practices and stakeholders in scientific and medical research.
The questions, tensions, and social concerns surrounding copyright and the Internet are very different for scientific and m... | 15252465 | PMC449906 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e228 |
Some primatologists have argued that to understand human nature we must understand the behavior of apes. In the social interactions and organization of modern primates, the theory goes, we can see the evolutionary roots of our own social relationships. In the genomic era, the age-old question, What makes us human? has ... | 0 | PMC449907 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e236 |
In mammals, males usually have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. This crucial difference sets the sexes apart, but also creates a problem—female cells have the potential to turn out twice as much X-based gene product as necessary. Males with multiple–X chromosome syndromes face a similar pr... | 0 | PMC449908 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e238 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 6:
Integrative Annotation of 21,037 Human Genes Validated by Full-Length cDNA Clones
Tadashi Imanishi, Takeshi Itoh, Yutaka Suzuki, Claire O'Donovan, Satoshi Fukuchi, et al.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020162
1. The abbreviation FLJ was expanded incorrectly (as full-length long ... | 0 | PMC450293 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e256 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Layered materials including graphene, dichalcogenides MX2, MXenes, and layered thiophosphates MPS3 have attracted considerable attention because of their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties (1–5). Among the multitude of possibilities, an important application of layered dichalcogenide... | 39018401 | PMC466940 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:28:12 | no | Sci Adv.; 10(29):eadn5899 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Large datasets can be incredibly useful for statistical and research purposes, including use cases in the public interest. For example, census data benefits a wide range of stakeholders, from central governments to local authorities, businesses, and academics (1). Unlike traditional types of data, such... | 39018389 | PMC466941 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:17 | no | Sci Adv.; 10(29):eadn7053 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Fostering motivation is essential to effective teaching. More motivated students persist longer in the face of setbacks, learn and retain more, and are more likely to pursue additional learning (1–3). Self-determination theory (SDT), one of the most prominent psychological models of motivation, posits ... | 39018403 | PMC466944 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:17 | no | Sci Adv.; 10(29):eado6759 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment (1). Monoclonal antibodies targeting the immune checkpoints have found clinical success in patients with immunogenic cancers such as melanoma and non–small cell lung cancer (2–5). However, activation of the adaptive immune system via immune checkpoint b... | 39018400 | PMC466951 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:17 | no | Sci Adv.; 10(29):eado0082 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Cancer cells undergo global transcriptional changes resulting from genetic and epigenetic alterations during tumorigenesis (1). While regulatory remodeling can arise from somatic noncoding mutations (2), epigenomic studies have revealed that transformation is associated with aberrant epigenetic activat... | 39018396 | PMC466953 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:17 | no | Sci Adv.; 10(29):eado1218 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
In eukaryotes, cap-dependent mRNA translation initiation involves the initial recognition of the 5′ m7G cap structure by a multiprotein complex known as eIF4F, which consists of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), the RNA helicase eIF4A, and the scaffold protein... | 39018414 | PMC466957 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Sci Adv.; 10(29):eadl5638 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Hydrogel machines and devices have begun to emerge at the forefront of bioelectronics and soft robotics, on account of their tissue-like mechanical and electrical properties (1–6). While conventional electronics use rigid metallic materials with electrons as charge carriers, hydrogel devices use soft w... | 39018406 | PMC466958 | CC BY | 2025-02-18 23:15:57 | no | Sci Adv.; 10(29):eadn5142 |
pmcIntroduction
Paget's disease (PD) is the leading cause of skull sclerosis, a process that consists of multiphasic, abnormal, and excessive bone turnover causing remodeling and distortion of the underlying bony architecture [[7], [8], [9]]. This process involves 3 histological phases: a lytic phase with bone resorpt... | 39022114 | PMC466966 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Radiol Case Rep. 2024 May 17; 19(8):3205-3210 |
pmcSpecifications TableSubject Food Science : Food Technology
Specific subject area Food processing, solid–liquid separation, dewatering of cassava flour
Type of data Tables
Data collection Dewatering kinetics were measured in a filtration–consolidation cell. The cassava height, the filtrate mass, the air pressure a... | 39022689 | PMC466970 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Data Brief. 2024 Jun 9; 55:110600 |
pmc1 Introduction
The advantages of reduced-crude protein (CP) diets in chicken-meat production are compelling as they range from an attenuation of nitrogen (N) and ammonia (NH3) emissions to a reduced dependency on imported, expensive soybean meal in most countries of the world (Greenhalgh et al., 2020a). However, th... | 39022775 | PMC466976 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Anim Nutr. 2024 May 10; 18:49-56 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Any difficulty or deviation in vocal emission that hinders the natural production of the voice can be called dysphonia(1). The voice is multidimensional; therefore, dysphonia can impact various aspects of an individual's quality of life, including physical, functional, emotional, or cultural aspects. I... | 38836821 | PMC466997 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Codas.; 36(3):e20230023 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Hearing puts individuals in contact with their environment and is highly relevant to the development of learning, as it allows them to analyze and understand auditory information in different contexts(1).
Central auditory processing (CAP) encompasses a set of skills, such as identifying the lateraliza... | 38896744 | PMC466998 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Codas.; 36(3):e20230098 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Age-related hearing loss is one of the most prevalent chronic health conditions in old age, resulting from the cumulative effects of aging on the auditory system(1). The characteristics of age-related hearing loss are progressive, bilateral sensorineural type, symmetrical, and descending audiometric co... | 38896743 | PMC466999 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Codas.; 36(3):e20230094 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
The basic audiological assessment consists of a battery of tests, including pure-tone audiometry, speech perception assessment and acoustic immittance measurements(1). Although the results obtained through these tests are extremely important and indispensable for audiological diagnosis, their results p... | 38836822 | PMC467000 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Codas.; 36(3):e20230091 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Ankyloglossia is a congenital alteration characterized by the permanence of a fibrous tissue band, caused by the failure to loosen the tongue from the buccal floor, in which the apex of the tongue is attached to a marginal resection of the alveolar ridge(1). Commonly called tongue-tie, ankyloglossia oc... | 38922259 | PMC467001 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Codas.; 36(3):e20230108 |
pmc1 Introduction
Premature birth (PTB), defined as the delivery of a baby before reaching 37 weeks of gestational age, is a significant global concern [1,2]. Recent data indicates that approximately 13.4 million newborns were born prematurely, and this number continues to rise, emphasizing the urgency of addressing t... | 39027525 | PMC467042 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 18; 10(13):e32457 |
pmc1 Introduction
Fluidized bed (FB) was first applied for gasification, starting 100 years ago. Below, gasification will be mentioned, but the problems to be treated are mostly occurring in boilers. Therefore, the emphasis is on combustion, where the development was strongly enhanced about 50 years ago.
It is easy t... | 39027594 | PMC467045 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 21; 10(13):e33415 |
pmc1 Introduction
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) encompass a range of conditions marked by the gradual degeneration and impairment of the organization and function of the nervous system, predominantly impacting neurons. Typically, these diseases result in a slow deterioration of cognitive abilities, motor functions... | 39027624 | PMC467046 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 8; 10(13):e32755 |
pmc1 Introduction
With the improvement of living standards, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is gradually increasing. It is estimated that by 2045, there will be around 700 million people living with diabetes globally [1]. In a representative sample of Chinese adults, the prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 11.... | 39027562 | PMC467047 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 16; 10(13):e32524 |
pmc1 Introduction
Thanks to the promotion of research and innovation, the number and diversity of therapeutics used in the fight against cancer have increased significantly over recent years. Thus, in October 2019, 48 % of the world's registered clinical trials concerned oncology [1]. The increases in the number of pe... | 39027520 | PMC467051 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 10; 10(13):e32683 |
pmcBefore the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there had been marked progress in improving reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health (RMNCH) outcomes in the southeast Asia region (SEAR), and most SEAR countries were on track to attain the SDG 3 health targets related to RMNCH outcomes. In this issue of The Lanc... | 39021481 | PMC467053 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia. 2024 Jun 19; 25:100433 |
pmcArtificial intelligence (AI) has paved the way for the development of a wide range of new applications in medicine, harnessing the computational power of modern IT infrastructure for tackling tasks that allow delivering better patient care.
Radiologists have been at the forefront of the so-called 'AI revolution' si... | 39022613 | PMC467055 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Eur J Radiol Open. 2024 Jan 6; 12:100547 |
pmc1 Introduction
Worldwide, an estimated 2.4 million newborn deaths were reported in 2019 [1]. Early initiation of breastfeeding is one of the recommended strategies to reduce neonatal mortality [[2], [3], [4]]. Early initiation of breastfeeding is commencing of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth [3]. It... | 39027529 | PMC467058 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 23; 10(13):e33427 |
pmcEarly detection and intervention are key for addressing undernutrition in children.1 Increased global coverage of mobile phones could be a game-changer for nutrition surveillance. By reducing the cost and increasing the coverage and speed of nutrition information systems, technology-enabled solutions hold the promis... | 39021482 | PMC467062 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia. 2024 Mar 11; 25:100381 |
pmc1 Introduction
SPR is a prominent analytical technique used in the investigation of interactivity between biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, RNA [1], as well as interactions between molecules and surfaces. SPR relies on observing variances in the refractive index adjacent to the metal surface when molecules latch... | 39027546 | PMC467066 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 18; 10(13):e33224 |
pmc1 Introduction
Nanotechnology has lately emerged as one of the most important science due to technical improvement in a wide range of study fields, for example chemistry, biology, physics, material science, pharmacy, environment, and medicines [1]. The utilization and control of matter in such a way that one of its... | 39027488 | PMC467069 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 22; 10(13):e33327 |
pmc1 Introduction
Global climate change and unpredictability have exacerbated irregular rainfall in many places of the world [1,2]. Rainfall plays an integral role in shaping the planet's climate and water cycle through hydrological, ecological, and biochemical mechanisms [3,4]. Rising global temperatures directly imp... | 39027508 | PMC467070 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Heliyon. 2024 Jun 19; 10(13):e33235 |
pmc Research in context
Evidence before this study
The international league against epilepsy taskforce recommends phenobarbital as first line treatment for neonatal seizures. However, no definite recommendations are available for second line antiseizure medications due to lack of evidence.
Prior to the current study... | 39021480 | PMC467079 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia. 2024 Feb 15; 25:100371 |
pmcAcute heart failure (AHF) is characterized by new-onset or worsening symptoms of heart failure, often leading to hospitalization and mortality. Current treatment options for AHF mainly focus on relieving symptoms and reducing fluid overload, which can have potentially harmful effects on kidney function. Consequently... | 38967127 | PMC467088 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Ren Fail.; 46(2):2373275 |
pmcIntroduction
Microtubules are polar dynamic cytoskeletal polymers, formed by αβ-tubulin heterodimers, that can either rapidly grow or disassemble. Microtubule dynamics is essential for many processes within the eukaryotic cells, including the formation of the mitotic spindle, cell motility, and vesicular transport1... | 38904149 | PMC467089 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem.; 39(1):2367139 |
pmcIntroduction
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) remains the first option for long-term vascular access. The incidence of chronic kidney disease and prolonged overall dialysis time required for patients has increased in the contemporary aging population. Patients frequently experience vascular exhaustion due to chronic med... | 39011597 | PMC467093 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Ren Fail.; 46(2):2371056 |
pmc1. Introduction
Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), the most prevalent kidney disease, afflicts a substantial proportion of the global chronic kidney disease population [1,2]. CGN is an immune disease characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) [3]. Three... | 38946402 | PMC467094 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:18 | no | Ren Fail.; 46(2):2371059 |
pmcIntroduction
User involvement is crucial for sustainable support systems (Grim et al., 2022; Näslund et al., 2018), and maintaining opportunities for people to be included in participatory work is particularly important in times of crisis (Beresford et al., 2021). During the pandemic, reports showed that the social... | 39010745 | PMC467096 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:19 | no | Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being.; 19(1):2380360 |
pmcIntroduction
Amaranthus, a genus within the family Amaranthaceae, includes approximately 70 species of herbaceous plants with a global distribution. These plants are generally annual or perennial, featuring monoecious flowers and leaves of diverse shapes. The Amaranthus genus holds significant economic and cultural... | 39021392 | PMC467102 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:19 | no | Mitochondrial DNA B Resour.; 9(7):8715-875 |
pmcIntroduction
Cancer is an enormous burden for all worldwide. About 10 million people die annually, with more than $1.16 trillion cost1–3. Metastasis represents the major cause of death and is regulated mainly by angiogenesis, implying proliferation, metastasis, and endothelial differentiation4. Tumour aggressivenes... | 38904116 | PMC467104 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:19 | no | J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem.; 39(1):2358934 |
pmcIntroduction
Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic microorganism that is widely recognised for its involvement in both hospital-acquired and community-based infections, especially those related to ventilator use, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia1–4. The pathogen infamy is due to its exceptional genomic fle... | 39012078 | PMC467105 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:19 | no | J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem.; 39(1):2372731 |
pmcLutein, zeaxanthin, and meso- zeaxanthin are xanthophylls exclusively concentrated at the macula, where they are referred to as macular pigment (MP).1–3 These molecules are primarily localized in the membrane of photoreceptor layers and at the level of retinal membranes surrounding the Henle's fibers.4 A physiologic... | 39007849 | PMC467106 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:19 | no | Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024 Jul 15; 65(8):23 |
pmcBackground
Diabetes remains one of the major, global clinical and public health threats with consistent rises in prevalence around the world over the past four decades [1]. In 2017, approximately 451 million adults were living with diabetes worldwide with this figure projected to rise to 693 million by 2045 unless ... | 39011874 | PMC467110 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:19 | no | Glob Health Action.; 17(1):2364498 |
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