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Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by the production of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against a wide spectrum of self-antigens, mainly from subcellular compartments, especially the cell nucleus. Genetic predisposition is an important contributor to susceptibility t... | 15314659 | PMC509305 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e243 |
Introduction
The vast majority of all cellular secretory and membrane proteins are folded and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), from which they are transported to their final destination in the secretory pathway. When the protein folding capacity of the ER is exceeded or experimentally impaired, unfolded prot... | 15314660 | PMC509306 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e246 |
Sooner or later, a gardener looking for “nontoxic” ways to control the inevitable attack on a favorite plant will discover the nicotine remedy. Steep a cup of loose tobacco in a gallon of water, let it sit overnight, strain, and spray away. Caterpillars, aphids, and a diverse array of insects predisposed to devouring p... | 0 | PMC509307 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e250 |
As the presumed “seat of consciousness,” the cerebral cortex mediates the higher-level cognitive processing—such as abstract thought—that humans like to think distinguishes them from other animals. The cerebral cortex is, in fact, significantly larger in the human brain and has far more “columns” than it does in other ... | 0 | PMC509308 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e254 |
For a three-millimeter invertebrate, the Drosophila fruitfly has a remarkably sophisticated immune system. Granted, it can't customize an immune response by grooming cells to “remember” and target specific pathogens. But it can rally the less specialized tools of innate immunity to fight disease and infection, and in s... | 0 | PMC509309 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e255 |
My graduate adviser, Sydney Brenner, used to exclaim ‘Revenons à nos mutants!’ as he sat down at the bench to search for yet more genetic variants of C. elegans. Those mutants won him a Nobel Prize, some thirty years later. Armand Leroi is another aficionado of C. elegans mutants, but he decided to write a book—and the... | 0 | PMC509310 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:06 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e262 |
Cell and molecular biologists have a good start at understanding the adult salamander's enviable ability to completely regrow a lost limb or jaw. (Salamanders can even regenerate portions of their eyes and heart.) Happily, mammals share many of the required cellular skills—though in an untapped form. In response to inj... | 0 | PMC509311 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e266 |
At first glance, the preschool classroom on the other side of the two-way mirror looks like any other—brightly colored rugs, scattered toys, and tiny chairs. But almost immediately an observer notices differences in the Team Toddle students here at the Neuropsychiatric Institute of the University of California at Los A... | 15314667 | PMC509312 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e267 |
Machinery within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells modifies, folds, and assembles proteins as needed to suit their functions at or past the cell membrane. When this system is hampered or overtaxed, a buildup of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the ER triggers the “unfolded protein response,” which... | 0 | PMC509313 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e269 |
To maintain the integrity of their genetic content, cells closely monitor the state of their chromosomal DNA. Any break or pairing anomaly in the double helix is perceived as damage that must be repaired. Mechanisms that sense DNA damage enlist the help of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, which stall cell division until... | 0 | PMC509314 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e270 |
There is an old Chinese curse: ‘May you live in interesting times.’ According to those who know about such things, we live in a momentous time, the time of the Sixth Mass Extinction! But most of us do not feel at all cursed. Because, in fact, the Sixth is quite different to the previous Big Five—no-one would notice thi... | 15314670 | PMC509315 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e272 |
Organisms of vastly differing morphologies, ecologies, and behaviors—such as fruit flies and humans—are now known to share a multitude of molecular, cellular, and developmental processes. Not only is there extensive similarity in the sequences of fly and human genes, but in addition, almost all of the proteins and majo... | 15314671 | PMC509316 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e276 |
When gene therapy was introduced nearly fifteen years ago, it was widely hailed as a panacea. Since many diseases have a genetic component, the hope was that gene therapy could replace compromised genes with healthy versions to treat everything from inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis to cancer and HIV. That great... | 0 | PMC509317 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e281 |
Every multicellular organism depends on the coordinated actions of a multitude of cell types, each designed to carry out specific jobs. In vertebrates, for example, the task of ferrying oxygen to organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body is shouldered by red blood cells. These cells must develop early in the embry... | 0 | PMC509318 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e282 |
In the 2002 thriller Memento, the protagonist, Lenny, is plagued by a crippling neurological disorder that renders him incapable of storing memories for longer than fifteen minutes. He wants nothing more than to avenge the murder of his wife, but as another character in the film tells him, “Even if you get revenge, you... | 0 | PMC509319 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e283 |
The essential difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells evolve. Most cancers arise from a single cell through a sequential evolutionary process of mutation and selection. Cancer cells harbor mutations in a number of critical genes that, at various stages during the evolution of the tumor, pr... | 0 | PMC509320 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e284 |
DNA mutates, and it's a good thing it does. If it didn't, there could only be one kind of life, not the millions there are today, and species could not adapt to new challenges. This is because mutations in genes—the coding portion of DNA—are the raw material for evolution. However, genes make up a surprisingly small fr... | 0 | PMC509321 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e287 |
Introduction
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is inherited through mutations in either of two different genes: LMNA, encoding A-type lamins, and STA, which encodes a nuclear membrane protein named emerin (Nagano et al. 1996; Emery 2000; Bengtsson and Wilson 2004). Lamin filaments and emerin interact at the nucl... | 15328537 | PMC509406 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e231 |
Introduction
The continuous shaping of plant form is a marvel of signal integration. In early seedling development this is particularly clear, as environmental cues, such as light, profoundly alter the innate morphogenetic program. How diverse pathways merge to determine a discrete cellular growth response is largely u... | 15328536 | PMC509407 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e258 |
Introduction
In the primary visual cortex (V1), different trials of presentation of an identical stimulus yield highly variable firing rates (Heggelund and Albus 1978). This trial-to-trial variability is not inherited from subcortical inputs, as these respond in a much more consistent fashion (Kara et al. 2000). Instea... | 15328535 | PMC509408 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e264 |
Introduction
The androgen receptor (AR) is the cellular mediator of the actions of the hormone 5-α dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Androgen binding to AR leads to activation of genes involved in the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and other tissues such as bone and muscle. However, it is the pivo... | 15328534 | PMC509409 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e274 |
Introduction
Skeletal muscle fibers are generally classified as type I (oxidative/slow) or type II (glycolytic/fast) fibers. They display marked differences in respect to contraction, metabolism, and susceptibility to fatigue. Type I fibers are mitochondria-rich and mainly use oxidative metabolism for energy production... | 15328533 | PMC509410 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 24; 2(10):e294 |
Anyone who thinks plants are passive inhabitants of their environment has never seen time-lapse footage of a seedling bursting from its protective shell or a climbing vine coiling around a tree. Such films dramatize a fundamental fact of plant life: survival depends on responding to environmental cues. Shoots grow towa... | 0 | PMC509411 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e299 |
In June, muscular dystrophy patients lost one of their most passionate advocates to a rare form of this degenerative neuromuscular disorder—thirteen-year-old Mattie Stepanek. In his short life, Stepanek wrote five volumes of inspirational poetry, topping the New York Times bestseller list and winning accolades from the... | 0 | PMC509412 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e300 |
One of the major players in prostate cancer is a nuclear signaling protein called the androgen receptor. Prostate growth and development is regulated by androgen hormones (like testosterone) that activate the androgen receptor. When an androgen binds the receptor, the receptor binds other proteins, called coactivators,... | 0 | PMC509413 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e305 |
People are unpredictable. One night you may crave Italian food, but another only Thai will do. One day you might finish a crossword puzzle in record time, and the next not a single clue prompts an answer. Such behavioral variation has been found in laboratory studies, too: a person's ability to find a faint image on a ... | 0 | PMC509414 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e314 |
Have you ever noticed that long-distance runners and sprinters seem specially engineered for their sports? One's built for distance, the other speed. The ability to generate quick bursts of power or sustain long periods of exertion depends primarily on your muscle fiber type ratio (muscle cells are called fibers), whic... | 0 | PMC509415 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 24; 2(10):e322 |
Background
Skeletal muscle adapts to neural and use-dependent signals by altering its mass and phenotypic properties, including the proportion of slow (I) and fast (IIa, IIx, and IIb) myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms [1,2]. Calcineurin has been implicated as a regulatory molecule involved in the transduction of contra... | 15282035 | PMC509416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Jul 28; 5:28 |
Background
The typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) is a speciose family within the furnariid radiation (sensu [1]) of the New World suboscine clade. The family includes fully 200 species [2] that all are restricted to neotropical forests. Most species are arboreal or undergrowth inhabitants, while only a few members are ... | 15283860 | PMC509417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Jul 30; 4:23 |
Background
Establishing genomic resources for closely related species will provide comparative insights that are crucial for understanding diversity and variability at multiple levels of biological organization. Expressed sequence tags (EST) are particularly useful genomic resources because they enable multiple lines o... | 15310388 | PMC509418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 13; 5:54 |
Background
Extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP) exert a wide range of biological effects in blood cells mediated by multiple ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors [1-3]. So far, the P2Y family is composed of eight cloned and functionally distinct subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y... | 15291969 | PMC509419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Aug 3; 5:16 |
Background
Changes in corneal curvature and axial length have been reported following scleral buckling procedure using keratometer [1-7]. Videokeratography has also been used to assess the corneal surface changes after buckling procedure[8].
All these studies have reported a change in the corneal curvature in its ante... | 15291963 | PMC509420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 Aug 3; 4:10 |
Background
Bipolar disorder is a chronic severe mental illness affecting approximately 1% of the adult population. The most widely used mood stabilizer for this condition is lithium [1], although the exact mechanism by which it is clinically effective remains undetermined. One suggestion is that it acts via effects on ... | 15283867 | PMC509421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Jul 30; 3:13 |
Introduction
Chromate reductases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of toxic and carcinogenic Cr(VI) to the less soluble and less toxic Cr(III). These proteins have recently raised enormous interest because of their central role in mediating chromium toxicity and their potential use in bioremediation an... | 15287990 | PMC509422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Aug 2; 3:10 |
Background
Drugs that may slow or halt the breakdown of cartilage and other joint tissues in osteoarthritis (OA) and possibly improve symptoms and function are now being developed in the pharmaceutical industry. The potential availability of disease modifying OA drugs has focused attention on our relative lack of infor... | 15279676 | PMC509423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Jul 27; 2:38 |
Review
In multicellular organisms, every cell comprising every tissue, organ, or organ system constantly strives to maintain homeostasis in the face of destabilizing influences. Whether it is external stimuli such as toxic chemical exposure or changes in oxygen tension, or natural alterations in pH or osmolarity due to... | 15296508 | PMC509424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2004 Aug 6; 2:8 |
Background
Dendritic Cell (DC) vaccination is one of the most promising tools of immunological therapy for cancer. Administration of DC, generated and loaded with tumor antigens ex vivo, can be used to circumvent tumor immunotolerance [1,2]. A large number of immature DC (iDC) can be produced by culturing peripheral bl... | 15285807 | PMC509425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Jul 30; 2:27 |
Background
It is estimated that nearly 7.2 million people in Asia and the Pacific region are now living with HIV/AIDS, one million of whom acquired the virus in 2002 [1]. Of these, more than 2.4 million are women (ages 15–45) [1]. India's national HIV prevalence rate of less than 1% offers little indication of the seri... | 15287983 | PMC509426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Aug 2; 2:28 |
Background
A role for immune responses, involving antigen presentation and immune-response-generating cytokines, in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease was recognized for a decade before the term neuroinflammation came into widespread use [1,2]. A PubMed search using "neuroinflammation" as the only k... | 15285801 | PMC509427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Jul 30; 1:14 |
Background
cDNA microarrays consist of thousands of individual DNA sequences printed in a high density array on a glass slide. After being reverse-transcribed into cDNA and labeled using red (Cy5) and green (Cy3) fluorescent dyes, two target mRNA samples are hybridized with the arrayed DNA sequences or probes. Then, th... | 15268767 | PMC509428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 21; 5:97 |
Background
Predicting weight loss outcomes from information collected from subjects before they start weight management programs is a long-standing goal [1]. In effect, if individual variability in obesity treatment remains as high as it is presently, identifying variables that moderate outcomes (i.e., that explain for... | 15287984 | PMC511005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Aug 2; 1:12 |
Background
The initial event in taste transduction involves recognition of taste stimuli by plasma membrane-associated receptor proteins. These proteins are concentrated at the apical end of specialized neuro-epithelial cells (taste cells) found within multicellular end-organs known as taste buds [1,2]. The recognition... | 15282034 | PMC511074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Jul 28; 5:25 |
Background
Very rapid and inexpensive methods exist for determining the genotype of diploid organisms at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Unfortunately, these high-throughput methods do not provide direct information on which SNP alleles at multiple sites coexist on the same chromosome. Instead, computational me... | 15291970 | PMC512280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Aug 3; 5:22 |
Background
The signaling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) and components of its intracellular signaling pathway have been the subject of intensive research in several species from fruit fly to man during recent years. Numerous developmental and morphogenic processes are controlled by the Hedgehog family of proteins. Much effort ... | 15268766 | PMC512281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Jul 22; 5:49 |
Background
The mammalian retina is a highly structured tissue developmentally originating from neuroectodermal evagination of the diencephalon and subsequent invagination processes resulting in the formation of two cellular layers which ultimately give rise to the inner neural retina and the outer retinal pigment epith... | 15283859 | PMC512282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Jul 29; 5:50 |
Background
The generation of reliable gene expression data with cDNA microarrays requires fabrication of quality arrays. This task encompasses the amplification of adequate amounts of concentrated PCR product for use as probe from the cDNA clone, followed by ordered arraying of the probes onto coated glass slides. The ... | 15294027 | PMC512283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 4; 5:53 |
Background
Rapid progress being made in genome sequencing projects provides raw material for the potential understanding of gene function, so effective reverse genetic strategies are increasingly in demand [1]. Sequence information alone may be sufficient to consider a gene to be of interest, because sequence compariso... | 15282033 | PMC512284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Jul 28; 4:12 |
Background
The management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has improved over the last 50 years with the more frequent use of effective medicines and procedures. The clinical benefit of the speciality of the attending physician is less clear. The effect of the speciality of the attending physician on mortality in AM... | 15298699 | PMC512285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Aug 6; 4:14 |
Background
Aging results in an important decrease of muscle power and exercise capacity[1]. Therefore, elderly often function at the limit of their capacity in order to fulfill the activities of daily living [2]. Determination of the remaining physical capacity can be important in clinical decision-making. From previou... | 15272934 | PMC512286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2004 Jul 23; 4:6 |
Background
Fusobacterium necrophorum may cause a number of clinical syndromes, collectively known as necrobacillosis. Meningitis is a significant cause of mortality, rarely reported in the adult population. Diagnosis is often delayed by difficulties encountered in isolating the organism. Here, we report a fatal case of... | 15296514 | PMC512287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 5; 4:24 |
Background
Myopia is one of the leading causes of vision loss around the world[1]. In the United States, myopia affects approximately 25% of adult Americans[2]. Ethnic diversity appears to distinguish different groups with regard to prevalence. Caucasians have a higher prevalence than African Americans[3]. Asian popula... | 15291966 | PMC512288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Aug 3; 5:20 |
Background
Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is one of the most common complications of the pregnancy.
Preterm PROM is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly because it is associated with brief latency from membrane rupture to deliver, perinatal infection, and umbilical ... | 15291965 | PMC512289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Aug 4; 4:15 |
Background
The invasion of surrounding tissues by neoplastic cells is one of the most important steps in tumor progression. Proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] contribute to tumor expansion by degrading components of the extracellular matrix [ECM]. MMPs are a 21-member family of zinc-dependent ... | 15291964 | PMC512290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 3; 4:42 |
Background
The Hedgehog family of genes encodes secreted signaling molecules that regulate cell proliferation and cell fate determination. In mammals, there are three such genes: Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). All three Hedgehog (Hh) proteins function by binding to the transmemb... | 15294024 | PMC512291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 4; 4:43 |
Background
The chromosomal translocation t(8;21) (q22;q22), which is associated with 10–15% of all cases of acute myeloid leukaemia, fuses the DNA binding domain of the transcription factor RUNX1 (also called AML1 or CBFα) to the almost complete open reading frame of CBFA2T1 (also named MTG8 or ETO) [1,2]. The resultin... | 15298716 | PMC512292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 6; 4:44 |
Background
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness which tends to run in families. Moreover, schizophrenia is a complex disorder with multiple environmental as well as genetic predisposing effects. Previous studies have shown that many neuropsychological functions are impaired in schizophrenia patients, and, to a less... | 15271222 | PMC512293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Jul 22; 4:20 |
Background
The World Health Organization estimates that 300 to 500 million people are diagnosed with malaria annually, causing 1.1 to 2.7 million deaths. Approximately 1 million of these deaths are among children in sub-Saharan Africa, where 90% of all malaria cases occur [1]. During the 1950's and 1960's, a coordinate... | 15296512 | PMC512294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Aug 5; 4:33 |
Background
Bone formation to bridge the fracture gap following skeletal fracture slows with age in both humans [1-6] and rats [7-9]. While young, 6-week-old rats reach radiographic union by 4 weeks after femoral fracture, adult, 26-week-old rats require 10 weeks, and older, 52-week-old rats need in excess of 6 months [... | 15291962 | PMC512295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Aug 3; 5:24 |
Background
Mixed evergreen forests form the smallest, most widely distributed and fragmented biome in southern Africa [1]. Originally classified as Undifferentiated Afromontane forest [2], 44% of this vegetation type within South Africa has been transformed [2]. The forest biome only covers 0.56 % of South Africa [3], ... | 15287991 | PMC512296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Aug 2; 4:9 |
Background
Whiteflies, psyllids, and aphids correspond to superfamilies within the suborder Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) [1]. These insects share a number of common properties that are a consequence of their utilization of plant phloem as their diet. This mode of feeding is accomplished by means of needle-like stylets th... | 15291971 | PMC512530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Aug 3; 4:25 |
Introduction
Plant evolution under domestication has led to increased productivity, but at the same time it has narrowed the genetic basis of crop species (Ladizinsky 1998). A major objective in modern breeding is to return to the wild ancestors of crop plants and employ some of the diversity that was lost during domes... | 15328532 | PMC514488 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 24; 2(10):e245 |
Introduction
Major evolutionary transitions (Maynard-Smith and Szathmáry 1995) require the evolution of mechanisms that moderate within-group conflict (Keller 1999; Queller 2000; Michod and Roze 2001). One such mechanism is mutual policing, where members of a group collectively prevent individuals from acting in their... | 15328531 | PMC514489 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e248 |
Introduction
In mammalian cells multiple mechanisms of endocytosis operate within a single cell to perform nutrient uptake, cellular homeostasis, neurotransmission, signal transduction, antigen presentation, and defence against pathogens. Endocytosis comprises two major categories, phagocytosis and pinocytosis, dependi... | 15328530 | PMC514490 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e261 |
Introduction
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a useful model for aging research, leading to the identification of new longevity genes and pathways whose counterparts can be examined in higher eukaryotes (Kaeberlein et al. 2001). One measure of aging in yeast is the finite replicative life span (... | 15328540 | PMC514491 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e296 |
Ever since the early Greeks recast humans as the center of the universe and remade God in their own image, Western philosophers and poets have grappled with the limits of human mortality. Philosophers found relief from Keats's “unwilling sleep” by dividing human existence into body and soul and asserting that the true ... | 0 | PMC514492 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e308 |
You are what you eat and drink. Steak can sit in your stomach or orange juice wind through your intestines, but they only become part of your body once they're taken up by your cells. First, foods must be reduced to a soup of proteins, fats, sugars, and so on. But even then, getting these materials into a cell isn't as... | 0 | PMC514493 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e318 |
The order and harmony that appears to bless the lives of many social insects, from ants to bees, has long fascinated naturalists. That individual workers seem to routinely sacrifice their own (reproductive) interests for the good of the colony has also piqued the interest of philosophers and kings, for obvious reasons.... | 0 | PMC514494 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 24; 2(9):e324 |
The birth of agriculture, some 10,000 years ago in the Middle East's Fertile Crescent, revolutionized human culture and society. Refined farming techniques led to increased yields and freed humans from the demands of constant foraging. Along with that freedom came social complexity, division of labor, improved standard... | 0 | PMC514495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 24; 2(10):e331 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. To develop and assess the efficacy of control measures, it is important to obtain a better understanding of how the malaria disease burden is distributed among population groups and how this burden is affected by ... | 15282030 | PMC514496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Jul 28; 3:26 |
Background
Malaria continues to be the largest single component of the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa, even though simple, effective and affordable treatments exist. Malaria's pervasive morbidity and high mortality persist because of failed transactions between those at risk of malaria transmission and availab... | 15282029 | PMC514497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Jul 28; 3:27 |
Background
Knowledge of the spatial distribution of Loa loa is important in countries involved in the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) and is also now a significant issue for the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). Both programmes rely on the wide-scale distribution of anti-he... | 15298709 | PMC514498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2004 Aug 6; 3:7 |
Background
The identification of viable hibernating myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease and chronic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is, up to today, the most common use of stress echocardiography in patients with heart failure. However, to search viable myocardium or the presence of contractile reserv... | 15285780 | PMC514499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Jul 30; 2:11 |
Background
For several recombinant proteins produced in Esherichia coli there seems to be a strong dependence of the productivity and product quality on the limiting substrate feed rate at induction [1-8]. Different feed profiles in fedbatch cultivation have thus been used to affect the growth rate and thus the product... | 15282031 | PMC514524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Jul 28; 3:9 |
Background
Intravenous urography (IVU) has been the gold standard for the radiological survey of intra renal collecting system, ureter and bladder. Choice of imaging for urinary tract in patients with raised serum creatinine is limited to non-contrast enhanced studies. These considerations have led to the use of other ... | 15283870 | PMC514525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:01 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2004 Jul 29; 4:2 |
Findings
In the mid 1950s, one of the main lines of research followed by the Helminthiasis Research Unit (HRU), at Kumba in the then British Cameroons was to establish the relationship between human infections with Loa loa and the highly similar Loa parasites which were found in several species of local monkey, especia... | 15283865 | PMC514527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2004 Jul 29; 3:5 |
Background
Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death in the Western world despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy [1]. Immunotherapy has attracted attention as a novel treatment modality that may exploit the host immune response against tumour cells. However, definitive evidenc... | 15298707 | PMC514528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Aug 6; 3:21 |
Background
Endothelial dysfunction occurs early in the development of atherosclerosis. Historically, evaluation of endothelial function in small animals has been performed on isolated vessel segments, or vessels exposed by surgical procedures. Very few attempts were made to develop a method of analysis of endothelium-d... | 15268763 | PMC514529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Jul 21; 2:10 |
Background
Mood disorders are a major public health problem in the United States as well as globally, imposing a substantial burden of disability, impaired quality of life, and death if they remain untreated [1-3]. National estimates for 12-month prevalence of depressive disorders for adults aged 18 and over range betw... | 15285812 | PMC514530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Jul 30; 2:40 |
Background
It is now widely accepted that examining quality of life is an important aspect in the treatment and evaluation of many conditions. Functional status is seen as an important determinant of quality of life. A wide variety of instruments have been developed to quantify functional status [1]. These instruments ... | 15291958 | PMC514531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Aug 3; 2:42 |
Public-private partnerships in health – a global call to action
Public-private partnerships are being increasingly encouraged as part of the comprehensive development framework. The need to foster such arrangements is supported by a clear understanding of the public sectors inability to provide public goods entirely on... | 15282025 | PMC514532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2004 Jul 28; 2:5 |
Background
Countries and international agencies have made a qualitative leap in the funding of the global disease challenges. The Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria has received pledges totalling over US$ 2 billion. Bilateral donors are also making important funding contributions. In this context, strengthening of he... | 15296509 | PMC514533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2004 Aug 5; 2:6 |
Background
Multiplicity of infection (MOI) is a parameter that has been commonly used to predict viral infectivity in a population of target cells. With wild type viruses, an "infectious unit" refers to the smallest amount of virus capable of producing an infection in a susceptible cell. The titre of the original suspe... | 15291957 | PMC514534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Aug 4; 2:6 |
Background
The proteasome degrades many cellular proteins, several with regulatory functions. It is not surprising that proteasome inhibitors affect many biologic processes [1] including prevention of cancer [2]. The effect of proteasome inhibition on cell growth and possible cancer chemoprevention has been reviewed by... | 15296516 | PMC514535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 5; 4:15 |
Introduction
During exercise in normoxia, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscle tissue has been shown to dip to as low as 3.1 mm Hg, whereas in the capillary, it remains at 38 mm Hg (Hoppeler et al. 2003). In order to maintain effort, skeletal muscle exertion must be able to rely on pathways designed to help the tis... | 15328538 | PMC514537 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 24; 2(10):e288 |
It's a common runner's complaint. Just when you've built up enough strength and endurance to make running fun, those niggling aches and pains won't go away. Every time your foot hits the ground, a force equal to about twice your weight shoots through your body, eventually chipping away at bones, cartilage, muscles, ten... | 0 | PMC514538 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 24; 2(10):e315 |
Background
Studies of differential expression of individual genes often find genes that are up-regulated in some tumors, and down-regulated in others. Microarray studies typically seek to identify differentially expressed genes using use fold-change [1], t-tests [2], and models [3-6]. Studies of global gene expression ... | 15307894 | PMC514539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 12; 5:110 |
Background
Phylogenetic relationships among animals, fungi, and plants have been a controversial issue. Although fungi traditionally had been considered more closely related to plants than to animals, Whittaker and Margulis [1] classified the fungi as a separate kingdom in their five-kingdom classification: the three m... | 15298704 | PMC514540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Aug 9; 4:26 |
Background
As a consequence of the deluge of completely sequenced genomes belonging to a large array of species, one can expect to identify many homologues of enzymes which have been previously well studied at the experimental level. This seems to be the general rule and the public sequence databanks (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank... | 15287962 | PMC514541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 2; 5:52 |
Background
The DEAD/H box family of RNA helicases has been demonstrated to be involved in virtually all processes that require manipulation of RNA including transcription, pre-mRNA and pre-rRNA processing, RNA export, ribosome assembly and translation [1]. Although, in vitro, several members of this family have been sh... | 15298701 | PMC514542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Aug 6; 5:11 |
Background
The family Fabaceae includes many crops useful for food, forage, fiber, wood and ornamental purposes. In this family, a few legumes such as chickpea, soybean, fababean, fenugreek, lentil, pea etc. are consumed as grain legumes. The grain legumes are plants used as food in the form of unripe pods, mature seed... | 15285785 | PMC514543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Jul 30; 4:13 |
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is nowadays divided into three different forms; paroxysmal, persistent and permanent [1]. Even if the pathological, electrical and physiological phenomena leading to AF have been described in ever more detail, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. The relati... | 15291967 | PMC514544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Aug 3; 4:13 |
Background
A study is more likely to appear in the literature, and thus be indexed and publicly available, if it shows a strong, statistically significant, or otherwise "better" result. A study that does not show such results has a greater chance of remaining hidden in a file drawer, either because the author (or funde... | 15296515 | PMC514545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Aug 5; 4:20 |
Background
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced from L-arginine in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS)[1,2]. NO is an important biological signalling molecule that influences circulation by regulating vascular smooth muscle tone and modulating systemic blood pressure. Furthermore, NO is involved in ... | 15298720 | PMC514546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug 6; 4:16 |
Background
Thalassemia major is an inherited disorder particularly common in people of Mediterranean, African, and South-east Asian ancestry. It is characterized by decreased production of beta chain of hemoglobin. Clinical features result from anemia, markedly expanded marrow space, and transfusional and absorptive ir... | 15307893 | PMC514547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug 12; 4:17 |
Background
Geohelminth infections are among the most prevalent diseases in developing countries. Children are the group with the highest prevalences and infection intensities and are also very vulnerable to the effects of worm infection. These include nutritional deficiencies [1,2] and impaired physical and mental deve... | 15310401 | PMC514548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 13; 4:27 |
Background
Excessive bleeding from the genital tract after birth, or postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the major cause of maternal deaths in many low-income countries. The global estimate is 125,000 deaths per year [1]. In South Africa, 240 of 2,445 maternal deaths reported between 1999 and 2001 were due to postpartum ha... | 15298718 | PMC514549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Aug 6; 4:16 |
Background
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant tumor of bone arising from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and it accounts for approximately 60% of malignant bone tumors in the first two decades of life [1]. These tumors typically arise in the metaphyseal regions of long bones, with the distal femur, proxi... | 15298715 | PMC514550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 7; 4:45 |
Background
DMBT1 (Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumor) at chromosome 10q25.3–26.1, was considered a tumour suppressor gene because frequent deletions and/or lack of expression had been found in malignant tumours of the brain [1-3], the gastrointestinal tract [4,5], and the lung [6,7].
However, recent evidence has shown t... | 15301691 | PMC514551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 9; 4:46 |
Background
At northern latitudes reduced vitality, increased appetite and sleep complaints are common symptoms during wintertime, even among people considered healthy [1]. Atypical depressive symptoms, which are often seen in seasonal depression, appear to correlate with decreased illumination [2]. Exposure to natural ... | 15306031 | PMC514552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 11; 4:22 |
Background
In 2000 we developed a Mental Health First Aid course in response to the findings of two large national mental health surveys in Australia [1,2]. These findings included a high prevalence rate of mental health problems (approximately 20% of adults in any one year), the poor mental health literacy of members ... | 15310395 | PMC514553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 15; 4:23 |
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