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pmc1. Introduction
Cisplatin (CP) is a platinum-based anti-cancer drug used widely in chemotherapy for treating several cancers, such as those of the testes, lung (non-small cell lung cancer), bladder, head and neck, and cervix [1–3]. Upon cell entry, CP undergoes aquation, and the hydrolyzed product of this process b... | 39011587 | PMC467111 | CC BY | 2024-08-31 23:16:19 | no | Ren Fail.; 46(2):2378212 |
Introduction
The capacity to heal wounds is essential for organisms to endure and thrive despite an occasionally hostile environment. Organisms throughout the animal kingdom can heal wounds, but mammalian wound healing has been studied most intensively because of its medical relevance. Wound healing must occur to rest... | 15269788 | PMC479041 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 20; 2(8):e239 |
Introduction
The skeletal elements that form and support the vertebrate jaw and gills are derived from a specialized population of ectomesenchyme cells, the cranial neural crest (Platt 1893; Le Douarin 1982; Schilling and Kimmel 1994; but see Weston et al. 2004). In the larval zebrafish, crest cells of the first, or ma... | 15269787 | PMC479042 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e244 |
Introduction
Mobile genetic elements have been in conflict with host genomes for over a billion years. Our own genomes reveal the remarkable effects of retrotransposition, as about 45% of our genomic DNA results directly from this process (Lander et al. 2001). This perennial state of conflict has led eukaryotes to adop... | 15269786 | PMC479043 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e275 |
Anyone who's endured their share of childhood scrapes has probably heard some version of the motherly admonishment, “Don't pick that scab, you'll just make it worse!” It turns out, Mom was on to something. Tissue damage in humans triggers a well-characterized response marked by rapid blood clotting and a recruitment of... | 0 | PMC479044 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 20; 2(8):e278 |
Anyone who uses a word processor is likely thankful for the spell checker program. But that autocorrect function can introduce errors, “correcting” the spelling of words to fit its stored repertoire, which is decidedly limited. Take that one step further and imagine a rogue program that destroys the coherence and meani... | 0 | PMC479045 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e292 |
Vertebrates come in a dazzling array of shapes and sizes, from blue whales to pygmy bats, their overt morphology determined largely by the skeleton. The head skeleton in particular has undergone remarkable diversification, as is beautifully illustrated in Darwin's examination of beak morphology in Galapagos finches. It... | 0 | PMC479046 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e295 |
Introduction
Sister chromatid cohesion ensures that daughter cells inherit complete copies of their genome. Cohesion in eukaryotic cells is mediated by a multisubunit protein complex called cohesin. Cohesin consists of four proteins: Smc1, Smc3, Scc1/Mcd1, which is called kleisin and is the target of the protease separ... | 15309048 | PMC490026 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 27; 2(9):e259 |
Introduction
The proper segregation of replicated chromosomes, or sister chromatids, to daughter cells during mitosis requires that sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as chromosome biorientation, and that sister chromatids move to opposite poles o... | 15309047 | PMC490027 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 27; 2(9):e260 |
At a fundamental level, the continuity of life depends on cell division. Humans generate many millions of cells per second just to stay alive, with most cell types dividing and multiplying repeatedly during a lifetime. Details of cell division vary from cell to cell and organism to organism, but certain features are un... | 0 | PMC490028 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 27; 2(9):e291 |
Background
The tetranucleotide GATC is methylated in Escherichia. coli by the DNA methyltransferase (Dam); this enzyme methylates the adenine residue within 5'-GATC-3' sequences in double stranded DNA. GATC motifs and their methylation by Dam play an important role in E. coli; they are involved in mismatch repair (see ... | 15265237 | PMC493266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:40 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Jul 20; 5:48 |
Background
Originally chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) were described as key mediators for the selective migration of leukocytes into sites of tissue injury [1]. Later on chemokines and chemokine receptors have also been described as important mediators in noninflammatory processes, including normal cellular traffick... | 15265234 | PMC493268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Jul 20; 5:8 |
Background
'Low-yield nicotine' cigarettes, which have brand names that include 'light,' 'mild,' or similar words, and which have nicotine yields on their packages of 0.8 mg or less, are widely consumed inside and outside Japan, and their market share is increasing. The Tobacco Institute of Japan reported that, in 2001... | 15265231 | PMC493271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:49 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Jul 20; 4:28 |
Background
Dysmenorrhoea is associated with painful cramping of the lower abdominal or back muscles, with or without other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Onset of dysmenorrhoea is common during adolescence, and up to 50% of women of reproductive age may be affected [1], and 10% incapacitated for up t... | 15265230 | PMC493273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2004 Jul 20; 4:5 |
Background
During the last decades the possibility of computer support for optimum management of various disorders has attracted interest [1-3]. Regarding drug therapy the approach has usually been limited to one particular disease [4-7]. Diabetes has been extensively studied and thoroughly analyzed also from a systems... | 15265240 | PMC493275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Jul 20; 4:10 |
Background
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atheromatous, non-inflammatory arteriopathy of unknown etiology with segmental manifestation on medium-sized arteries in various regions of the body [1]. Manifestation on the renal arteries with the possible consequence of renovascular hypertension is remarkably frequen... | 15265239 | PMC493280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Jul 20; 2:7 |
Background
The realisation that the maternal circulation to the human placenta is extremely limited prior to 10–12 weeks of pregnancy prompted us to investigate other potential sources of fetal nutrition during the first trimester [1-4]. During the evolution of ovoviviparity and viviparity secretions from the uterus be... | 15265238 | PMC493283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Jul 20; 2:58 |
Background
Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) concentrates donors are routinely given granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to increase the concentration of circulating PBPCs and hence the number of progenitors that can be collected by apheresis. Typically 10 to 16 μg/kg of G-CSF are given subcutaneously d... | 15268759 | PMC493285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:23 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Jul 21; 2:25 |
Background
Protein structure is obviously modular, with similar structural segments, such as alpha helices and beta strands found in unrelated proteins. Such segments, identified from structure, are used extensively in description and analysis of protein structures [1,2]. Several groups have demonstrated that only a sm... | 15271224 | PMC497040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 22; 5:98 |
Background
Systematic reviews are important tools for evidence-based health care. They are certainly one of the reasons for the progress that has been made in obtaining reliable evidence on the beneficial effects of interventions. A recent study of the medical literature, using Medline and the Cochrane Library, showed ... | 15260887 | PMC497041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Jul 19; 4:19 |
Background
The Chlamydiaceae are gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate entirely within membrane bound inclusions that develop from the phagocytic vacuoles in which they enter. By mechanisms not understood in detail, inclusions avoid fusing with endosomes or lysosomes that might destroy... | 15271223 | PMC497042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 22; 4:23 |
Background
Patients with advanced ColoRectal Cancer (CRC) have been demonstrated to benefit from chemotherapeutic treatment in terms of both quality and duration of life [1]. Of these treatments, fluoropyrimidines are the most often used and best investigated drugs [2,3]. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy, – usu... | 15265233 | PMC497044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Jul 20; 4:38 |
Background
Astrocytomas are the most frequent malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Clinically, this group of tumors can be divided into four World Health Organization (WHO) grades. Pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I) are generally slow growing and non-infiltrative pediatric tumors, which are rarely fatal. For the... | 15265232 | PMC497045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Jul 21; 4:39 |
Background
The non-invasive nature of laser bio-stimulation have made lasers an attractive alternative in Medical Acupuncture at the last 25 years. Unfortunately there is still a confusion as to whether they work or their effect is just placebo. Although a plethora of scientific papers published, showing positive clini... | 15271219 | PMC497047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Jul 22; 3:25 |
Background
Computerised classification of the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a complex and multi staged process. The overall goal is to determine if the patient is 'normal' and may remain untreated, or whether the patient exhibits any cardiac abnormalities requiring treatment. The classification of the ECG by computerised ... | 15272931 | PMC497048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Jul 23; 3:26 |
Background
The hypothesis that low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), raised since the 1950s [1]. Fifty years later, it was well-established [2,3] as it has been excellently proved after a number of large prospective studies [4,5]. In the PROCAM Study [... | 15271218 | PMC497049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Jul 23; 3:18 |
Introduction
Atrial septal defect (ASD) closure is now commonly performed using a transcatheter, percutaneous approach and with the Amplatzer septal occluder, large defects can be safely closed [1,2]. Device deployment requires a rim of atrial septal tissue surrounding the defect to allow effective capture of the septu... | 15268761 | PMC497050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Jul 21; 2:9 |
Background and significance
Prostate cancer will be diagnosed in an estimated 230,110 men during 2004 [1]. There will also be approximately 29,900 men who will die from prostate cancer this year, making it the second leading cause of cancer death among men. While early detection and improved treatments have resulted in... | 15272941 | PMC497052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Jul 23; 2:37 |
The discussion about the interplay between theory and intervention has a long history and much has been written and published. The companion perspective papers by Rothman and Jeffery provide alternative points of view on this important and complex question. Their papers are not intended to be critical reviews of the li... | 15272937 | PMC497053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Jul 23; 1:9 |
Introduction
Mometasone furoate (MF) is a highly potent topical glucocorticoid for the treatment of asthma [1], allergic rhinitis [2] and various skin diseases [3]. The clinical efficacy of MF is comparable to that of fluticasone propionate [4]. Both compounds have a very high affinity to the human glucocorticoid recep... | 15285788 | PMC499542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Jul 22; 5(1):7 |
Background
Recent advances in networks theory have demonstrated a key role of uneven distributions occurring in many natural processes. It has been found that seemingly unrelated systems such as economic, professional, sexual and social networks, airline routing, power lines connections, language networks and internet ... | 15274750 | PMC499543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 26; 5:101 |
Background
Rapid advancements in endovascular technology and techniques allow for treatment of an ever-increasing range of neurovascular diseases. Despite improvements in the safety and efficacy of these procedures, complications such as vasospasm, stroke, and perforation still occur [1]. Vasospasm, or contraction of s... | 15265235 | PMC499548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Jul 21; 4:11 |
Introduction
According to Greek mythology, the immortal Prometheus stole fire from the Gods as a gift for humankind. As punishment, he was shackled to a rock, whereupon each day for 30,000 years an eagle consumed as much of his liver as would regenerate. There is some debate whether the eagle ate his liver or heart, bu... | 15285789 | PMC499549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:21 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Jul 20; 5(1):6 |
Background
Culturable Haemophilus influenzae are acquired in the nasopharynx shortly after birth, and are thought to persist throughout life. H. influenzae adheres to and penetrates into and between cultured human respiratory epithelial cells, a mechanism that may contribute to its persistence in chronic obstructive pu... | 15274747 | PMC503385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Jul 26; 4:30 |
Background
This study explores attentional modulation within the 'what'-stream of the auditory modality during phoneme processing. Knowledge of speech sound representation in the auditory domain is still sparse. However, parallels to the extensively studied visual modality and also to the somatosensory domain are becom... | 15268765 | PMC503386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Jul 21; 5:24 |
Background
Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) has been identified on a variety of cell types including eosinophils [1], neutrophils [2], neurons and smooth muscle cells [3]. It can be activated by a variety of serine proteases including MC tryptase [4], pancreatic trypsin [5], and coagulation factors [6] to induce i... | 15265236 | PMC503387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 20; 4:12 |
Background
Integral to both normal and pathological tissue remodeling, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteolytic enzymes collectively degrades laminin, collagen, gelatin, and other protein components of the extracellular matrix [1,2]. MMP expression allows degradation of the basement membrane, an event e... | 15272933 | PMC503389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Jul 25; 4:40 |
Background
Infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom, with 1548 cases notified in England and Wales in 2001[1], an incidence rate of 3.2 cases per 100,000 per year, and a case fatality rate of around 10%[2].
The infection is most common in... | 15274745 | PMC503390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:49 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Jul 26; 4:30 |
Background
Non-specific arm pain (NSAP), often called repetitive strain injury, describes the common problem of upper limb pain and functional impairment without objective physical findings. The contributing factors to the development of NSAP are not fully understood but ergonomic guidelines commonly suggest that good ... | 15282032 | PMC503391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Jul 28; 5:23 |
Background
Give sorrow words; the grief that does not speak
Whispers the o'er fraught heart and bids it break.
Shakespeare, Macbeth IV, iii, 209
Grieving the death of a loved one has an ancient history: from time immemorial, cultures have provided the bereaved with advice and rituals to address – and express – the e... | 15274744 | PMC503393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2004 Jul 26; 3:3 |
Background
Back pain is one of the most common and costly health problems in developed countries, where more than half of adults suffer from this condition each year [1] and 70% to 80% suffer from it at some time in their lives [2]. Patients with back pain are often dissatisfied with standard medical care [3], especial... | 15260884 | PMC503394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Jul 19; 4:9 |
Background
Sepsis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality following surgery or trauma, and is characterized by activation of a systemic inflammatory response, severe hypotension, and major damage to multiple organs [1]. Although neutrophil migration into the tissue sites is crucial for effective elimination of inf... | 15274743 | PMC503395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2004 Jul 26; 4:2 |
Background
The specialty of pediatric pulmonology is relatively new, having been recognized as a pediatric sub-specialty by the American Board of Medical Sub-specialties in 1984. In 1997, there were approximately 500 board certified pediatric pulmonologists in the United States and Canada [1]. This number has increased... | 15274742 | PMC503396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Jul 26; 4:11 |
Background
Quantitative studies provide answers or insights for many important questions or issues in health care and clinical research. Other important questions dealing with why, how, contexts, and experiences of individuals or groups, can be best addressed using qualitative methods. Other issues benefit from interle... | 15271221 | PMC503397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Jul 22; 4:11 |
Background
Hypertriglyceridemia in combination with abnormally low concentrations of HDL cholesterol (High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) is one of the most common and atherogenic profiles of lipid metabolism [1]. In the PROCAM study [2], the 6-year incidence of coronary events in men aged between 40 and 60 years, wa... | 15272932 | PMC503398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:07 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2004 Jul 23; 3:8 |
Background
Sarcomas arising from the retroperitoneum are rare tumors, accounting for 10–15% of all soft tissue sarcomas [1]. Liposarcoma is the single most common soft tissue sarcoma and accounts for at least 20% of all sarcomas in adults [1]. Classification of liposarcoma into four types, based on morphologic features... | 15272940 | PMC503399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Jul 23; 2:25 |
Background
The growing concern for the benefits from health research to be studied
Health research funding bodies are under increasing pressure to demonstrate the outcomes, or benefits, of the research that they fund [1-6]. Traditional peer review of research focussed on the outputs in terms of journal articles, the tr... | 15272939 | PMC503400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2004 Jul 23; 2:4 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive disease primarily affecting the intestines, lungs, and pancreas. The gene responsible for CF was identified in 1989 [1] as coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr), a membrane chloride channel. CF is one of the most common autosomal reces... | 15279681 | PMC506778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Jul 27; 5:21 |
Background
With the inclusion of Taekwondo as a medal sport in the 2000 Olympic Games interest has gained momentum from participants, national governments and scientists alike. With increased participation, the issue of safety becomes very important and timely. The rules and regulations with regards to these Championsh... | 15279679 | PMC506779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Jul 27; 5:22 |
Background
The World Health Organization recently published a performance ranking of the health systems of its 191 member countries, and intends to update it at regular intervals [1-4]. It was based on a framework outlining a set of social goals to which health systems should contribute [5]. It was argued that systems ... | 15271220 | PMC506780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Jul 22; 4:19 |
Review
The recent awareness of an epidemic of obesity coincides with, and may have contributed to a dramatic increase in the popularity of a variety of low carbohydrate diets. This rapid switch in dietary habits of a significant part of the population, and the virtual revolution in the food industry, is unusual in that... | 15282028 | PMC506782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Jul 28; 3:9 |
Background
Cancer mortality maps are important tools in health research, allowing the identification of spatial patterns, clusters and disease 'hot spots' that often stimulate research to elucidate causative relationships [1,2]. In most spatial analysis software a statistical pattern recognition approach has been imple... | 15272930 | PMC506783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Jul 23; 3:14 |
Background
Cryptosporidiosis is infection with species of the genus Cryptosporidium. Most infections in the UK are due either to C. parvum (previously known as C. parvum genotype 2 or bovine strain) or C. hominis (previously known as C. parvum genotype 1 or human strain) [1]. Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasite... | 15272942 | PMC506784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Jul 23; 3:15 |
Background
On Wednesday 21 July 2004, the Healthcare Commission released its annual star ratings of the performance of NHS Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in England for the year ending March 2004. The Healthcare Commission started work on 1 April 2004, taking over all the functions of the former Commission for Health Impr... | 15282027 | PMC506785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Jul 28; 3:16 |
Incidence and mortality
Nearly 170,000 new cases of endometrial carcinomas were estimated worldwide in 1997 [1]. However, incidences throughout different regions of the world vary considerably. Compared to Africa and Asia having the lowest rates of incidence, Western Europe, USA and Canada are shown to have the highest... | 15268760 | PMC506786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Jul 21; 2:24 |
Findings
Closed head injury (CHI) is the leading cause of mortality and persisting neurological impairment in young people in industrialized countries [1,2]. The neuropathological sequelae of brain injury are mediated in large part by a profound host-mediated intracranial inflammatory response [3-5]. The pro-inflammato... | 15285802 | PMC506787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Jul 28; 1:13 |
Viruses have long been a source of key scientific discoveries. Historically, they have contributed to our knowledge of transcription, cell cycle, and apoptosis. To date activated transcription in higher eukaryotic cells with or without chromatin is a great area of active research and many researchers use viral activato... | 15285790 | PMC506788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Jul 30; 1:19 |
Background
Microarray experiments can provide a comprehensive picture of gene expression levels in biological samples. In a typical application they compare expression of several thousand genes under two different conditions (e.g. healthy vs. diseased tissue, wild type vs. mutant animals, drug-treated vs. control cells... | 15272936 | PMC509016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 23; 5:100 |
Background
Precise estimation of genetic relatedness between isolates of a microorganism is important for determination of phylogenetic relationships, which has important applications in studies of disease transmission [1,2]. The definitive standard for assessing genetic relatedness among organisms is the complete geno... | 15279682 | PMC509235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 27; 5:102 |
Background
The high-density oligonucleotide microarray, also known as GeneChip®, made by Affymetrix Inc (Santa Clara, CA), has been widely used in both academic institutions and industrial companies, and is considered as the "standard" of gene expression microarrays among several platforms. A single GeneChip® can hold ... | 15283861 | PMC509236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 29; 5:103 |
Background
Spotted cDNA microarrays are used in high-throughput experiments that interrogate the relative expression of thousands of genes simultaneously for many biological processes with wide applications in biological and medical research. Typically in a two-dye spotted cDNA microarray experiment, two mRNA samples a... | 15272935 | PMC509237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 23; 5:99 |
Background
The construction of genetic linkage maps based on molecular markers has become a routine tool for comparative studies of genome structure and organization and the identification of loci affecting complex traits in different organisms [1]. Statistical methods for linkage analysis and map construction have bee... | 15274749 | PMC509239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Jul 26; 5:20 |
Background
In breast cancer, cell based experiments are largely conducted with a few spontaneously arising cell lines from late stages of disease that demonstrate unlimited proliferation (immortalization). However, the breadth of tumor heterogeneity and early stages of breast tumorigenesis remain under represented in s... | 15260889 | PMC509241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Jul 19; 5:47 |
Background
Chemokines are a superfamily of small chemotactic proteins that have been classified into four major subfamilies, namely CXC, CC, C, and CX3C, based on the presence or absence and positional arrangement of N-terminal cysteine (C) residues [1-3]. One of the hallmarks of chemokine function is to facilitate tra... | 15274748 | PMC509242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Jul 26; 5:15 |
Background
The epidermis of the skin serves as a mechanical and water permeability barrier essential for terrestrial life (reviewed in [1]) and is composed primarily of epidermal keratinocytes. These keratinocytes stratify to form several layers. The deepest layer, the stratum basalis or basal layer comprises prolifera... | 15279680 | PMC509244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 27; 4:13 |
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been recognised as an important independent risk factor for thromboembolic disease, particularly stroke with which it is associated with a five fold increase in risk [1]. There are few data on the prevalence of AF in the United Kingdom. Local data derived from the Echocardiograph... | 15283871 | PMC509245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Jul 29; 4:12 |
Background
Warfarin therapy is an effective anticoagulant indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia in older individuals [1]. Oral anticoagulation with warfarin is known to reduce the risk of disabling stroke; indeed, the benefit... | 15268764 | PMC509246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Jul 21; 5:15 |
Background
The problem of chronic pain in the elderly
Chronic pain is a common problem in the elderly, and is often associated with significant physical disability and psychosocial problems [1]. Estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain problems among community-dwelling older adults range from 58–70% [1]. The most co... | 15285783 | PMC509247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2004 Jul 30; 4:7 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common, often fatal disease with a well-defined genetic cause, so that it is now recommended in many countries in Europe and the United States to offer genetic screening for CF mutations to identify carriers among adults with a positive family history of CF, partners of individuals ... | 15287992 | PMC509248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Aug 2; 5:19 |
Background
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant neoplasm of the salivary gland. Salivary gland neoplasms constitute 3% of cancers of all sites, of which, 10–15% are malignant [1,2]. Though ACC is the most common malignant tumor of the submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands, it accounts for on... | 15285782 | PMC509249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Jul 30; 4:41 |
Background
Public health surveillance is defined as the "ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know"[1]. Reasons for cond... | 15274746 | PMC509250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Jul 26; 4:29 |
Background
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a brief screening test that quantitatively assesses the cognitive status of elderly people [1,2]. It is easy to administer and has shown good reliability. Although its validity as a screening test is acceptable for clinical samples, it has been shown to have diffic... | 15283869 | PMC509251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Jul 30; 4:31 |
Background
Medical ethics has increasingly become a common component of the undergraduate curriculum at many medical schools, often within a defined humanities program [1-3]. In 1999, the European Federation of Internal Medicine, the American College of Physicians and the American Board of Internal Medicine launched th... | 15283868 | PMC509252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2004 Jul 30; 5:4 |
Background
Histones H3 and H4 are among the most evolutionarily conserved proteins (>90% identity from yeast→humans) [1]. Octamers composed of one histone H3/H4 tetramer and two histone H2A/H2B dimers package 146 bp of DNA into the basic repeating subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome [1]. Hence, as fundamental componen... | 15274751 | PMC509278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Jul 26; 5:11 |
Background
Malaria threatens public health in regions of the world where more than a third of the human population lives [1,2]. It has been shown that immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of the malaria parasite, confers protective immunity [3,4]. The role of specific antib... | 15283866 | PMC509279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Malar J. 2004 Jul 29; 3:28 |
Background
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as an important factor in predicting outcomes and overall resource use after infections in intensive care units (ICU) [1]. Globally ICUs are encountering emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. For some pathogens there are few therapeutic options available... | 15283864 | PMC509280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Jul 29; 3:14 |
Introduction
The incidences of both the acute and chronic forms of sinusitis have been increasing, and between 10 and 15% of the population of central Europe are affected annually [1]. There are an estimated 30 million cases of ABS in the USA each year [2-4]. Acute sinusitis accounts for 0.5–2.0% of all upper respirato... | 15287988 | PMC509281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Aug 2; 3:15 |
Background
Syndrome X comprises a plethora of conditions such as obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension [1]. It places stress on multiple organ systems and plays a significant role in the development of other related cardiovascular disorders. Western style diet, which con... | 15287987 | PMC509282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Aug 2; 3:19 |
Introduction
While many women complain of worsening acne and water retention during their menstrual cycle, there exist a small number in whom the menstrual cycle is associated with a variety of other skin manifestations such as urticaria, eczema, folliculitis, and angioedema. This condition is known as autoimmune proge... | 15287986 | PMC509283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2004 Aug 2; 2:10 |
Background
Acute chest pain is a common reason for emergency hospital attendance and admission. Patients with chest pain that remains undiagnosed after clinical assessment, ECG and chest radiograph pose a particular problem. They carry a low, but important risk of an acute coronary syndrome [1]. The potentially life-th... | 15283863 | PMC509284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Jul 29; 2:39 |
Background
Adenotonsillar enlargement is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the pediatric population. However, this prevalent syndrome is more complicated in adults [1]. OSA has also been described in cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia, plasmacytoma, amyloidosis, pharyngeal tumors and diseases that in... | 15282026 | PMC509285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Jul 29; 2:26 |
Background
The author has been conducting research on behavioral treatment of obesity for about 25 years. During that time, the dominant conceptual models guiding intervention development have been cognitive behavior models that have their origin in psychological theory. Those most often cited include the Health Belief... | 15272938 | PMC509286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Jul 23; 1:10 |
Introduction
Although considerable advances have been made in terms of our molecular and cellular knowledge, for most human disease states a fundamental understanding of causal disease onset, disease mechanism and progression, and optimal treatment is still significantly limited.
In part, this advancement has been ham... | 15283862 | PMC509287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Jul 29; 2:26 |
Background
In eukaryotes, transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the orderly recruitment of basal transcription factors and activators to the core promoter and enhancers, respectively [1,2]. The core promoter contains the transcription initiation site, and it provides the docking sites for the basal transcription ... | 15285791 | PMC509288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Jul 30; 1:18 |
Introduction
Hematopoiesis in Drosophila shares several features with the analogous process in vertebrates. A first population of embryonic hemocyte precursors (prohemocytes) is specified from the head mesoderm very early during embryogenesis. At the end of larval stages and the onset of metamorphosis, a second populat... | 15314643 | PMC509289 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e196 |
Introduction
DNA base substitutions do not occur randomly (Graur and Li 2000). Instead, they may be clustered in hotspots, for example around methylated CG dinucleotides, or subject to more general biases such as the excess of transitions relative to transversions. In addition, local structural context may be important... | 15314644 | PMC509290 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e199 |
Imagine a fledgling biology instructor at a university in the developing world. Heading into her first semester of teaching, she is armed with nothing but her college degree, some old notebooks, and—if she is lucky—a late-edition textbook. Forging a curriculum that is both current and engaging for her students could be... | 15314645 | PMC509291 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e200 |
Introduction
Plants produce many secondary metabolites, of which some are thought to function as direct defenses against pathogens and herbivores by reducing their performance, survival, and reproduction. Numerous plant allelochemicals with antiherbivore properties are classified according to their mode of action (e.g.... | 15314646 | PMC509292 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e217 |
Introduction
There is currently a significant focus on strategies to promote regeneration in adult mammals and therefore a renewed interest in the mechanisms that underlie regeneration in urodele amphibians. An adult salamander such as the newt or axolotl can regenerate its limbs and tail, jaws, ocular tissues such as ... | 15314647 | PMC509293 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e218 |
Introduction
The cerebral cortex is the seat of consciousness and the means by which we carry out abstract reasoning. Understanding how the cortex is assembled during embryonic development will give deeper insights into how this marvelous machine functions and provide the basis for therapy and repair. Although a divers... | 15314648 | PMC509294 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e219 |
Given the overwhelming complexity of the immune system, it's no wonder that unraveling the mechanisms responsible for immunological disease has proved so difficult. The factors that trigger autoimmunity—which involves a breakdown in the body's ability to tolerate its own molecules—are not well understood, though animal... | 0 | PMC509295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:06 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e220 |
Grafting is an ancient technique used by farmers and gardeners to combine desired attributes of the rootstock with those of the donor plant shoot, or scion. Grafting essentially saved European wine making: when the insect Dactylosphera vitifoliae devastated European grapewine varieties over the course of the late 1800s... | 15314650 | PMC509296 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e224 |
Introduction
For more than a century, the phenomenon of retrograde amnesia (RA)—the loss of memory for events that occur prior to a variety of precipitating brain insults—has provided the foundation for theories of memory consolidation and the locus of trace storage (McGaugh 1966; Davis and Squire 1984; Dudai and Morri... | 15314651 | PMC509297 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e225 |
The regeneration of lost body parts and injured organs has captured the human imagination since the time of the ancient Greeks. The deep-seated roots of this early fascination can be seen in Greek mythology. The many-headed Hydra nearly defeated the hero Heracles by growing two new heads for every one that Heracles cut... | 15314652 | PMC509298 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e232 |
Introduction
Retroviral replication requires reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome and integration of the resulting DNA copy into a chromosome of the host cell. A topic of long standing interest has been the chromosomal and nuclear features dictating the location of integration target sites (reviewed in Coffin ... | 15314653 | PMC509299 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e234 |
Introduction
In eukaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as the first station of the secretory pathway, through which all secreted and membrane proteins must pass. Within the ER, proteins are folded into their native structure and multisubunit protein complexes are assembled. The ER is a dynamic organelle, cap... | 15314654 | PMC509300 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e235 |
Introduction
Hematopoiesis involves the coordinated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation of a relatively small number of progenitor cells into billions of circulating red and white blood cells (Thisse and Zon 2002). Hematopoiesis in vertebrates, from zebrafish to humans, is an evolutionarily conserved pr... | 15314655 | PMC509301 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e237 |
Introduction
Telomeres prevent the recognition of natural chromosome ends as double-stranded breaks (DSBs). When telomeres become dysfunctional due to shortening or loss of protective factors, chromosome ends activate a DNA damage response mediated (in part) by the ATM kinase (Karlseder et al. 1999; Takai et al. 2003).... | 15314656 | PMC509302 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:26:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e240 |
Autoimmune diseases afflict a large segment of the population in Western countries. Many of them have been described, and rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes (also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are among the most common. Although tremendous pro... | 15314657 | PMC509303 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e241 |
Introduction
Tumor development and metastasis is a multistep process of somatic cell evolution that includes uncontrolled proliferation, impaired apoptosis, loss of differentiation, immortalization, neovascularization, invasion, and metastatic spread (Hanahan and Weinberg 2000). This evolutionary transformation can be ... | 15314658 | PMC509304 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:12 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2(8):e242 |
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