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As scientists, communication—not only with those outside our area of expertise but also with those within our scientific sphere—is an important responsibility, though often an ongoing challenge. As NIEHS director, I increasingly realize that, as the writer André Gide said, “The most important things to say are those wh... | 0 | PMC1817717 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A68 |
Human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) causes a variety of adverse health effects, including developmental delays in children of exposed mothers (Cohen et al. 2005) and deficits in neurocognitive function in adults (Yokoo et al. 2003). Blood MeHg concentrations in individuals are strongly correlated with the frequency ... | 17384771 | PMC1817718 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 20; 115(2):235-242 |
Back in the early 1990s, U.S. farmers took note of the first Gulf War, rising energy prices, and a huge glut of excess soybean oil sitting in tanks around the country, and they saw an opportunity. Soybean oil, they reasoned, could be refined to make biodiesel, an alternative fuel source. In Europe—where diesel fuel pow... | 17384754 | PMC1817719 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A86-A91 |
We have learned much about the respiratory disorders since the exposures of responders at the World Trade Center (WTC) site, especially from the publications of Prezant and colleagues about the presentations, follow-up, and impairments of pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity of the fire fighters and emergency me... | 17384742 | PMC1817720 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A71-A72 |
Cryptorchidism (undescended testes), the most frequently occurring genital malformation in newborn boys, is a risk factor for later testicular cancer and fertility problems. By some reports, incidence has increased in recent decades, with environmental and lifestyle factors as potential contributors. As part of a broad... | 0 | PMC1817721 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A96a |
Introduction
Sharing information facilitates science. Publicly sharing detailed research data–sample attributes, clinical factors, patient outcomes, DNA sequences, raw mRNA microarray measurements–with other researchers allows these valuable resources to contribute far beyond their original analysis[1]. In addition to ... | 17375194 | PMC1817752 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e308 |
Background
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (UNPC) constitutes the most common epithelial malignancy occurring in the nasopharynx, and is characterized by peculiar epidemiologic and clinicopathologic features [1,2]. UNPC has a high incidence in Southern China and Southeast Asia, whereas it is a rare disease in... | 17331231 | PMC1819365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2007 Mar 1; 2:5 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Increased oxidative stress and damage to lipoproteins, cell membrane components and chromosomal DNA may play a role in this increased risk of atherosclerosis [1,2]. Increased susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage has been reported in t... | 17316429 | PMC1819366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007 Feb 22; 6:8 |
Background
The free radical theory of aging is currently the leading hypothesis for a fundamental mechanism of aging. It potentially unifies aging mechanisms across an array of species [1-5]. The theory postulates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, mainly generated as toxic by-... | 17331249 | PMC1819367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:38 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2007 Mar 1; 8:7 |
Background
The second messenger signaling pathways in primary afferent nociceptors that mediate hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli differ between models of painful peripheral neuropathies [1]. Two extreme examples of this are the neuropathies induced by chronic ethanol consumption, and by acquired immunodeficiency ... | 17319957 | PMC1819368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:31 | no | Mol Pain. 2007 Feb 23; 3:5 |
Background
Over the past several years, largely due to the development of sensitive molecular markers, our knowledge of the factors involved in speciation has grown tremendously. Research into the life history, ecological, and genetic characteristics of speciating lineages has enriched the understanding of the underlyi... | 17311680 | PMC1819369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 20; 7:25 |
Background
The dengue (DEN) viruses are members of the Flaviviridae family and contain a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome [1]. A single viral polypeptide is cotranslationally processed by viral and cellular proteases generating three structural proteins (capsid C, membrane M, and envelope E) and at least seven... | 17328799 | PMC1819370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:18 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 28; 4:23 |
Background
Cervical cancer a tumor related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection remains as one of the greatest killers of women worldwide, particularly in underdeveloped countries [1]. The realization that viral infections, by insertion of viral genes into host genomes, can trigger host defense mechanisms ... | 17324262 | PMC1819371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:18 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 26; 4:18 |
Background
Over the past few decades, the participation of women in the workplace has increased in Mexico and worldwide [1,2], meaning that more women of reproductive age are now employed outside the home (extra-domestic), while still being expected to fulfill traditional (intra-domestic) familial roles [3].
To date, ... | 17324293 | PMC1819372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 27; 7:25 |
Background
The incidence of atopy, allergic disease and asthma is increasing in industrialised nations, including New Zealand. Longitudinal birth cohorts such as in Tucson USA [1] Melbourne [2] and Perth [3] Australia, and the German multi-centre atopy study (MAS-90) [4], as well as cross-sectional studies such as Belm... | 17397526 | PMC1819373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 28; 7:26 |
Background
Notwithstanding the growing attention to overweight due to its impact on public health and health care costs, overweight prevalences are still escalating into a global epidemic [1]. The burden of diseases associated with overweight is huge: hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cor... | 17324255 | PMC1819374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 26; 7:23 |
Background
The mucosal surface of the upper aero-digestive tract is bathed in a 'milieu' including toxins which can give rise to disease when the host repair processes are overcome. These disease processes may be discrete or multi-focal and can occur anywhere within the mucosal blanket. The usual epithelial response to... | 17331229 | PMC1819375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Mar 1; 3:13 |
Background
ARDS is a syndrome of reduced gas exchange due to a diffuse injury to the alveolar capillary barrier and is characterized by filling of the alveoli with proteinaceous fluid, infiltration by inflammatory cells and consolidation [1]. It may develop after a direct insult to the lung parenchyma or it may result ... | 17313681 | PMC1819376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Feb 21; 8(1):13 |
Background
As part of planning for a potential H5N1 influenza pandemic, using United Kingdom Department of Health and Health Protection Agency projections[1], we have been forced to acknowledge that our urban Emergency Department, which normally sees approximately 250 patients per day, will potentially see an additiona... | 17328822 | PMC1819377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Mar 1; 7:33 |
Background
Glioblastoma (glioma grade IV, G-IV), the most common tumor arising in the central nervous system, is one of the deadliest cancers with a mean survival of less than one year [1]. Reliable molecular predictors of survival outcome as well as novel targets for efficient therapy are urgently needed to improve li... | 17326833 | PMC1819378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2007 Feb 27; 2:9 |
Background
Replacement of the aorta with a vascular dacron prosthesis is a frequently performed procedure for thoracic aortic aneurysms [1]. The anatomo-pathology of aneurysms involving the ascending aorta is variable. This variability has led to a number of different operations and techniques for the repair of the ane... | 17316443 | PMC1819379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:22 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Feb 22; 2:15 |
Background
When plant tissue is passaged through in vitro culture, many regenerated plants appear to be no longer clonal copies of their donor genotype. Among the factors that affect this so-called tissue culture induced variation are explant genotype, explant tissue origin, medium composition, and the length of time i... | 17335560 | PMC1819380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Mar 2; 7:10 |
Background
Malignant brain cancer persists as a major disease of morbidity and mortality in adults and is the second leading cause of cancer death in children [1-4]. Many current therapies for malignant brain tumors are ineffective in providing long-term management because they focus on the defects of the tumor cells a... | 17313687 | PMC1819381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Feb 21; 4:5 |
Background
DNA polymerases are vital enzymes that assist DNA replication and maintain the genomic stability of living organisms. They are grouped into seven main families: A, B, C, D, X, Y, and RT. While DNA polymerases from the A, B, C, and D families are replicative, others from the X and Y families repair (or bypass... | 17313689 | PMC1819382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Feb 21; 7:7 |
Background
The non-human primate (NHP) research community has been intensely interested in obtaining whole-genome expression arrays for their work. The recent production of a rhesus macaque GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) now satisfies this need [1].
Novel approaches were used to generate the DNA sequence infor... | 17328815 | PMC1819383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 28; 8:61 |
Background
Sepsis and its complications represent a complex disease encompassing multiple pathological processes, including uncontrolled systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, microvascular and hemodynamic abnormalities. The development of septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the onset of multiple... | 17324256 | PMC1819384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 26; 8:58 |
Background
More than 2 billion people (40% of the world's population) live in areas where malaria is endemic. It was estimated that over 250 million people worldwide contracted malaria in 2002 [1]. Following infection with any of the four species of Plasmodium, specific antibodies are produced, in virtually all individ... | 17313669 | PMC1819385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 21; 6:19 |
Background
Introduction
The GENTLE/S project was funded by the European Union under the Quality of Life initiative of Framework Five to evaluate robot-mediated therapy (RMT) in upper limb post stroke rehabilitation. Focusing on neurorehabilitation, one of the goals of the GENTLE/S project was to develop challenging and... | 17309791 | PMC1819386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2007 Feb 19; 4:4 |
Text
Recently, Parienti et al. discussed in this journal the use of non-inferiority studies in HIV research[1]. Given the availability of efficient combinations of antiretroviral drugs in the first-line treatment of HIV-1 infection, such trials are needed to thoroughly investigate novel drug combinations for claims of ... | 17335563 | PMC1819387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Mar 2; 7:14 |
Background
Dual job holding amongst public sector medical practitioners, where physicians work at the same time in the private sector, is increasingly being recognised internationally as an activity that is widespread and one which regulators have much difficulty in influencing [1-3]. Part of the problem is that in man... | 17324290 | PMC1819388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Feb 26; 5:5 |
Although Dr. Tchou-Wong and Dr. Rom were originally meant to be first and seventh authors, respectively, they were left off the authorship list when this manuscript was submitted to BMC Cancer [1]. We sincerely apologise to Dr. Tchou-Wong and Dr. Rom, and have reinstated them to their appropriate places within the auth... | 0 | PMC1819389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 22; 7:32 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) has been used to inhibit the replication of a wide range of viruses including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), dengue virus, poliovirus, influenza virus A, coronaviruses, herpesviruses, and picornaviruses [1,2]. Due to ... | 17331227 | PMC1819390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Mar 1; 4:15 |
Background
Introduction
Self-care interventions which have been evaluated using RCTs are currently being promoted as an effective strategy for improving quality of life, health and utilisation outcomes for individuals suffering from a range of long-term health conditions. Techniques such as cognitive re-structuring for... | 17316438 | PMC1819391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Trials. 2007 Feb 22; 8:6 |
Background
After menopause, almost two thirds of women experience hot flushes. One third have symptoms persisting up to five years after natural menopause, and 10–20% find symptoms very distressing [1]. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is considered the most effective treatment for hot flushes [2]. However, HRT has ot... | 17324253 | PMC1819392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007 Feb 26; 7:6 |
Background
Recent developments in whole genome sequencing, assembly techniques and expressed sequence tag (EST[1]) methods have lead to a vast amount of sequence data flooding the protein and DNA databases. Over 390 complete genomes are now referenced on the GOLD[2] web site[3] with many others in the sequencing and as... | 17319945 | PMC1819393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 23; 8:62 |
1 Background
In this paper, we explain the role of a Knowledge Representation (KR) language's semantics. To illustrate the utility of language semantics we will use it to explore the reconciliation of the representations used for the Gene Ontology (GO) [1] and that used for the ontologies represented in the W3C recomme... | 17311682 | PMC1819394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 20; 8:57 |
Introduction
If replication origins fire more than once in a single cell cycle, DNA in the region of the origin is reduplicated, which represents an irreversible genetic change. To prevent this, eukaryotic cells use a replication licensing system that is activated late in mitosis and deactivated prior to S phase (Diff... | 17081992 | PMC1819398 | CC BY | 2021-08-13 01:23:52 | no | Mol Cell. 2006 Nov 3; 24(3):433-443 |
Introduction
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells (APC) that play a central role in orchestrating immune responses to self and foreign antigens. Contact with antigens or inflammatory stimuli, can induce the maturation of DCs, accompanied by functional and phenotypic changes. In their mature state, the DCs... | 17375199 | PMC1819555 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e313 |
Introduction
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of retinal degenerations and the most common cause of inherited blindness in the developed world, with an estimated incidence between 1 in 3000 to 1 in 5000 [1]. The disease is caused by the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells, with rod pho... | 17375200 | PMC1819556 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e314 |
Introduction
The challenge of unraveling the function of the human amygdala is attracting great interest [1]–[5]. This is reflected in a broad range of neuroimaging studies that includes investigations of emotional processing of chemosensory information [6]–[8], visual stimuli such as facial emotional expression [9]–[1... | 17375193 | PMC1819558 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e307 |
Introduction
The presence of infection is recognized by receptors for specific elements called the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are produced by microorganisms. Recognition of these PAMPs by antigen-presenting cells is the first step of a complex inflammatory reaction that characterizes the innate... | 17375196 | PMC1819560 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e310 |
Introduction
Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen that has caused multiple pandemics resulting in an estimated 200 million human deaths [1]. Plague has recently been recognized as a re-emerging disease as small outbreaks continue to occur globally [2]. This reappearance, c... | 17375195 | PMC1819562 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e309 |
Introduction
Grasping is a kind of active contact with objects in the environment. This action requires a number of visuomotor transformations to code for the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the objects to be grasped (i.e., shape and location, respectively). The geometric attributes of the object will trigger the... | 17375197 | PMC1819563 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e311 |
Introduction
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are crucial inflammatory leukocytes in host protection from infection, where their primary role is in phagocytosis and killing of bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and in wound debridement and healing [1], [2]. Given these critical roles of PMNs, it has long been recognised... | 17375198 | PMC1819564 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e312 |
Background
Occasionally, I have been called by echocardiographers complaining about technical difficulties they have encountered in women with breast implants and many times I have called echocardiographers and complained about a poor study but later realized that the study was performed in a patient with silicone brea... | 17319960 | PMC1820591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Feb 23; 5:9 |
Background
Apathy is a common behavioral syndrome characterized as a decrease in (or lack of) interest, motivation, or initiation of action [1,2]. Apathy can be found among patients with depression, psychosis, dementia, traumatic brain injuries, etc [1]. The syndrome is associated with poor functioning, poor illness ou... | 17313684 | PMC1820592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 21; 6:7 |
Background
Bacteriophage infections cause serious problems in both research laboratories and large biotechnological companies [1]. Once infected by bacteriophages, bacterial cultures are usually completely destroyed, as phage lytic development in a bacterium ends up with cell lysis and liberation of progeny phages that... | 17324284 | PMC1820593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Feb 26; 7:13 |
Background
Most health researchers and those who fund health research would like to believe that the work they produce and support is influencing practice and policy and consequently leading to actual improvements in health care delivery. The study of research's influence on policy has had a long and rich background, f... | 17338810 | PMC1820594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2007 Mar 5; 5:2 |
Background
Metastases to the breast from extramammary tumours are uncommon, and metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the breast is extremely rare [1]. We report a metastasis to the breast from a renal primary with the radiological and histopathological features.
Case presentation
An 81 years old lady had a right radical... | 17335579 | PMC1820595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Mar 2; 5:25 |
Background
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a proprotein convertase of the subtilase family [1,2]. It is synthesized as a soluble zymogen which undergoes autocatalytic intramolecular cleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum [1,2]. After cleavage, mature PCSK9 is efficiently secreted as a complex wi... | 17328821 | PMC1820596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Mar 1; 8:9 |
Background
A variety of distinct chloride channel activities have been described that carry out many essential roles in organismal physiology [1]. Disruption or disregulation of chloride conductances are central to several well-described disease processes, perhaps most notably, cystic fibrosis [2]. Although the protein... | 17326840 | PMC1820597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Feb 27; 8:8 |
Background
With advancing age skeletal muscle mass and strength decrease dramatically, a phenomenon called sarcopenia [1]. In aging research, grip strength has often been used as an indicator of general muscle strength, since it is a parameter easy to measure. Indeed, age-related changes in grip strength are well descr... | 17331228 | PMC1820598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2007 Mar 1; 7:5 |
Background
The prevalence of chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF) has been estimated at 1% of the total population of Sweden [1,2], and a recent study demonstrated a prevalence of 0.6 in primary health care [3]. The corresponding figure from the U.S. for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation has been estimated at 0.9 [4,5... | 17324260 | PMC1820599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2007 Feb 26; 8:6 |
Background
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) was developed in 1947 to ensure that American schoolchildren had access to a nutritionally balanced and affordable lunch. When the NSLP was initially developed, malnutrition due to too few calories was the primary health concern. Paradoxically, six decades later many ... | 17338812 | PMC1820600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:46 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Mar 5; 4:6 |
Background
Radical prostatectomy (RP) is an efficient method of achieving prostate cancer control. The follow-up is based on clinical history, physical exams and following the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) kinetics. Of the patients who fail to achieve biochemical control, the principle of selecting the best salvage t... | 17316430 | PMC1820601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:29 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Feb 22; 2:8 |
Background
As international donors expand global financing in response to the HIV-AIDS pandemic and in support of the Millennium Development Goals, issues of human and organizational capacity are becoming increasingly important [1]. Governmental and non-governmental organizations alike are dealing with important capaci... | 17335578 | PMC1820602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Mar 2; 5:8 |
Patients have gained unprecedented levels of control over their medical care, including prospective control over what treatments they will receive if they lose the ability to make decisions. The landmark Cruzan and Quinlan cases helped to secure patients' right to prospectively refuse life-sustaining treatments [1,2], ... | 17388655 | PMC1820603 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 13; 4(3):e35 |
Introduction
Malaria remains a major cause of disease and death worldwide, killing millions every year [1]. The most severe form of the disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which is responsible for most malaria mortality. Reducing the malaria burden will require the coordinated use of several strategies, includi... | 17355170 | PMC1820605 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 13; 4(3):e93 |
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium cause many hundreds of millions of cases of malaria worldwide optimism that in the future effective vaccination will join the current strategies of preventive and therapeutic uses of antimalarials, and of reduction in human–vector contact, as part of the global malaria control toolkit.... | 17388671 | PMC1820606 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:56 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 13; 4(3):e116 |
Introduction
The body plan of multicellular animals, generally defined in terms of axes of polarity, planes of symmetry, and germ layer organisation, emerges during early embryogenesis through a series of symmetry-breaking processes acting within and between cells [1]. The initial spatial cues that trigger these proces... | 17355179 | PMC1820609 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 13; 5(4):e70 |
Introduction
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common genetic cause of infant mortality, is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive loss of α-motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, leading to limb and trunk paralysis and atrophy of voluntary muscles. Based on the... | 17355180 | PMC1820610 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:39 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 13; 5(4):e73 |
Introduction
One of the most formidable challenges in DNA metabolism is that faced by the initiator of the nucleotide excision repair reaction as it locates damaged sites in the context of a large excess of mostly undamaged residues. This challenge is further complicated by an astounding diversity of target lesions, in... | 17355181 | PMC1820611 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 13; 5(4):e79 |
Introduction
In humans and mice, primary antibody (Ig) diversity is produced by V(D)J recombination, which is dependent on the RAG-1 and −2 proteins [1]. Over a lifetime, primary repertoires are largely re-shaped by the processes of Ig somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switching [2], independent processes which occ... | 17355182 | PMC1820612 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 13; 5(4):e80 |
1. INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity is a major burden in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM), with
endothelial dysfunction as an early sign of diabetic vascular
disease [1] that is related to the presence of a vascular low-grade inflammation. Alteration in endothelin-1 (ET-1) balance
of the end... | 17497038 | PMC1820618 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:49 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2007 Feb 25; 2007:73635 |
1. INTRODUCTION
PCOS is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder affecting
approximately 7% of reproductive-aged women
[1]. There is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria and definition of PCOS. The most widely used 1990 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) conference diagnostic criteria inc... | 17389770 | PMC1820621 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Feb 25; 2007:49109 |
INTRODUCTION
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a heterogeneous family of
malignancies of mesenchymal origin, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancers worldwide each year [1]. Despite adequate treatment and control of localized disease, approximately 40% to 50% will
eventually develop local recurrence or metas... | 17496996 | PMC1820623 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Dec 31; 2006:56282 |
Introduction
The specific phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) in the 3-position (EC 2.7.1.127) was discovered 20 yr ago (Batty et al., 1985; Irvine et al., 1986a, b). At that time it represented an unexpected complication in the metabolism of Ins(1,4,5)P3, whose second messenger function was ... | 16857241 | PMC1820747 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 04:11:13 | no | Adv Enzyme Regul. 2006; 46(1):314-323 |
Background
Conservation genetics is a relatively new, yet growing field of research that can have immediate impact on practical issues confronting efforts to conserve biodiversity. Technical developments of molecular procedures directly applicable to genetic analysis of virtually any organism have made important contri... | 17302982 | PMC1820773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Ecol. 2007 Feb 15; 7:2 |
Background
The aim of this study was to obtain measurements of pressures and stresses in the intervertebral discs of scoliotic patients in order to try to prove the hypothesis that asymmetrical loading was present in the scoliotic spine and hence could realistically be involved in curve progression. We were also very i... | 17319969 | PMC1820774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:19 | no | Scoliosis. 2007 Feb 24; 2:4 |
Background
In many religions, sacred places [[1]:90,235,254; [2]:85; [3]: 399,171; [4]: passim; [5]:passim], objects [[6]:106;[7]:534; [8]:169,176,179], as well as saints [[9]:184; [10]:2; [11]:121,129,131; [12]:72,85] were thought to possess supernatural characters and the power to carry out miracles or as having magi... | 17319970 | PMC1820775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007 Feb 25; 3:10 |
Background
Small, disciplined groups of humans are the most fearsome predators on Earth. In large-scale organization, we have recast even the topography and ecological dynamics of the planet. Our institutions, at all scales, are cognitive, taking the perspectives of Baars [1] and of Atlan and Cohen [2], in that they pe... | 17324268 | PMC1820776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Feb 26; 4:10 |
Background
Prevalence of overweight is rapidly increasing among children and adolescents. As defined by the International Obesity Task Force criteria, the prevalence of obesity is estimated to be about 10% throughout the world among 5–17-year-olds and dramatically higher in developed countries, reaching about 30% in th... | 17324280 | PMC1820777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 26; 7:24 |
Background
Epidemiological studies have reported a reduced risk of lifestyle diseases and/or mortality with increased level of physical activity [1] and aerobic fitness [2]. A physically active lifestyle is recommended both as part of treatment, prevention and rehabilitation with regard to a number of lifestyle disease... | 17331263 | PMC1820778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Mar 2; 7:36 |
Background
The delivery of tobramycin by inhalation to the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been proven to be effective and safe [1]. The aerosol administration allows high concentrations of tobramycin to be delivered to the site of infection with limited syst... | 17331261 | PMC1820779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Mar 2; 7:11 |
Background
The mammalian cerebellum develops from neural progenitors within dorsal rhombomere 1 (r1) just caudal to the mid-hindbrain boundary and above the opening of the fourth ventricle. In the mouse embryonic brain, closure of the neural tube at around embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) generally creates a ventricular zone o... | 17319963 | PMC1820780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Neural Develop. 2007 Feb 23; 2:5 |
Background
Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction remain a common cause of debilitating post-operative morbidity for a significant proportion of patients undergoing radical therapies for prostate, bladder, and colorectal cancers, as pelvic autonomic neurons are inadvertently axotomized, lacerated, or stretched a... | 17341313 | PMC1820781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:32 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2007 Mar 6; 2:5 |
Background
Campylobacter spp. are a common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans [1,2]. The majority of campylobacterioses are caused by C. jejuni and are linked primarily to untreated water or consumption of poultry and raw milk [2]. C. jejuni has been divided into two subspecies: C. jejuni subsp. jejuni ... | 17328805 | PMC1820782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Feb 28; 7:11 |
Background
Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is an uncommon soft tissue sarcoma, first described as an independent entity by Enzinger [1]. This is usually a slow growing tumor and mostly occurs in the dermal or subcutaneous area of the distal extremities of young adults. It has a tendency for development of local recurrences an... | 17341294 | PMC1820783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Mar 6; 5:28 |
Background
Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common benign epithelial tumors affecting the lacrimal gland [1]; however, their malignant counterpart, the malignant mixed tumor, is much less common [2]. Pleomorphic adenoma is known to recur and also to undergo malignant transformation when incompletely excised [3,4].
Ev... | 17341319 | PMC1820784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Mar 7; 5:29 |
Background
The variation of cardiac inter-beat (PP, RR or NN) intervals results from both rhythmic activity of the heart electrical source and the dynamic properties of the cardiac conduction pathway, both of which are under autonomic control. In normal sinus rhythm, the RR intervals are known to fluctuate at various t... | 17335580 | PMC1820785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:49 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2007 Mar 2; 6:9 |
Background
Working memory (WM) is a cognitive processing resource of limited capacity that allows the temporary storage of information while simultaneously processing the same or other information. Performance on WM measures correlates with performance on higher-order cognitive tasks involving reading comprehension, re... | 17319951 | PMC1820786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Feb 23; 3:12 |
Background
Sperry's split-brain studies have created an abiding interest in hemispheric differences in cognition [1]. There is also a vast literature on hemispheric differences in affect. At present there are three predominant hypotheses regarding hemispheric emotional valence (HEV). The first and earliest [2-5] states... | 17341309 | PMC1820787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Mar 6; 3:13 |
Background
Since mid 2006, Colombia is the only country in South America that has not yet introduced artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) into its national malaria drug policy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Colombia accounted for 13.2% (116,872) of the 886,102 malaria cases reported in the Amer... | 17328806 | PMC1820788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 28; 6:25 |
Background
The pathogenesis of orbital changes seen in patients with thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) has been matter of research since decades [1,2]. One theory that has eluded confirmation is the proposal of a low level inflammation of the connective tissue [3-5]. The original idea put forth in 1995 by the resear... | 17319961 | PMC1820789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 23; 8:17 |
Background
Neoadjuvant or primary chemotherapy in large primary breast cancer has been used with the purpose of reducing tumor volume and promoting less aggressive surgery [1]. The disease's downstaging promotes higher conservative breast surgery rates and [2], in patients with objective clinical and pathological respo... | 17324279 | PMC1820790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 26; 7:36 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative disorder of unknown cause characterized by gradual loss of articular cartilage. It is the most common of all joint diseases and represents a major social and economic burden since its prevalence increases with age [1]. Currently, classic therapeutic approaches a... | 17324259 | PMC1820791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:35 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Feb 26; 8:13 |
This easy-to-read, scrupulously researched, and fascinating book addresses two critical, but stubborn problems which threaten to reduce the effectiveness of many externally-funded HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programs in Africa. First is the reluctance by biomedical and public health practitioners to recognize the... | 0 | PMC1820792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2007 Mar 7; 4:5 |
Background
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is one of three mammalian hedgehog (Hh) genes [Sonic hedgehog, Desert hedgehog, Indian hedgehog]. Each of the Hh genes encodes a secreted signaling peptide that binds to a membrane bound receptor (Ptc). Binding of Hh ligand to the Ptc receptor on the target cell initiates an intracellula... | 17343742 | PMC1820793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Mar 7; 6:19 |
Introduction
Development and growth require the ability to detect, respond to, and survive stresses that compromise the normal state. Accumulation of misfolded or unfolded mutant proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces ER stress and may seriously affect the viability of cells. To cope with ER stress, ER-resi... | 17298185 | PMC1820825 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e44 |
Introduction
V(D)J recombination is a unique mechanism of somatic recombination aimed to provide a large antigen receptor repertoire in T and B cells (for review, see [1] and references therein). During this process, the variable (V) diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments present within the immunoglobulin (IG) and... | 17298184 | PMC1820826 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e43 |
No two brain diseases would seem to be more different than Alzheimer disease (AD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). AD affects the old, while FXS occurs in childhood. AD affects about 4 million Americans of both sexes, while FXS affects fewer than 50,000, primarily boys. And while the cause of most cases of AD is unknown, ... | 20076662 | PMC1820828 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e84 |
Introduction
Plants, like animals, are able to launch successful defense responses against invading microorganisms. For this purpose, plants have developed a variety of strategies that include molecular, chemical, and physical barriers to infection. One of the most important of these defense systems relies on germline-... | 17298188 | PMC1820829 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e68 |
Introduction
Most eukaryotes contain RNA-based silencing pathways that function at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level to negatively regulate or control genes, repetitive sequences, viruses, and mobile elements [1,2]. At the heart of these silencing pathways are small RNAs, which arise from double-stranded... | 17298187 | PMC1820830 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e57 |
Introduction
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infection is notorious for causing serious zoonotic diseases manifesting as meningitis, septicaemia, arthritis, etc. in addition to its great economic impact on swine industries worldwide each year[1], [2]. Since its discovery in Denmark in 1968, SS2, the most prevalent seroty... | 17375201 | PMC1820848 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e315 |
Introduction
Transcription initiation of protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) requires the ordered assembly of general transcription factors (GTFs) at the minimal promoter of these genes to form a functional preinitiation complex (PIC). Transcription factor TFIID, comprised of the TATA binding protein (TB... | 17375202 | PMC1820849 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e316 |
Introduction
Accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis is an essential event for proper cell multiplication. A large number of the genes required for different aspects of chromosome segregation have been identified. This includes genes encoding proteins implicated in centromere/kinetochore structure and function, ... | 17380189 | PMC1820850 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e317 |
Introduction
Faithful chromosome segregation requires that sister DNA molecules remain attached to one another until anaphase. This cohesion allows eukaryotic cells to unambiguously identify chromatids as sisters, attach paired sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle in a bioriented arrangement and to finally partitio... | 17389909 | PMC1820851 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 28; 2(3):e318 |
Today, PLoS Biology publishes landmark metagenomics papers from the J. Craig Venter Institute's Global Ocean Sampling expedition [1–3]. These papers describe the initial analyses of several gigabasepairs' worth of sequence data from oceanic microbes collected during the Sorcerer II expedition, as the ship made her way ... | 17355178 | PMC1821003 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e83 |
Background
Many health departments have disease surveillance systems in place in order to detect outbreaks of illness. Other issues of public health concern may also cluster geographically. For example, vaccine or drug adverse events may cluster, due to bad manufacturer's lots or due to localized misuse/abuse. Other ex... | 17341310 | PMC1821006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:08 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2007 Mar 6; 6:6 |
Background
Cancers of the cervix, oesophagus, oral cavity and prostate gland are among the leading cancer types in South Africa[1]. Infection with specific oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) such as HPV-16 is regarded as a necessary cause of cervical and other anogenital cancers [2] and has also been associated wit... | 17331260 | PMC1821007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2007 Mar 2; 2:6 |
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