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Background
Patellofemoral dislocations are common, and tend to occur with as a result of quadriceps contraction across a flexed, valgus knee with the weight bearing tibia externally rotated compared to the femur [1]. The dislocation usually reduces spontaneously or with muscle relaxing drugs.
Once the normal relations... | 17328810 | PMC1808455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 28; 8:22 |
Background
Chronic low back pain is a common health problem in many countries. Individuals suffering from chronic low back pain experience major physical, social, mental, and occupational disruptions [1]. It is argued that the impact of low back pain includes: loss of physical function; deterioration of general health ... | 17328809 | PMC1808456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 28; 8:21 |
Background
Studies have noted that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children remains usually under-recognized; and parents, teachers and even mental health professionals significantly underestimate both the intensity and the duration of the stress reactions in children [1]. However children exposed to a high ma... | 17300713 | PMC1808457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 14; 7:8 |
Background
A patient with a neurofibroma in the breast presenting with gynaecomastia is reported. Neurofibroma of the male breast is extremely rare with only one previous case having been reported [1].
Case presentation
A 48 year-old man presented with gynaecomastia, having first noticed a swelling of the left breast ... | 17324294 | PMC1808458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 27; 5:23 |
Background
Metaplastic breast tumors exhibit a wide morphologic spectrum, ranging from tumors with clearly visualized epithelial elements to heterologous tumors with non-epithelial elements like spindle cells, cartilage and bone [1-4]. With the help of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, different morphologic entities w... | 17324295 | PMC1808459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 27; 5:24 |
Background
Peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the fourth most important oil seed in the world, cultivated mainly in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate climates [1]. It is an important crop for both human and animal food. Its yields are reduced around the world by diseases including fungal leaf-spots cau... | 17302987 | PMC1808460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Feb 15; 7:7 |
Background
The past 20 years have seen a distinct shift in the paradigm used in the treatment of breast cancer, away from radical interventions toward more conservative techniques. Randomised clinical trials have shown that breast conserving surgery allied to external beam radiotherapy compares favourably with more rad... | 17326838 | PMC1808461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Feb 27; 2:11 |
Background
Tumor localization for treatment planning in radiation oncology is commonly performed using computed tomography (CT). Owing to image matrix selection, slice thickness, and window and level settings, an overestimation of a static target's physical volume may be observed due to partial volume sampling uncertai... | 17319965 | PMC1808462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:29 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Feb 24; 2:10 |
Background
Falciparum malaria is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries [1]. Severe falciparum malariais associated with various complications. The WHO enumerates a list of complications [1], but the importance of each complication has not been assigned. It is well known that the presence of... | 17326839 | PMC1808463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 27; 6:24 |
Background
In recent years, several vector-borne diseases have re-emerged and spread in Europe with major health, ecological, socio-economical and political consequences. Most of these outbreaks are linked to global and local changes resulting from climate change, human induced landscape changes or human population act... | 17313664 | PMC1808464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 21; 6:18 |
Background
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) is a species complex composed of seven biological species, including two widely distributed and important vectors of human malaria in subSaharan Africa (An. gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis, whose geographical ranges broadly overlap [1-5]. Two species (Anophe... | 17326831 | PMC1808465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 27; 6:23 |
Background
Emotional cues guide selective visual attention and receive enhanced processing [1-4]. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) revealed increased BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) signals in associative visual regions (extrastriate, occipito-parietal, and inferior temporal cortex) and subcortical limb... | 17316444 | PMC1808466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Feb 22; 8:16 |
Background
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a pro-inflammatory pleiotropic cytokine that plays a central role in promoting innate and adaptive mechanisms of host defense [1,2]. Interferon IFN-γ secreted by T and natural killer (NK) cells is important in driving T helper cell type 1 (Th1) responses. In addition, IFN-γ plays ... | 17319941 | PMC1808467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:31 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 23; 7:34 |
Background
During cancer development, tumor cells may elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses–partly a consequence of accumulated gene mutations that are translated into altered peptides [1]. Tumor cell expression of HLA class I-antigen complexes is essential for CTL recognition of aberrant peptid... | 17316446 | PMC1808468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 22; 7:33 |
Background
Primary care is a major entry point to the health care system, therefore the decisions primary care clinicians make determine if health care resources are used appropriately [1]. Family medicine clinicians, in particular, have some of the highest numbers of patient visits per year in the country [2]. Histori... | 17371580 | PMC1808469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Feb 1; 1:4 |
Background
The U.S. racial and ethnic minority population will grow from 28% in 1998 to nearly 40% in 2030 [1]. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), health disparities inarguably exist among racial and ethnic minorities [2]. It is important to address health disparities because consequences include poorer heal... | 17371577 | PMC1808470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Feb 1; 1:5 |
Background
Osteopathy experienced substantial evolution and growth during the twentieth century. The emergence and acceptance of osteopathic medicine as a "mainstream" or "conventional" medical system appears to afford unparalleled opportunities for the next generation of osteopathic physicians. Upon closer inspection,... | 17371583 | PMC1808471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Feb 8; 1:7 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem that comprises 90% to 95% of the estimated 18.2 million Americans with diabetes mellitus [1]. Although type 2 diabetes mellitus was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes mellitus, neither term adequatel... | 17371582 | PMC1808472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Feb 8; 1:6 |
Background
Metastatic cancer to the thyroid is found in up to 24% of autopsies of patients who died of disseminated malignant diseases arising from other anatomic sites, and most of those cancer deposits in the thyroid are small and clinically undetectable [1-3]. On rare occasion, a metastatic cancer to the thyroid pre... | 17263878 | PMC1808473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Cytojournal. 2007 Jan 30; 4:5 |
Review
Having long suffered "woeful neglect," [1] the study of the health workforce is enjoying increased interest in recent years, to judge by the growing range of research being conducted across a variety of sub-fields. This paper plumbs recent work on the health workforce for insights into one of its important, thou... | 17319973 | PMC1808474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Feb 26; 5:4 |
Background
On the 20th of May 1747, the Scottish naval surgeon James Lind started his controlled clinical trial of six interventions for scurvy patients [1]. The results were published in 1753 in his Treatise of the Scurvy [1]. Early examples of randomised, placebo-controlled trials date back to the Nuremberg salt tria... | 17326823 | PMC1808475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Trials. 2007 Feb 27; 8:7 |
Background
Coronary reperfusion injury is believed to occur during reperfusion of an occluded coronary artery in the setting of myocardial infarction. The existence of this injury is still a matter of debate [1], but also the focus of a great deal of research on how to limit the possible additional cell death thought t... | 17324251 | PMC1808476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:31 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007 Feb 26; 7:5 |
Background
Significant changes occur in maternal calcium metabolism during pregnancy. These changes occur to obtain the extra calcium needed for fetal skeletal growth [1,2]. Serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D increase 50–100% over the non-pregnant state during the second trimester, and by 100% during the third trimeste... | 17295904 | PMC1808477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:37 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2007 Feb 12; 7:1 |
Background
Chemo- and bioinformatics are important and active research areas with an ever-increasing number of algorithms and software implementations. Numerous applications provide functionality for highly specific tasks, but very few provide a complete one-package solution where all functionality is integrated into a... | 17316423 | PMC1808478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 22; 8:59 |
Background
In the last two decades, the advent of molecular markers and their use in linkage mapping experiments has tremendously increased the potential of quantitative genetics. Linkage mapping experiments now provide an efficient tool to identify regions of the genome where polymorphism affects the variation of quan... | 17288608 | PMC1808479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 8; 8:49 |
1 Background
Ribonucleic acids (RNA) are macromolecules that play fundamental roles in many biological processes, and in many cases their structure is essential for their biological function. A secondary structure for an RNA strand is simply a set of pairing interactions between bases in the strand. Each base can be pa... | 17266771 | PMC1808480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 31; 8:34 |
Introduction
Researchers sometimes selectively present their findings, focusing on the more impressive aspects of their work. Focusing on impressive aspects means that researchers may try to show statistically significant results and/or larger effect sizes. Testing for statistical significance is not necessarily a bad ... | 17341129 | PMC1808481 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:56 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 6; 4(3):e79 |
Introduction
Caloric restriction delays the rate of aging in many species such as yeast, worms, flies, and mice [1]. One theory is that caloric restriction reduces oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, although the underlying mechanisms of this process are unclear. Cellular nutrient sensing systems seem to med... | 17341128 | PMC1808482 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:56 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 6; 4(3):e76 |
For a lucky subset of vertebrates, losing an appendage is no big deal. As many an inquisitive child knows, salamanders can regenerate lost limbs or tails; and as lab investigators know, zebrafish can regrow lost fins. Of course, humans and other “higher” vertebrates must make do with repairing rather than regenerating ... | 20076668 | PMC1808483 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 6; 5(4):e98 |
Introduction
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are thought to mediate vesicle fusion in all eukaryotes [1–4]. In nerve terminals, there are two target-SNAREs (t-SNAREs, also called Q-SNAREs), syntaxin 1A and synaptosome-associated protein-25 kDa (SNAP-25) on th... | 17341138 | PMC1808484 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 6; 5(4):e72 |
Introduction
Some of the most fundamental issues in developmental biology concern the ability of metazoans to regenerate. In most multicellular organisms, adult stem cells maintain organs' homeostasis throughout life and facilitate tissue repair after injury or disease [1]. Several organisms are capable of regrowing am... | 17341137 | PMC1808485 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:39 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 6; 5(4):e71 |
Introduction
The vertebrate brain is divided caudal to rostral into the hind-, mid-, and forebrain. These territories are further developing into highly specialised structures. In the case of the hindbrain, subdivisions are easy to detect morphologically, because rhombomeres are marked by visible borders during the cou... | 17341136 | PMC1808486 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:39 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 6; 5(4):e69 |
Introduction
Neuronal calcium plays a dual role as a charge carrier and as an intracellular messenger. Calcium signals regulate various developmental processes, such as migration in the central nervous system (CNS) [1], growth-cone behavior [2], dendritic development [3,4], and synaptogenesis [5], but calcium is also i... | 17341135 | PMC1808487 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:39 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 6; 5(4):e66 |
Introduction
Neurotrophins are indispensable for multiple aspects of neuronal development, such as the maintenance of neuronal survival, regulation of neuronal architecture, and synaptic plasticity. Members of the neurotrophins include the prototypic member nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (... | 17341134 | PMC1808488 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr 6; 5(4):e63 |
Introduction
Cells in vivo must maintain a relatively stable intracellular milieu in an extracellular environment that is constantly changing and is potentially unpredictable. Notably, many intracellular biomolecules need to be held within closely regulated ranges of concentrations for normal cell functions. Examples o... | 17335342 | PMC1808489 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:04 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e24 |
Introduction
Most tissues are renewed during the life of the organism through a continuous replacement of their differentiated cells by new mature cells that originate from tissue-specific stem cell lineages. Genetic and epigenetic somatic variations having long-term consequences are believed to preferentially affect t... | 17335343 | PMC1808490 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e28 |
Introduction
Determining the pathways underlying drug-induced toxicity from genome-wide expression profiles is essential for drug development. Knowledge of the components of the identified pathways and their sufficiency order for toxicity is crucial for selecting mechanism-based biomarkers to assess the safety of novel... | 17335344 | PMC1808491 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e30 |
Introduction
Alternative splicing (AS) and gene duplication (GD) are two main contributors to the diversity of the protein repertoire with enormous impact on protein sequence, structure, and function [1–5]. Interestingly, several recent studies point to a direct equivalence between AS and GD. There are some cases where... | 17335345 | PMC1808492 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e33 |
Introduction
Weakly electric fish are commonly found in the freshwater systems of South America and Africa [1,2]. These nocturnal fish use a unique sensory modality, called the “electrosense,” to help them navigate, communicate, and find prey in the absence of strong visual cues [3]. The electrosense involves a special... | 17335346 | PMC1808493 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e38 |
Introduction
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques are predominantly composed of beta-amyloid (Aβ), a 39–42 amino acid peptide cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is likely important for synapse formation in the ... | 17298186 | PMC1808499 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e52 |
Introduction
The ventral mesencephalon contains the majority of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the vertebrate brain with important functions for maintaining the mental and physical health of the organism. They form two prominent pathways: DA neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) extend their axons mainly i... | 17298183 | PMC1808500 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 13; 5(3):e39 |
Background
As recently described the mental conceptualization and evaluation of the intracardiac anatomy from multiple two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic images, is complicated by cardiac dynamics [1-4]. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography facilitates simplification of this process by offering a direct represen... | 17306019 | PMC1810238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Feb 16; 5:8 |
Background
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the evaluation of antigen expression as well as higher resolution methodologies for cytogenetic analysis are standard procedures for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and other diseases [1]. In recent years, cancer treatment response and disease progression increasingly rel... | 17326824 | PMC1810239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:42 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2007 Feb 27; 2:8 |
Background
The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) aims to catalog and provide tools for the analysis of immune epitopes, defined by the IEDB as molecules recognized by immune receptors (antibodies, MHC molecules and T cell receptors) [1,2]. The three-dimensional (3D) structures of epitopes and antigen... | 17313688 | PMC1810240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Immunome Res. 2007 Feb 21; 3:3 |
Background
Vaccinia virus (VV) is a member of the Poxviridae, which constitute a large family of enveloped DNA viruses and replicate entirely in the cytoplasm of the infected cells with a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 130–300 kilo base pairs [1]. Poxviruses have a broad range of eukaryotic hosts including mammal... | 17326843 | PMC1810241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:16 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 27; 4:22 |
Background
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where breastfeeding constitutes the most common infant feeding practice [1-5], postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through breastfeeding represents at least 24% (and possibly as much as 42%) of overall mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV [6]. The i... | 17319940 | PMC1810242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 23; 7:22 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic debilitating disorder involving impairments in memory function [1], behavioural disturbances [2], neuroinflammation [3,4], synaptic failure [1] and a gradual loss of neurones within the brain [5]. A recent analysis of post-mortem AD brain found that neuronal loss was mos... | 17324270 | PMC1810243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Feb 26; 4:8 |
Background
The introduction of general anesthetics into medical practice 160 years ago has revolutionized surgical practice, however, the mechanisms of action of this class of drugs are still only poorly understood. Although general anesthetics have been shown to modulate the activity of a number of proteins, e.g. liga... | 17319964 | PMC1810244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2007 Feb 24; 7:2 |
Background
Intracellular transport and vesicle trafficking are fundamental processes that occur in nearly all eukaryotic cells. These processes are complex, requiring the activity of 5–10% of the proteome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and likely a similar commitment in most other systems. It has been suggested that the o... | 17319956 | PMC1810245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 7:29 |
Background
Amino acid transporter (AAT) proteins are crucial to the metabolism and physiology of trypanosomatid parasites [1]. Among these unicellular eukaryotes are Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major, which are causes of substantial human morbidity worldwide. These organisms have a digenetic li... | 17319943 | PMC1810246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 7:26 |
Background
DNA replication must be restricted to once per cell cycle and must be followed by mitosis to yield two cells each with the same amount of DNA. Hence replication is a tightly regulated process with many redundant pathways in place to prevent uncontrolled DNA synthesis (rereplication) and to ensure that each d... | 17319958 | PMC1810247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2007 Feb 23; 2:8 |
Background
Approximately 15% of the Dutch population will experience a major depressive disorder (MDD) at least once in their lifetime, and 6% have experienced an MDD in the past year [1]. Murray and Lopez (Global Burden of Disease Study) stated that MDD will even become the second major cause of disability-adjusted li... | 17324283 | PMC1810248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 26; 7:28 |
Background
Improving the position of patients within the health system is a vital aspiration in many countries with comparably high health care standards [1-6]. These endeavours are based on the well-founded – but empirically not sufficiently verified – assumption that participation of well informed patients and their ... | 17316426 | PMC1810249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 22; 7:24 |
Background
Common mental disorders, i.e. depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and somatoform disorder, are the most prevalent of all mental disorders, with the highest burden in terms of work absenteeism and utilization of health care services [1-3]. In the case of depressive disorder, 80% of the costs are due to prod... | 17326830 | PMC1810250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 27; 7:29 |
Background
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the mucosa in the upper airways with infiltration of inflammatory cells like neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells [1]. Similar to other atopic diseases, it constitutes a systemic condition where a local allergic reaction may result in distant inf... | 17328813 | PMC1810251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Feb 28; 8(1):17 |
Background
Lung disorders in children are quite common[1,2] and usually of an obstructive nature, generally confined to the intra-thoracic, intrapulmonary airways[3]. Reliable information on pulmonary function would aid the diagnostic process and patients' follow up. Studies on respiratory function tests concerning sch... | 17316433 | PMC1810252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Feb 22; 8(1):14 |
Background
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorder mainly affecting the sacroiliac (SI) joints and the spine. The leading symptom is inflammatory back pain. The impairment of quality of life and the socioeconomic consequences may be substantial [1-4].
Recently, symptomatically highly e... | 17326845 | PMC1810253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:31 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 27; 8:20 |
Background
The Radical Pair model of magnetoreception by Ritz and colleagues [1] proposes that directional information from the geomagnetic field is obtained with the help of radical pair processes taking place in the eye. By photon absorption, molecules are elevated to an excited state, where they form singlet and tri... | 17302975 | PMC1810254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Front Zool. 2007 Feb 15; 4:5 |
Background
In 1983, a new virus was first isolated and associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]. Subsequently, scientists classified it as a Lentivirus belonging to the family Retroviridae and named it human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [2]. HIV infection not only causes physical debility but also... | 17300725 | PMC1810294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2007 Feb 14; 5:5 |
Background
The Bangladesh Health and Population Sector Programme (HPSP) 1998–2003 [1,2] explicitly aimed to achieve a more client-centred service, more responsive to the needs of the very poor and women. Amongst other reforms, a key element of the HPSP was unification of health and family planning services, until then ... | 17324263 | PMC1810295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2007 Feb 26; 5:1 |
Background
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by the Leishmania spp. protozoa, transmitted to the skin of a mammalian host during the bite of an infected female sand fly vector. Infections range in severity from asymptomatic to disfiguring forms of tegumentary and potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis [1,2]... | 17316450 | PMC1810296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:12 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Feb 22; 7:7 |
Background
One of the effects of poverty is that the medicines market in developing countries consists essentially of illegal vendors. The economic restrictions, the weak drug-regulatory systems and the insufficient controls on production, distribution and importation promote a rise of the illegal medicines market [1].... | 17316432 | PMC1810297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 22; 6:22 |
Background
The Sakurai-Hosomi is a useful variant of allylation reactions, [1] which has been used for the formation of carbo- and heterocycles. [2–3] We have applied it to the stereoselective synthesis of dihydrobenzofurans by means of the condensation of benzoxasilepines with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of Lew... | 17288601 | PMC1810298 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:55 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Feb 8; 3:5 |
Findings
Within the last decade, several asymmetric transformations based on silicon-stereogenic reagents or substrates were revisited or invented. [1–4] Aside from the use of silicon-stereogenic chiral auxiliaries in substrate-controlled reactions, [5] a still limited number of remarkable stereoselective processes wit... | 17288605 | PMC1810299 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:57 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Feb 8; 3:9 |
Findings
We have recently developed the "cation pool" method, which involves the irreversible oxidative generation and accumulation of highly reactive cations in the absence of nucleophiles [1–5]. Heteroatom-stabilized carbocations, such as N-acyliminium ion pools and alkoxycarbenium ion pools have been generated based... | 17288603 | PMC1810300 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:57 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Feb 8; 3:7 |
Background
The advantages of ultrasound-assisted chemical reactions include higher yields, shorter reaction times and milder reaction conditions when compared with classical methods. [1–5] The effect of ultrasound has mostly been shown by increasing the yields of reactions and in some cases changing the ratio of produc... | 17257437 | PMC1810301 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:55 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Jan 27; 3:2 |
Introduction
Indolizidine alkaloids represent one of the most structurally diverse classes of natural products and have attracted considerable attention because of their varied biological activity (some examples are illustrated in Scheme 1) [1]. Recent studies in our labs have demonstrated that a range of piperidine al... | 17288604 | PMC1810302 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:57 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Feb 8; 3:8 |
Background
Intramolecular reactions offer distinct advantages over their intermolecular counterparts providing the tethering unit, which connects the reacting functionalities, is neither too long such that the reaction resembles an intermolecular process, nor too short, in which case geometrical constraints can physica... | 17288602 | PMC1810303 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:57 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Feb 8; 3:6 |
Background
AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (AIDS-NHL) is the second most frequent cancer (following Kaposi's sarcoma) associated with AIDS, and is the cause of death in approximately 16% of HIV-infected individuals [1,2]. The lymphoma typically represents a clonal expansion of B-cell origin classified as high grade... | 17324269 | PMC1810304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:33 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 26; 7:35 |
Background
Trypanosoma brucei is the aetiological agent of human African trypanosomaisis or sleeping sickness. At present there are only four drugs available for treatment of sleeping sickness and some of these induce serious side effects [1]. With this in mind, recent research has shown that small-molecule inhibitors ... | 17328798 | PMC1810305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:13 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2007 Feb 28; 6:2 |
Background
Many developed countries publicly subsidize selected medicines on the assumption that their use will improve the health of patients who take these drugs [1]. Improved health outcomes might include: reduced incidence of disease (if medicines prevent new cases of disease in persons at risk); reduced mortality ... | 17300734 | PMC1810306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:20 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2007 Feb 15; 4:1 |
Background
The randomised trial is widely accepted as the most rigorous research method for minimising bias when evaluating health care technologies [1]. It is important to undertake randomised trials in primary care to produce an evidence base that is relevant to the health care delivered in that setting [2,3]. Recrui... | 17326837 | PMC1810307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Feb 27; 7:12 |
Background
MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) is a metalloproteinase with broad substrate specificity, degrading proteoglycan, laminin, fibronectin, and the non-fibrillar collagens [1]. Perhaps equally important, it is also capable of activating other pro-MMP's, including MMP-1, -8, -9 and -13 [2-4], of inactivating plasminogen act... | 17319946 | PMC1810308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:33 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 8:12 |
Background
Accumulating evidence supports a role for inflammation in the development of, and responses to, cerebral ischaemia. Cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 appear to be crucial mediators of such responses [1,2], yet much remains unknown about their complex interactions ... | 17328808 | PMC1810309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:33 | no | BMC Neurol. 2007 Feb 28; 7:5 |
Findings
Relating the physicochemical properties of an aerosol to its toxicity following inhalation is of specific interest for beryllium[1] and of general interest for a wide range of particles, including nanomaterials[2]. Various hypotheses have been put forth regarding particle mass, surface area, and number as metr... | 17328812 | PMC1810321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2007 Feb 28; 4:3 |
Background
We have shown previously that there is a locus on the SHR Y chromosome that increases blood pressure (BP) about 20–25 mmHg [1,2]. Backcrosses of the SHR Y chromosome into WKY rats show a significant Y chromosome BP increase of 20 mmHg [3]. Further studies showed that the SHR Y chromosome increased several in... | 17324261 | PMC1810322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:33 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007 Feb 26; 7:6 |
Background
Pancreatic insulin-producing beta-cells are selectively destroyed by the immune system in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The autoimmune assault causes beta-cell dysfunction and death via direct contact with activated immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, and/or by exposure to soluble mediators... | 17302974 | PMC1810323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:35 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 15; 8:55 |
Background
Computational analysis of the genomes in combination with large-scale expression studies becomes increasingly important for detailed functional annotation of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. Analysis of regulatory regions of protein-coding genes is an important aspect of functional annotation. The mos... | 17309789 | PMC1810324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 19; 8:56 |
Introduction
The bacterial Sm-like protein, Hfq, has been increasingly recognized as a post-transcriptional regulator of global gene expression (Valentin-Hansen et al., 2004). Hfq was first identified in Escherichia coli as a host factor required for replication of Qβ RNA bacteriophage (Franze de Fernandez et al., 196... | 17163975 | PMC1810395 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Mol Microbiol. 2007 Jan; 63(1):193-217 |
Introduction
In terrestrial vertebrates, diverse types of ionocytes (ICs) that are distributed in the bladder, inner ear, and kidney have evolved to play essential roles in transepithelial ion, water, and acid-base transportation. For instance, ICs specializing in mediating salt and water absorption (principal cells), ... | 17375188 | PMC1810426 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e302 |
Introduction
The processes of transcription, pre-mRNA processing, mRNA export, translation and degradation are all interconnected. For example, during splicing, an exon-junction complex (EJC) is deposited at a defined location ∼20–24 nucleotides upstream of exon-exon junctions in a sequence-independent manner [1]. The ... | 17375189 | PMC1810427 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e303 |
Introduction
In the course of evolution, transposable elements have accumulated in the genome of eukaryotes, where they can account for up to 80% of the DNA [1]. Most of these sequences have lost their ability to transpose. They are now stable components of the genomes. The copies of mobile elements that remain functio... | 17375190 | PMC1810428 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e304 |
Introduction
Triplex nucleic acids have attracted attention due to their potential regulation of DNA transcription, replication, recombination, chromosome packing, and potential applications in gene therapy [1]–[8]. The “canonical triplex” structures of these studies have consisted of long stretches of uninterrupted ho... | 17375191 | PMC1810429 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e305 |
Introduction
The specification of hematopoietic stem cell fate depends on the coordinated actions of cytokines and transcription factors, yet the integrative signals orchestrating transcriptional networks remain poorly understood. Distinct developmental stages of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation pathways h... | 17375192 | PMC1810430 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:59:01 | yes | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e306 |
Introduction
Associative learning allows extracting the logical structure of the world as it enables making predictions about stimuli and their potential outcomes. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) constitute a traditional invertebrate model for the study of associative learning at the behavioral, cellular and molecular level... | 17372627 | PMC1810431 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e288 |
Introduction
Members of the family Fabaceae represent about 10% of the estimated 18,000 native plant species in Australia where they occur in nearly all vegetation types [1]. Their ecological success may reflect the advantage that legumes gain in soils of low fertility (a characteristic of the majority of Australian ec... | 17356689 | PMC1810432 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 7; 2(3):e277 |
Introduction
Although a potent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune response has been shown to control most virus infections, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replication persists in the majority of infected individuals despite the presence of a detectable T cell immune response[1]–[5]. Analysis of T cell immune responses in ... | 17375186 | PMC1810433 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e300 |
Introduction
DNA topoisomerases are enzymes of vital cellular importance due to their ability to alter DNA topology. Replication of duplex DNA or recombination between DNA duplexes may cause the formation of DNA supercoils, knots and catenanes. The major role of topoisomerases is to control DNA topology by transient br... | 17375187 | PMC1810434 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e301 |
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rates in Cameroon have increased steadily in the past decade. Although the national HIV prevalence was only 2.9% in 1994, it is now estimated at close to 12% [1-4]. There is evidence that youth in Cameroon are among the populations most at risk for contracting HIV. In 2002,... | 17324289 | PMC1810514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Reprod Health. 2007 Feb 26; 4:1 |
Background
Hydromorphone hydrochloride (HCl) is a semi-synthetic opioid agonist that is widely used for the treatment of severe chronic pain. Studies have shown that it is a potent analgesic with a tolerability profile similar to that of morphine and other opioid analgesic agents [1]. Dosage forms available for adminis... | 17270055 | PMC1810515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Feb 2; 7:2 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. It has a significant genetic component, particularly in individuals with early onset (younger than 50 years). To date, associations between three different genes/loci and early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) have been identifie... | 17324265 | PMC1810516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2007 Feb 26; 8:6 |
Background
The family of Coronaviridae is composed of group 1–3 coronaviruses (CoVs) [1]. These viruses are able to infect human, canine, feline, murine, bovine, porcine, rat, and avian species. The etiological importance and zoonotic characteristics of coronaviruses have received much attention since the discovery of ... | 17324273 | PMC1810517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:16 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 26; 4:20 |
Background
TAR syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder with constant findings of thrombocytopenia and bilateral absence of radii with presence of thumbs (Figure 1). Many of the congenital anomalies have been described such as ulnar hypoplasia, malformed humeri, leucocytosis, tetralogy of fallot, atrial septal defec... | 17331255 | PMC1810518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2007 Mar 1; 8:5 |
Background
This study represents mtDNA data regarding the population of Saudi Arabia. Geographically, desert is the most prominent feature of the Arabian Peninsula, which comprises the modern countries of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Saudi Arabia occupies eighty perce... | 17331239 | PMC1810519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Mar 1; 7:32 |
Background
Nuclear receptors (NR) regulate homeostasis, differentiation, metamorphosis and reproduction in metazoans. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are characterized by a modular structure. Typical NRs contain an N-terminal A/B domain, a C domain (DNA binding domain, DBD), a D domain (hinge) and an E doma... | 17319953 | PMC1810520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 7:27 |
Background
A bibliographic research on med-line for the word "haemangioma " yields 1440 references in the last three years (2004–2006). The association of the term "head-facial" strongly reduces this number. The addition of the term "nervous system" further reduces the number of references to a mere seven. None of thes... | 17319936 | PMC1810521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Feb 23; 3:12 |
I. Background
According to the last UNAIDS report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the core expansion of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (absolute number of cases reported) is currently based on injecting drug use in Asia and Eastern Europe [1]. India recently achieved the biggest number of reported AIDS cases of any country glo... | 17306033 | PMC1810522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Feb 17; 4:9 |
Background
MSCs are cells with high in vitro expansion potential and self renewal capacity which were first isolated from bone marrow [1-3]. Beside their ability to differentiate into multiple mesoderm-type lineages, e.g. osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes, bone marrow derived-MSCs are also able to differentiate ... | 17313666 | PMC1810523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Feb 21; 7:11 |
Background
All eukaryotes use the same fundamental machinery to drive cell cycle progression but multicellular organisms face the additional challenge of regulating the time and place of proliferation throughout development. A well conserved aspect of this developmental regulation is that cells normally arrest in G1-ph... | 17335573 | PMC1810524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Mar 2; 7:13 |
Background
The small lipid mediator prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the major cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid and is released by activated mast cells in response to allergen exposure [1]. PGD2 has long been considered a potentially important mediator in several diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopi... | 17328802 | PMC1810525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Feb 28; 8(1):16 |
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