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Background
Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of small ruminants, which has been reported in many countries of the world. There is considerable variation in the clinical presentation of individual cases but the major clinical signs are behavioural, sensory and locomotor changes [1]. These includ... | 17298670 | PMC1810526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2007 Feb 13; 3:2 |
Background
While the prostate cancer death rate has been decreasing steadily in the U.S. since the 1990s, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men, with an estimated 27,050 deaths predicted to occur in 2007 [1]. When the disease is confined to the prostate, it can be cured by radical pros... | 17295927 | PMC1810527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Feb 12; 7:9 |
Background
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is among the most lucrative agricultural crops worldwide and its consumption has doubled since 1980 [1]. The fruits are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity, and as a part of daily diet could be beneficial for human he... | 17309794 | PMC1810528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Feb 19; 7:11 |
Background
Both Ontario and The Netherlands have shown interest in health systems performance assessment and management through the development of performance indicators within supportive conceptual frameworks [1-7]. The two healthcare systems underwent significant reforms in 2006 that promise to produce, at lower cost... | 17319947 | PMC1810529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 23; 7:25 |
Background
Various studies have shown that a substantial number of patients suffer from injuries or even die as a result of care delivered in hospitals [1-11]. The studies revealed that 2.9% to 16.6% of patients in acute care hospitals experienced one or more adverse events and that in 5% to 13% of the adverse events p... | 17319971 | PMC1810530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 25; 7:27 |
Background
Interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased substantially in western countries during the past decade [1-4]. Patients and their families seem to have sought their health practitioners' opinions about various CAM modalities more frequently [1,2]. Recent studies have demonstrated dra... | 17319950 | PMC1810531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 23; 7:26 |
Background
The literature on patient satisfaction with primary care indicates that key attributes of health care valued by patients are patient-centered, including time spent with the physician, willingness of the physician to listen to the patient, and expectations for treatment [1-4]. An anecdotal source of dissatisf... | 17328807 | PMC1810532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 28; 7:31 |
Background
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood behavioural disorders characterised by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Current estimates show that 3%–6% of school age children have a diagnosis of ADHD [1]. Polymorphic variants in several genes involved in regul... | 17328795 | PMC1810533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 28; 7:10 |
Background
Lithium has been one of the most widely used and best characterized prophylactic treatments for bipolar disorder (BD). Even though the therapeutic effects of lithium have been well documented for many years, its mechanism of action remains unknown. Several plausible pathways have been hypothesized to be infl... | 17324276 | PMC1810534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 26; 7:9 |
Background
Manual techniques are routinely used in the management of non-specific neck pain and appear to provide effective pain relief for at least some neck conditions [1-5]. These techniques include manipulation, a high velocity thrust directed at the joints of the spine, and mobilisation techniques that do not invo... | 17324291 | PMC1810535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 26; 8:18 |
Background
A putative Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence gene, named mce1A, was originally identified because its expression in Escherichia coli enabled this noninvasive bacterium to enter mammalian epithelial cells [1]. Sequencing of the M. tuberculosis genome revealed that mce1A (Rv0169) was part of an operon that ... | 17324287 | PMC1810536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 26; 8:60 |
Background
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp-1) is a nuclear protein that catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose units to various nuclear proteins as a post-translational modification [1]. Poly (ADP-ribose) is a highly negatively charged molecule and poly (ADP-ribosylation) of chromatin-bound proteins including histone... | 17286852 | PMC1810537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 7; 8:41 |
Background
Cat scratch disease (CSD) most commonly presents as a localized granulomatous and suppurative lymphadenopathy caused by Bartonella henselae, a small fastidious gram-negative argyrophillic bacillus [1,2]. While the overwhelming majority of systemic CSD occurs in children, especially with hepatosplenic involve... | 17319959 | PMC1810538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:11 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Feb 23; 7:8 |
Background
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), also called verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), have emerged as pathogens that can cause food-borne infections and severe and potentially fatal illnesses in humans, such as haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). STEC strains that ca... | 17331254 | PMC1810539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Mar 1; 7:13 |
Background
Repositories of clinically annotated human tissue specimens are vitally important to biomedical researchers[1,2]. In the past, tissue repositories were created prospectively by collecting samples of pre-determined types of lesions excised during surgical procedures. Such repositories are very expensive to cr... | 17386082 | PMC1810540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 28; 7:37 |
Background
Population controls are increasingly being used in case control studies because of the growing awareness of the limitations of hospital controls, first identified by Berkson (1946) [1]. Essentially, because hospital patients are in hospital (and therefore ill), they are likely to have a higher frequency of h... | 17319942 | PMC1810541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Feb 23; 7:11 |
Background
Count outcomes are common in randomized studies of alcohol treatment. Subjects may be queried about their daily consumption of alcohol, measured as a number of drinks over a recent period [1] (typically 30 days), and these values are used to estimate average drinking per day. In this setting, estimating diff... | 17302984 | PMC1810542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Feb 15; 7:9 |
Background
It has been estimated that healthcare professionals attempting to keep abreast of their field would need to read an average of 17–20 original articles every day [1]. Increasingly, systematic reviews are being advocated as a way to keep up with current medical literature [2]. A well conducted systematic revie... | 17302989 | PMC1810543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Feb 15; 7:10 |
Background
Among objective monitors of physical activity available to researchers, pedometers are perhaps the most convenient and inexpensive [1]. However, the science of pedometer monitoring is in its infancy [2]. Many unanswered questions remain about expected values for steps/day for different populations, sources o... | 17306031 | PMC1810544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:46 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Feb 17; 4:4 |
Background
Several methods for estimating survival probability of populations from patient samples have been proposed since the first systematic approach in 1950 [1]. One of the oldest and most straightforward methods for analyzing survival data is to compute the Life Table. This method, proposed by Berkson and Gage [1... | 17295918 | PMC1810545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Feb 12; 6:15 |
Background
The successful completion of the Human Genome Project has demonstrated that large-scale sequencing projects can generate high-quality data at a reasonable cost. In addition to the human genome, researchers have already sequenced the genomes of a number of important model organisms that are commonly used as t... | 16925832 | PMC1810547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S10 |
Background
With an increasing number of completely or partially sequenced genomes, computational prediction of protein-coding genes has become one of the most active fields of research in bioinformatics. This task is particularly challenging for eukaryotes, where protein-coding exons are usually separated by non-coding... | 16925833 | PMC1810548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S11 |
Background
Annotating the genes, transcripts and proteins of the human genome is a significant challenge. How many genes will ultimately be identified, what mechanisms control transcription, alternative splicing, the stability of the transcripts, translatability, what role do non-coding genes play and are there identif... | 16925834 | PMC1810549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S12 |
Background
Pseudogenes occupy a significant portion of vertebrate genomes, and are especially prevalent in the mammalian genomes [1-6]. It is estimated that the human genome may contain approximately 20,000 pseudogenes and pseudogene fragments [1,4]. These are copies of functional genes that have lost their potential a... | 16925835 | PMC1810550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:09 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S13 |
Background
The complete sequence of the euchromatic region of the human genome provides a new opportunity to establish the complete catalogue of the human genes. Although automated gene prediction has improved greatly over the years and the human gene count is thought to be between 20,000 and 25,000 protein-coding gene... | 16925838 | PMC1810553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S4 |
Background
There are three fundamental approaches to automated construction of exon-intron structure for protein-coding genes: native alignment - alignment of expressed sequences (including high quality cDNA sequences, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and protein sequences) to the loci from which they were transcribed; ... | 16925839 | PMC1810554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:09 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S5 |
Background
Gene finding can usefully be viewed as a two-level task. At the lower or local level there is a classification task: one of assigning probability estimates to potential features such as splice sites and coding start and stop sites on the basis of sequence information associated with each potential feature. A... | 16925840 | PMC1810555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:09 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S6 |
Background
Ideally, the process of annotating protein coding genes (hereby referred to as 'genes') in a region of genomic DNA involves locating the exact external and internal boundaries of all the genes it includes and, for each, finding all the possible transcript variants. In practice, achieving this is very difficu... | 16925841 | PMC1810556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S7 |
Background
Accurate prediction of protein-coding genes in mammals remains a challenging and active area of research [1]. In the past decade the most important advance in de novo gene prediction came with the initial availability of extensive human and mouse genomic sequences. Several gene prediction algorithms were int... | 16925842 | PMC1810557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:09 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S8 |
Background
Predicting complete protein-coding genes in human DNA remains a significant challenge, as the results of the ENCODE Genome Annotation Assessment Project (EGASP) workshop clearly demonstrate. Although much progress has been made of late in the use of increasingly sophisticated models of gene structure, partic... | 16925843 | PMC1810558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7(Suppl 1):S9 |
Background
Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The most prominent pathological feature of GAN is the large, focal accumulations of neuronal intermediate filaments (IFs) in distended axons [1]. Abnormal aggregations of IFs h... | 17331252 | PMC1810559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Genet. 2007 Mar 1; 8:6 |
Background
Many inherited malformations of domestic animals are analogous to human hereditary anomalies and have proven to be valuable animal models for the investigation of the pathogenesis of rare human phenotypes with identical molecular basis [1].
Isolated congenital syndactyly in cattle only affecting the digits,... | 17319939 | PMC1810560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Genet. 2007 Feb 23; 8:5 |
Background
As a highly perfused organ having unique filtration, secretory and reabsorptive functions, the kidney is susceptible to toxic injury. Of the various segments of the nephron, the proximal tubule is especially prone to toxic injury. As a result of its location adjacent to the glomerulus and the presence of spe... | 17319948 | PMC1810561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | BMC Physiol. 2007 Feb 23; 7:1 |
Background
In natural systems, proteins are synthesized using template mRNA derived from molecules transcribed from the encoding genes. Backtranslation (reverse translation) reverses the normal flow of information, exploiting the primary structure of a protein to deduce the nucleotide sequence of the encoding mRNA. Bac... | 17313665 | PMC1810562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 21; 8:58 |
Results and Discussion
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of human visual cortex, at an intensity above a distinct threshold, induces illusory visual perceptions called phosphenes [13, 14]. It is thought that phosphenes originate from early visual cortex (V1/V2) [13–16] and depend on the integrity [14] and excita... | 17240338 | PMC1815217 | CC BY | 2021-08-13 01:23:51 | no | Curr Biol. 2007 Jan 23; 17(2):134-139 |
Findings
Current data indicate that roughly 1031 bacteriophages exist worldwide, including about 108 genotypes and possibly most of the earth's gene diversity [1-4]. These estimates are derived from either fluorescence or electron microscopy. Less than 1% of the observed bacteriophages have ever been grown in culture (... | 17324288 | PMC1817643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:18 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 26; 4:21 |
Background
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family flaviviridae. It is the most common agent of viral encephalitis, causing an estimated 50,000 cases annually, of which 15,000 will die and up to 50% of survivors are left with severe neuropsychiatric sequelae [1,2]. Most cases... | 17324254 | PMC1817644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:16 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 26; 4:17 |
Background
Radiotherapy (RT), surgery (S), or the combination of both treatments with preoperative radiotherapy following surgery (RT→S) have all been shown to be effective local-regional treatments [1-8] for patients with FIGO stages IB1, IB2, IIA and IIB (with <1/3 proximal parametrial invasion) cervix carcinoma [9,1... | 17316435 | PMC1817645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Feb 22; 2:9 |
Background
One of the main features of the world population in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been the considerable increase in absolute and relative numbers of the elderly in both developed and developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, the number of elderly worldwide in 2004 was app... | 17326842 | PMC1817646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 27; 7:30 |
Background
The burden of depressive disorder on society and on individual patients is enormous. The global burden of disease study reports that unipolar major depressive disorder is expected to be one of the top 2 leading causes of disability-adjusted life years in 2020 [1]. In primary care, 10% of the patients have a ... | 17331237 | PMC1817647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Mar 1; 7:34 |
Background
Newer biological agents have dramatically improved therapeutic options for patients with psoriasis vulgaris requiring systemic therapy. Curiously, despite our knowledge of the target antigen of these biologic therapies, there may be unknown or unexpected biological effects. Efalizumab (Raptiva, Genentech Inc... | 17324275 | PMC1817648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2007 Feb 26; 7:2 |
Background
The National Health Service is the public sector organisation providing state-funded healthcare in the United Kingdom and Great Britain. As many as 30% of its doctors have been trained outside the Europe [1]. In some regions, overseas doctors comprise up to 50% of all junior doctors [2]. General Medical Coun... | 17326841 | PMC1817649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Feb 27; 5:6 |
Background
Since 2002 there has been a clear international commitment to expanding the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developing countries. The increased political and financial support have resulted in dramatic increases in the number of people in resource-poor countries initiating HAA... | 17328804 | PMC1817650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Feb 28; 5:7 |
Background
The trophoblast Kunitz domain proteins are a family of closely related gene products uniquely expressed by trophoblast of ruminant ungulates [1,2]. Each protein is characterized by the presence of a well-conserved, carboxyl-terminal ~65 amino acid domain, typically found in the Kunitz family of serine peptid... | 17326832 | PMC1817651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Feb 27; 8:14 |
INTRODUCTION
Shoulder pain is the third most common musculoskeletal symptom encountered in medical practice after back and neck pain [1,2]. A wide range of potential pathoanatomic entities can give rise to shoulder pain, from simple sprains to massive rotator tears [3]. Most of these different conditions can be adequat... | 17347681 | PMC1817652 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:56 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2007 Mar 9; 2(3):e9 |
Introduction
Patients vary widely in their drug responses including unpredicted adverse drug reactions that cause a significant loss of lives and a huge toll on health-care costs [1]. Rational selection and dosage optimization of anticancer agents are particularly important due to their narrow therapeutic index and inh... | 17352537 | PMC1817653 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e39 |
Introduction
There is now compelling evidence, from sperm studies and from the analysis of patterns of genetic variation, that the general pattern of recombination in humans is highly nonuniform throughout the genome [1–4]. Both of these approaches have shown that a large proportion of crossing over is restricted to sm... | 17352536 | PMC1817654 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e35 |
Introduction
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States [1]. The causative organism, Borrelia burgdorferi, is a microaerophilic spirochete that contains a 910-kb linear chromosome and at least 21 linear and circular plasmids [2]. B. burgdorferi is composed of several genospecies known colle... | 17352535 | PMC1817655 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e33 |
Introduction
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), or prion diseases, are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep, and spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (BSE) [1]. The central event in TSE pathogenesis is the conformational convers... | 17352534 | PMC1817656 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:38:15 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e31 |
Introduction
Immune responses are typically characterized as being either adaptive or innate. Adaptive immunity, which requires T and B cells, is specific, has memory, and is generally considered to be restricted to vertebrates. In contrast, the innate immune response is thought to act naïvely to each encounter with a ... | 17352533 | PMC1817657 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:01 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e26 |
Introduction
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous soil-dwelling saprophytic fungus that propagates through the prolific production of air-borne conidia [1]. Large-scale genome comparisons have shown that no gene sets are shared exclusively by both Aspergillus fumigatus and any other human pathogenic fungi sequenced t... | 17352532 | PMC1817658 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e24 |
Introduction
MicroRNAs are endogenous single-stranded RNAs ranging from 19–25 nt in length. They are generated from long precursors, which fold into hairpin structures, and are known to repress post-transcriptional gene expression in both animals and plants [1,2]. The two well-understood microRNAs, lin-4 and let-7, wer... | 17352530 | PMC1817659 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e37 |
Introduction
Retroviruses are associated with a broad range of diseases that include tumors, immunodeficiency syndromes, and neurological disorders [1]. They affect a large number of species, from fish and birds to mammals and humans, with global socioeconomic negative impacts [1]. Each year the HIV pandemic causes mor... | 17352531 | PMC1817660 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Mar 9; 3(3):e48 |
Science and technology have identified unique properties in materials with dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm [Health and Safety Executive (HSE) 2004; National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) 2004]. These properties may yield many far-reaching societal benefits, but they may also pose hazards and risks. One area of co... | 17366812 | PMC1817662 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 25; 115(1):5-12 |
Although overall incidence is rare, leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer, accounting for 30% of all cancers diagnosed in children younger than 15 years (Linet 1999). Within this population, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) occurs approximately five times more frequently than acute myelogenous leukemia (... | 17366834 | PMC1817663 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 30; 115(1):138-145 |
Researchers and physicians have long proposed that infection(s) might cause diverse childhood leukemias. Several lines of scientific evidence support the plausibility of these hypotheses but definitive proof remains elusive. In this overview we highlight the general rationale behind proposals that one or more infection... | 17366835 | PMC1817664 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 30; 115(1):146-150 |
The Nevada State Health Division (NSHD), with assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), conducted a study to identify environmental exposures in the Churchill County community where 15 cases of childhood leukemia,14 of which were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), had been diagnosed between... | 17366837 | PMC1817665 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 30; 115(1):158-164 |
Background and Recent Developments
Concentrated animal feed operations and water quality
Animal cultivation in the United States produces 133 million tons of manure per year (on a dry weight basis) representing 13-fold more solid waste than human sanitary waste production [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA... | 17384784 | PMC1817674 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 14; 115(2):308-312 |
The benefits of eating moderate amounts of fish greatly outweigh the risks associated with intake of their potential contaminants, researchers report in the 18 October 2006 issue of JAMA. “People have heard that eating fish, especially oily fish, is good for them, yet they also hear that fish are often contaminated wit... | 17384745 | PMC1817675 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A77a |
Exposure to lead has long been recognized as hazardous to human health (Pueschel et al. 1996). Until the 1970s, concerns about lead poisoning primarily focused on acute exposures resulting in convulsions, paralysis, anemia, and gastrointestinal problems (International Program on Chemical Safety 1995). There is now reco... | 17384768 | PMC1817676 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 7; 115(2):221-225 |
In our article (Herbert et al. 2006), we described the establishment of the World Trade Center (WTC) Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program and presented results of screening examinations undertaken between 2002 and 2004 among a heterogeneous group of 9,442 WTC responders.
Miller expresses concern about the va... | 0 | PMC1817677 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A72-A73 |
Breast milk is widely recognized as the best source of nourishment for infants (Gartner et al. 2005). Breast-feeding also fosters an infant’s emotional and social well-being (Else-Quest et al. 2003; Winberg 2005). The American Academy of Pediatrics (Gartner et al. 2005), World Health Organization (WHO 2001), and the In... | 17384762 | PMC1817678 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 20; 115(2):182-186 |
Although cryptorchidism is one of the most common genital malformations in males, its etiology remains largely unknown. Defects in developmental genes such as INSL3 (insulin-like factor 3) seem to be involved in some cases (Adham and Agoulnik 2004). Other risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, low parity, ... | 17384777 | PMC1817679 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 4; 115(2):272-277 |
Dirty City Roundup
In October 2006, the Blacksmith Institute released a report identifying the world’s 10 most polluted cities based on factors such as toxicity of the pollution involved and clear evidence of health impacts. In Dzherzhinsk, Russia, which was a chemical weapons manufacturing site during the Cold War, pe... | 0 | PMC1817680 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A77b-A79 |
In Table 2 of the the commentary by Marsee et al. [
Environ Health Perspect 114:805–809 (2006)], the value for the 75th percentile of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) was incorrect; the correct value is 0.92.
The authors regret the error. | 0 | PMC1817681 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A73 |
New national laws linked to enactment of the United Nations Stockholm Convention [Also called “The Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Protocol”] in 2005 have led to significant new activity in the assessment of persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic substances (PBTs) [United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) 2006]. Ca... | 17384774 | PMC1817682 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 30; 115(2):255-261 |
Background and Recent Developments
As a general principle, the concentration of humans or animals in proximity enhances potential transmission of microorganisms among members of the group. It also creates greater potential for infecting surrounding life forms, even those of different species. The conditions created als... | 17384785 | PMC1817683 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 14; 115(2):313-316 |
Clinicians for years have used chelation to treat lead poisoning without knowing whether it prevented cognitive impairment in lead-exposed children. A recent study of chelation therapy now brings new hope to parents of children exposed to lead [EHP 115:201–209; Stangle et al.]. The Cornell University study is thought t... | 0 | PMC1817684 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A97a |
In cities undergoing urban revitalization, progress can often be a costly benefit, particularly for residents living right in the midst of the changes. As staff at the Johns Hopkins NIEHS Center in Urban Environmental Health have documented, without proper standards in place, byproducts from urban renewal projects can ... | 17384753 | PMC1817685 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A83a-A84 |
With skyrocketing petroleum prices and war in the oil-producing nations of the Middle East, biofuels are increasingly touted as desirable alternatives to petroleum. But can they really help free us from a petroleum economy? How do they compete with conventional fuels and each other on a cost basis? What are the environ... | 17384755 | PMC1817686 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A92-A95 |
By Terry Tamminen
Washington, DC:Island Press, 2006. 262 pp. ISBN: 1-59726-101-7, $24.95
Lives Per Gallon, by Terry Tamminen, is an easy and entertaining read. It tells an important story about our addiction to oil and the price we are paying to support our habit. It is clear from the very first sentence in the book ... | 0 | PMC1817687 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A110a |
Studies have found assorted perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)—the persistent chemicals in such products as nonstick coatings—in samples of human blood and milk, but what isn’t clear is how efficiently the chemicals transfer between these two media. To address this gap, researchers in Sweden compared PFC levels in blood s... | 0 | PMC1817688 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A97b |
Yuan W, Holland SK, Cecil KM, Dietrich KN, Wessel SD, Altaye M, et al. 2006. The impact of early childhood lead exposure on brain organization: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of language function. Pediatrics 118:971–977.
Lead exposure is known to cause behavioral problems and learning deficits in childr... | 0 | PMC1817689 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A83b |
The Genes, Environment, and Development Initiative (U01)
This Request for Applications (RFA) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) launches the Genes, Environment, and Development Initiative (GEDI). The GEDI will support research using existing research samples to inve... | 0 | PMC1817690 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A100-A102 |
The pace of energy development in the West is staggering. Since 1990 Colorado alone has seen a 450% increase in natural gas production, and now has more than 27,000 active gas wells, according to a fact sheet from the Western Colorado Congress, a community action group. This explosive growth puts the energy business in... | 17384744 | PMC1817691 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A76 |
Formaldehyde is a well-known airborne contaminant causing eye, nose, and throat irritation as well as airway irritation and slight neuropsychologic changes (Hester and Harrison 1998; Samet et al. 1988).
The major indoor sources of formaldehyde are off-gassing from urea–formaldehyde foam insulation, particle board, pan... | 17384766 | PMC1817692 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 7; 115(2):210-214 |
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy and a leading cause of cancer death in the United States (Crawford 2003). The molecular mechanisms underlying its development and progression remain poorly understood. Prostate cancer usually begins as an androgen-dependent tumor that may undergo clinical regression in response to... | 17384772 | PMC1817693 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 20; 115(2):243-247 |
Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry: Activism, Innovation, and the Environment in an Era of Globalization
David Hess
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2007. 360 pp. ISBN: 0-262-08359-0, $62
An Introduction to Pollution Science
Roy M. Harrison, ed.
New York:Springer, 2006. 298 pp. ISBN: 0-85404-829-4, $49.95
Asses... | 0 | PMC1817694 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A110b |
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in the environment (Covert et al. 1999; Dawson 1971; Falkinham 2002; Falkinham et al. 1980) and have a predilection for water supply and collection systems (Collins et al. 1984; Covert et al. 1999; Falkinham 2002, 2003; Falkinham et al. 1980; von Reyn et al. 1993, 1994, ... | 17384775 | PMC1817695 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 6; 115(2):262-266 |
Over the past two decades, epidemiological studies have strengthened the link between air pollution and specific respiratory ailments, yielding better valuations for the pollution-related costs of illness and thus pinpointing the benefits of environmental regulations. Much work remains to be done, however, in linking a... | 17384750 | PMC1817696 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A80-A81 |
Background and Recent Developments
The agricultural community in areas of large-scale livestock production
The rural and agricultural community has changed dramatically over the past half century. The trends include an overall reduction in the number of farms, an increase in size of the farms, and economic concentratio... | 17384786 | PMC1817697 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 14; 115(2):317-320 |
In June 2004, we reported the results of a study in which we found elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in building caulking materials used around windows and in expansion joints in masonry buildings (Herrick et al. 2004). Our investigation of 24 buildings in the Greater Boston (Massachusetts) area revea... | 17384760 | PMC1817698 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 6; 115(2):173-175 |
Many previous studies of the association between air pollution and health outcomes have relied on the distance to the pollutant source (i.e., road) as a surrogate of exposure (Ciccone et al. 1998; Hoek et al. 2002; Janssen et al. 2003; Lin et al. 2002; Ryan et al. 2005; van Vliet et al. 1997; Venn et al. 2001). An assu... | 17384778 | PMC1817699 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 30; 115(2):278-284 |
Toxicogenomics is no longer in its infancy. The field is poised to make significant contributions to risk assessment, drug screening and development, clinical diagnosis and therapy, and policy decision making. That was the general consensus that emerged from the final meeting of the Toxicogenomics Research Consortium (... | 17384751 | PMC1817700 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A81-A82 |
Dramatic changes in livestock production have occurred over the past two decades. The trend in swine, poultry, and cattle operations has been toward fewer but increasingly larger operations. Traditional crop–livestock farms were balanced in that livestock manure supplied nutrients to grow the crops to feed those livest... | 17384781 | PMC1817701 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 14; 115(2):296-297 |
Oak Ridge National Laboratory hosts a web-based resource center, the Bioenergy Feedstock Information Network, that assembles a wealth of information from the Department of Energy, the laboratory itself, Idaho National Laboratory, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and other research organizations working on alte... | 0 | PMC1817702 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A79 |
Anencephaly is a nightmarish neural tube defect in which the fetus does not develop a forebrain, and the rest of the brain is not covered by skin or bone. Most anencephalic children die in the womb or within hours of birth. A study published in the October 2006 issue of Occupational and Environmental Medicine now confi... | 17384748 | PMC1817703 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A78a |
Background and Recent Developments
Airborne contaminant emissions emanating from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) include toxic gases and particulates. A combination of gases or particulates of sufficient concentration and chemical composition may also be perceived as an irritant odor downwind of a CAFO. ... | 17384783 | PMC1817704 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 14; 115(2):303-307 |
Common diseases of a chronic inflammatory nature such as asthma, Alzheimer disease, and cardiovascular disease are complex in nature, as they are variably influenced by genetic inheritance as well as environmental, physical, and lifestyle factors. Although genetic variants and their interactions probably define most in... | 17384770 | PMC1817705 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 13; 115(2):231-234 |
The organophosphate and carbamate pesticides used today act by blocking acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme needed for proper functioning of the nervous system in insects, humans, and other animals. These pesticides, which contaminate air, water, soil, and food, are toxic not only to insects, but also to people and... | 17384747 | PMC1817706 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A78b |
Many water treatment systems around the nation have stopped using chlorine to disinfect drinking water. Chlorine reacts with dissolved organic matter in water to create by-products that are suspected of causing human health problems, including some forms of cancer. Many water treatment plants now use disinfectants call... | 0 | PMC1817707 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A96b |
Since house dust was recognized as a common respiratory allergen in the early 20th century, research has focused on identifying the specific causes of its allergenicity. Early hypotheses made distinctions between settled house dust and “street dust,” proposing that decayed cotton “linters” and “kapok fibers” from house... | 17384767 | PMC1817708 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 7; 115(2):215-220 |
Background and Recent Developments
Gases and vapors
A number of toxic gases and vapors are emitted by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) into the work and general environments. In particular, occupational studies have yielded information about exposure levels of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ca... | 17384782 | PMC1817709 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 14; 115(2):298-302 |
Retrospective studies of the health effects of home and garden pesticides face challenges in exposure assessment, particularly for diseases with long latency periods where the relevant exposures may have occurred decades before diagnosis. Typically, self-reported information forms the basis for exposure assessment, som... | 17384773 | PMC1817710 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 7; 115(2):248-254 |
Few NIEHS programs can lay claim to carrying out its director’s stated mission as closely as the Environmental Health Science Core Centers (EHS CCs), which support centralized resources and facilities shared by investigators with existing research projects, thus enhancing productivity and integrating research but—with ... | 0 | PMC1817711 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A99 |
Exposure to ambient air pollution particles has been associated with increased human morbidity and mortality, much of which is nonpulmonary. One proposed explanation of this extrapulmonary tissue injury is a transport of the particles outside of the respiratory tract. In the August 2006 issue of EHP, Elder et al. (2006... | 17384740 | PMC1817712 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A70a |
Swimming is a popular activity and sport among people of all ages. Outbreaks of illness caused by infectious organisms associated with swimming pool use are reported with regularity (Yoder et al. 2004). Proper pool maintenance, especially appropriate water disinfection procedures, and monitoring of pool water quality a... | 17384776 | PMC1817713 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 28; 115(2):267-271 |
Cholera continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many areas of the world, and there is currently a high frequency of new outbreaks in Africa. The fatal effects of the disease are mainly due to the cholera toxin produced by specific strains of Vibrio cholerae.
In 1817, cholera spread out of its ... | 17384764 | PMC1817714 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 18; 115(2):195-200 |
We recently reported an adverse association between drinking water arsenic and cognitive function in 10-year-old children living in Bangladesh (Wasserman et al. 2004), where approximately 30–40 million people (British Geological Survey and Bangladesh Department of Public Health Engineering 2001) are chronically exposed... | 17384779 | PMC1817715 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:58 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb 18; 115(2):285-289 |
We appreciate the opportunity to address the points raised by Ghio and Bennett in their letter. The pH of our cell-free dissolution studies (Elder et al. 2006) was appropriate because the nasal cavity surface is neutral and does not have airway macrophages and the phagolysosomal pH of nasal epithelial cells is neutral ... | 0 | PMC1817716 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2):A70b-A71 |
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