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Car dependencyis a phenomenon inurban planningwherein existing and planned infrastructure prioritizes the use ofautomobilesover other modes of transportation, such aspublic transport,bicycles, andwalking. Car dependency has been attributed with leading to a more polluting transport system compared to systems where all ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_dependence |
Abicycle, also called apedal cycle,bike,push-bikeorcycle, is ahuman-poweredormotor-assisted,pedal-driven,single-track vehicle, with twowheelsattached to aframe, one behind the other. Abicycle rideris called a cyclist, or bicyclist.
Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century inEurope. By the early 21st century there ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle |
Public transport(also known aspublic transportation,public transit,mass transit, or simplytransit) is a system oftransportforpassengersby group travel systems available for use by the general public unlikeprivate transport, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that may charge a posted fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Thecreator economyor also known ascreator marketingandinfluencer economy, is a software-driven economy that is built aroundcreatorswho produce and distribute content, products, or services directly to their audience, leveraging social media platforms and AI tools.[1]These creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_economy |
Cultural technology(English) is a term that arose from postmodern interpretations of how ideas are used by cultures to frame meaning and the interpretation of concepts; and thus how technologies of thought and culture shape identity and thinking about the self. The term was first used by Australian writer, therapeutic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_technology |
Hypein marketing is a strategy of using extreme publicity. Hype as a modern marketing strategy is closely associated withsocial media.[citation needed]
Marketing through hype often usesartificial scarcityto induce demand. Consumers of hyped products often participate as a form ofconspicuous consumptionto signify chara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_(marketing) |
Influencer marketing(also known asinfluence marketing) is a form ofsocial media marketinginvolvingendorsementsandproduct placementfrominfluencers, individuals and organizations who have a purportedexpert level of knowledgeorsocial influencein their field.[1]Influencers are people (or something) with the power to affect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influencer_marketing |
Ashill, also called aplantor astooge, is a person who publicly helps or gives credibility to a person or organization without disclosing that they have a close relationship with said person or organization, or have been paid to do so. Shills can carry out their operations in the areas of media, journalism, marketing, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shill |
Social media marketingis the use ofsocial mediaplatforms andwebsitesto promote a product or service.[1]Although the termse-marketinganddigital marketingare still dominant in academia, social media marketing is becoming more popular for both practitioners and researchers.[2]
Most social media platforms such as: Faceboo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_marketing |
Viral marketingis a business strategy that uses existing social networks to promote a product mainly on various social media platforms. Its name refers to how consumers spread information about a product with other people, much in the same way that avirusspreads from one person to another.[1]It can be delivered byword ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing |
Isaac Asimov(/ˈæzɪmɒv/AZ-im-ov;[b][c]c.January 2, 1920[a]– April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor ofbiochemistryatBoston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the "Big Three"science fictionwriters, along withRobert A. HeinleinandArthur C. Clarke.[2]A prolific writer, he wrote or edi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov |
TheFoundationseriesis ascience fictionbook series written by American authorIsaac Asimov. First published as a series ofshort storiesand novellas in 1942–1950, and subsequently in three books in 1951–1953, for nearly thirty years the series was widely known asThe Foundation Trilogy:Foundation(1951),Foundation and Empir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(book_series) |
Positivismis aphilosophical schoolthat holds that all genuine knowledge is eithertrue by definitionorpositive– meaninga posteriorifacts derived byreasonandlogicfromsensory experience.[1][2]Otherways of knowing, such asintuition,introspection, orreligious faith, are rejected orconsidered meaningless.
Although the posit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism |
Statistics(fromGerman:Statistik,orig."description of astate, a country"[1]) is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation ofdata.[2]In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with astatistical populationor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics |
Thomas Crombie Schelling(April 14, 1921 – December 13, 2016) was an Americaneconomistand professor offoreign policy,national security,nuclear strategy, andarms controlat theSchool of Public Policyat theUniversity of Maryland, College Park. He was also co-faculty at theNew England Complex Systems Institute.
Schelling w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schelling |
Peter Michael Blau(February 7, 1918 – March 12, 2002) was an Austrian and Americansociologistandtheorist. Born inVienna, Austria, he immigrated to the United States in 1939. He completed hisPhDdoctoral thesis withRobert K. MertonatColumbia Universityin 1952, laying an early theory for the dynamics of bureaucracy. The n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blau |
Harrison Colyar White(March 21, 1930 – May 18, 2024) was an American sociologist who was the Giddings Professor of Sociology atColumbia University. White played an influential role in the “Harvard Revolution” insocial networks[1]and theNew York School of relational sociology.[2]He is credited with the development of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_White |
Nicolas Rashevsky(November 9, 1899 – January 16, 1972) was an Americantheoretical physicistwho was one of the pioneers ofmathematical biology, and is also considered the father ofmathematical biophysicsand theoretical biology.[1][2][3][4]
He studiedtheoretical physicsat theSt. Vladimir Imperial University of Kyiv. He ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Rashevsky |
The Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB)is an international association co-founded in 1972 in the United States byGeorge Karreman,Herbert Daniel Landahland (initially chaired) byAnthony Bartholomayfor the furtherance of joint scientific activities betweenMathematicsandBiologyresearch communities.[1][2]The society pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Mathematical_Biology |
Insocial network analysisandmathematical sociology,interpersonal tiesare defined as information-carrying connections between people. Interpersonal ties, generally, come in three varieties:strong,weakorabsent. Weak social ties, it is argued, are responsible for the majority of the embeddedness and structure ofsocial ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_ties |
James Samuel Coleman(May 12, 1926 – March 25, 1995) was an American sociologist, theorist, and empirical researcher, based chiefly at the University of Chicago.[1][2]
He served as president of theAmerican Sociological Associationin 1991–1992. He studied the sociology of education and public policy, and was one of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Samuel_Coleman |
James Douglas Montgomery(born April 13, 1963) is professor ofsociologyandeconomicsat theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison. He received his Ph.D. in economics fromMassachusetts Institute of Technology. He has applied game-theoretic models and non-monotonic logic to present formal analysis and description of social theorie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Montgomery_(economist) |
Thomas J. Fararo(February 11, 1933 - August 20, 2020) was Distinguished ServiceProfessor Emeritusat theUniversity of Pittsburgh. After earning aPh.D.insociologyatSyracuse Universityin 1963, he received a three-year postdoctoralfellowshipfor studies inpureandapplied mathematicsatStanford University(1964–1967). In 1967, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fararo |
Ineconomics,Beckstrom's lawis a model ortheoremformulated byRod Beckstrom. It purports to answer "the decades-old question of 'how valuable is a network'", and states in summary that "The value of a network equals the net value added to each user’s transactions conducted through that network, summed over all users."
A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckstrom%27s_law |
Reed's lawis the assertion ofDavid P. Reedthat theutilityof largenetworks, particularlysocial networks, canscale exponentiallywith the size of the network.[1]
The reason for this is that the number of possible sub-groups of network participants is 2N−N− 1, whereNis the number of participants. This grows much more rap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%27s_law |
David Sarnoff(February 27, 1891 – December 12, 1971) was a Russian[4]and American businessman who played an important role in the American history ofradioandtelevision. He led theRadio Corporation of America(RCA) for most of his career in various capacities from shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnoff%27s_law |
Government by algorithm[1](also known asalgorithmic regulation,[2]regulation by algorithms,algorithmic governance,[3][4]algocratic governance,algorithmic legal orderoralgocracy[5]) is an alternative form ofgovernmentorsocial orderingwhere the usage of computeralgorithmsis applied to regulations, law enforcement, and ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algocracy |
Thedigerati(ordigirati) are the elite ofdigitalization,social media,content marketing,computer industryandonlinecommunities. The word is aportmanteau, derived from "digital" and "literati", and reminiscent of the earlier coinageglitterati(glitter and literati). Famouscomputer scientists,techmagazine writers, digital co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerati |
The termdigital citizenis used with different meanings. According to the definition provided byKaren Mossberger, one of the authors ofDigital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation,[1]digital citizens are "those who use the internet regularly and effectively." In this sense, a digital citizen is a person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_citizen |
Thedigital divideis the unequal access todigital technology, includingsmartphones, tablets,laptops, and the internet.[1][2]The digital divide worsens inequality around access to information and resources. In theInformation Age, people without access to the Internet and other technology are at a disadvantage, for they a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide |
Group decision-making(also known ascollaborative decision-makingorcollective decision-making) is a situation faced when individuals collectively make a choice from the alternatives before them. The decision is then no longer attributable to any single individual who is a member of the group. This is because all the ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_decision-making |
TheIndigo Era(orIndigo economies) is a concept publicized by businessmanMikhail Fridman, describing what he views as an emerging new era of economies and economics based on ideas, innovation, and creativity, replacing those based on the possession ofnatural resources. Fridman is the co-founder ofLetterOne, an internati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_Era_(economics) |
Information ecologyis the application ofecologicalconcepts for modeling theinformation society. It considers the dynamics and properties of the increasingly dense, complex and important digital informational environment. "Information ecology" often is used asmetaphor, viewing theinformation spaceas anecosystem, theinfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_ecology |
Theknowledge divideis the gap between those who can find, create, manage, process, and disseminate information orknowledge, and those who are impaired in this process. According to a 2005 UNESCO World Report, the rise in the 21st century of a global information society has resulted in the emergence of knowledge as a va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_divide |
Noocracy(/noʊˈɒkrəsi/,nousmeaning 'mind" or 'intellect', andkratosmeaning 'power' or 'authority') is a type of government where decisions are delegated to those deemedwisest. The idea is classically advanced, among others, byPlato,al-FarabiandConfucius.
Platoin hisLawsconsidered such a city a "sophocracy," i.e. rule o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noocracy |
Social marketing intelligenceis the method of extrapolating valuable information fromsocial networkinteractions anddataflows that can enable companies tolaunch new productsand services into the market at greater speed and lower cost. This is an area of research however, companies using social marketing intelligence hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_marketing_intelligence#Alpha_users |
Gig workersareindependent contractors, online platform workers,[1]contract firm workers, on-demand workers,[2]andtemporary workers.[3]Gig workers enter into formal agreements with on-demand companies to provide services to the company's clients.[4]
In many countries, the legal classification of gig workers is still be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uberisation |
Six Degrees of Kevin BaconorBacon's Lawis aparlor gamewhere players challenge each other to choose an actor whom they connect to another actor via a film in which both actors appeared: this is repeated to try to find the shortest path that leads to prolific American actorKevin Bacon. It rests on the assumption that any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon_number |
Dunbar's numberis a suggested cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships—relationships in which an individual knows who each person is and how each person relates to every other person.[1][2]This number was first proposed in the 1990s byRobin Dunbar, a Britishanthropo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar%27s_number |
TheErdős number(Hungarian:[ˈɛrdøːʃ]) describes the "collaborative distance" between mathematicianPaul Erdősand another person, as measured by authorship ofmathematical papers. The same principle has been applied in other fields where a particular individual has collaborated with a large and broad number of peers.
Paul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_number |
A person'sErdős–Bacon numberis the sum of theirErdős number—which measures the "collaborative distance" in authoring academic papers between that person and Hungarian mathematicianPaul Erdős—and theirBacon number—which represents the number of links, through roles in films, by which the person is separated from America... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Bacon_number |
Apersonal networkis a set of human contacts known to an individual, with whom that individual would expect tointeractat intervals to support a given set of activities. In other words, a personal network is a group of caring, dedicated people who are committed to maintain a relationship with a person in order to support... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_network |
Richard Gilliamis a short story author and the editor of such theme anthologies asConfederacy of the Dead(1993),Phobias(1994) and theGrailsseries (1992–94). He has contributed fantasy short stories to numerous books and magazines, and his non-fiction includesJoltin' Joe DiMaggio(1999).
Gilliam began as a sportswriter ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gilliam |
Social media measurement, also calledsocial media controlling, is themanagementpractice of evaluating successful social media communications of brands, companies, or other organizations.[1]
Key performance indicatorsmay be measured by extracting information from social media channels,[2]such asblogs,wikis, micro-blogs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_measurement |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Thisbibliography of sociologyis a list of works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject ofsociology. Some of the works are selected from general anthologies of sociology,[1][2][3][4][... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology |
Business networkingis the practice of building relationships with individuals and businesses for professional purposes.[1]It involves the strategic exchange of information and resources to create connections that can be mutually beneficial.[2]Business networking can be conducted in person, online, or through a combinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_networking |
Acollective networkis a set of social groups linked, directly or indirectly, by some common bond. According to this approach of the social sciences to study social relationships, social phenomena are investigated through the properties of relations among groups, which also influence the internal relations among the ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_network |
Network societyis the set of social, political, economic, and cultural changes brought about by the widespread use of networked digital information and communication technologies.
The intellectual origins of the idea can be traced back to the work of early social theorists such asGeorg Simmelwho analyzed the effect of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_society |
Thesemiotics of social networkingdiscusses the images, symbols and signs used in systems that allow users to communicate and share experiences with each other. Examples of social networking systems includeFacebook,TwitterandInstagram.
Semioticsis a discipline that studies images, symbols, signs and other similarly rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics_of_social_networking |
Scientific collaboration networkis asocial networkwhere nodes are scientists and links are co-authorships as the latter is one of the most well documented forms of scientific collaboration.[1]It is an undirected,scale-free networkwhere thedegree distributionfollows apower lawwith an exponential cutoff – most authors ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_collaboration_network |
Asocial graphis agraphthat represents social relations between entities. It is amodelorrepresentationof asocial network. The social graph has been referred to as "the global mapping of everybody and how they're related".[1]
The term was used as early as 1964, albeit in the context ofisoglosses.[2]Leo Aposteluses the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_graph |
In the field ofsociolinguistics,social networkdescribes the structure of a particularspeech community. Social networks are composed of a "web of ties" (Lesley Milroy) between individuals, and the structure of anetworkwill vary depending on the types of connections it is composed of. Social network theory (as used by s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_(sociolinguistics) |
Structural foldingis the network property of a cohesive group whose membership overlaps with that of another cohesive group.[1]The idea reaches back toGeorg Simmel's argument that individuality itself might be the product of unique intersection of network circles.[2]
It has been proposed that successful firms often cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_fold |
Research networking(RN) is about using tools to identify, locate and use research and scholarly information about people and resources.Research networking tools(RN tools) serve asknowledge managementsystems for the research enterprise. RN tools connect institution-level/enterprise systems, national research networks, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_research_networking_tools_and_research_profiling_systems |
Organizational network analysis(ONA) is a method for studying communication[1]and socio-technical networks within a formal organization. This technique creates statistical and graphical models of the people, tasks, groups, knowledge and resources of organizational systems. It is based onsocial network theory[2]and more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis |
Anonymous social mediais a subcategory ofsocial mediawherein the main social function is to share and interact around content and information anonymously on mobile and web-based platforms.[1]Another key aspect of anonymous social media is that content or information posted is not connected with particular online identi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_social_media |
Adistributed social network(more recently referred to as afederated social network) is anetworkwherein all participatingsocial networking servicescan communicate with each other through a unifiedcommunication protocol. Users that reside on a compatible service can interact with any user from any compatible service with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_social_network |
Men and women usesocial mediain different ways and with different frequencies.
In general, several researchers have found that women tend to use so-calledsocial network services(SNSs) more than men and primiarly to socialize.
Many studies have found that women are more likely to use either specific SNSs such asFacebo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use |
Geosocial networkingis a type ofsocial networkingin whichgeographicservices and capabilities such asgeocodingandgeotaggingare used to enable additional social dynamics.[1][2]User-submitted location data orgeolocationtechniques can allow social networks to connect and coordinate users with local people or events that ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosocial_networking |
TheInternet(orinternet)[a]is theglobal systemof interconnectedcomputer networksthat uses theInternet protocol suite(TCP/IP)[b]to communicate between networks and devices. It is anetwork of networksthat consists ofprivate, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet |
AnInternet forum, ormessage board, is anonline discussion platformwhere people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages.[1]They differ fromchat roomsin that messages are often longer than one line of text, and are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum |
Thecell membrane(also known as theplasma membraneorcytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as theplasmalemma) is abiological membranethat separates and protects theinteriorof acellfrom theoutside environment(the extracellular space).[1][2]The cell membrane consists of alipid bilayer, made up of two layers of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_diffusion |
This is alist ofmajorsocial gaming networks.
The list is not exhaustive and is limited to notable, well-known services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_gaming_networks |
Asocial networking serviceis an online platform that people use to build social networks orsocial relationshipswith other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.
This is a list of notable activesocial network services, excludingonline dating services, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services |
Mobile social networkingissocial networkingwhere individuals with similar interests converse and connect with one another through theirmobile phoneand/ortablet. Much like web-based social networking, mobile social networking occurs invirtual communities.
Many web-based social networking sites, such asFacebookandTwitte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_social_network |
Aprofessional network service(or, in anInternetcontext, simply aprofessional network) is a type ofsocial network servicethat focuses on interactions and relationships for business opportunities and career growth, with less emphasis on activities in personal life.[1]
A professional network service is used by working in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_network_service |
Themediumoftelevisionhas had many influences on society since its inception. The belief that this impact has been dramatic has been largely unchallenged inmedia theorysince its inception. However, there is much dispute as to what those effects are, how serious the ramifications are and if these effects are more or less... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television |
Identityis the set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, or expressions that characterize apersonor agroup.[1][2][3][4]
Identity emerges during childhood as children start to comprehend theirself-concept, and it remains a consistent aspect throughout different stages of life.Identityis shaped by socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science) |
Social mediaare interactive technologies that facilitate thecreation,sharingandaggregationofcontent(such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongstvirtual communitiesandnetworks.[1][2]Common features include:[2]
The termsocialin regard to media suggests platforms enable communal activity. Social media... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media |
Social seatingis a type ofsocial networking servicethat enables users to select their seatmates based on their personal preferences and social network profiles. This system utilizes data fromFacebook,LinkedIn,Twitterand othersocial networksto allow users to view individuals with similar interests and then book a seat a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_seating |
Social televisionis the union oftelevisionandsocial media. Millions of people now share their TV experience with other viewers on social media such asTwitterandFacebookusingsmartphonesand tablets.[1]TV networks and rights holders are increasinglysharing videoclips on social platforms tomonetiseengagement and drive tune... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_television |
This is a list ofsocial platformswith at least 100 million monthlyactive users.[a]The list includessocial networks, as well asonline forums,photoandvideo sharing platforms, messaging andVoIPapps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_platforms_with_at_least_100_million_active_users |
Conformityorconformismis the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors togroupnorms,politicsor being like-minded.[1]Normsare implicit, specific rules, guidance shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others. People often choose to conform tosocietyrather than to pursue personal desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity |
Internet identity(IID), alsoonline identity,online personality,online personaorinternet persona, is asocial identitythat an Internet user establishes in online communities and websites. It may also be an actively constructed presentation of oneself. Although some people choose to use their real names online, some Inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_identity |
Online deliberationis a broad term used to describe many forms of non-institutional, institutional and experimental online discussions.[1]The term also describes the emerging field of practice and research related to the design, implementation and study ofdeliberativeprocesses that rely on the use of electronicinformat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_deliberation |
Participatory mediaiscommunication mediawhere theaudiencecan play an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating content.[1]Citizen / participatory journalism,citizen media,empowerment journalismanddemocratic mediaare related principles.
Participatory media includescommunity media,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_media |
Apseudonym(/ˈsjuːdənɪm/; fromAncient Greekψευδώνυμος(pseudṓnumos)'falsely named') oralias(/ˈeɪli.əs/) is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true meaning (orthonym).[1][2]This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individual'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymity |
Social software, also known associal appsorsocial platformincludes communications and interactive tools that are often based on theInternet. Communication tools typically handle capturing, storing and presenting communication, usually written but increasingly including audio and video as well. Interactive tools handle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software_in_education |
Early research and development:
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
Examples of Internet services:
Usenet(/ˈjuːznɛt/),USENET,[1]or, "in full",User's Network,[1]is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on compute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet |
Anonline community, also called aninternet communityorweb community, is a community whose members engage incomputer-mediated communicationprimarily via the Internet. Members of the community usually share common interests. For many, online communities may feel like home, consisting of a "family of invisible friends". A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community |
Anonline community, also called aninternet communityorweb community, is a community whose members engage incomputer-mediated communicationprimarily via the Internet. Members of the community usually share common interests. For many, online communities may feel like home, consisting of a "family of invisible friends". A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_community |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Thesociology of the Internet(or thesocial psychology of the internet) involves the application of sociological or social psychological theory and method to theInternetas a source of infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Thesociology of the Internet(or thesocial psychology of the internet) involves the application of sociological or social psychological theory and method to theInternetas a source of infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_sociology |
Aninternet tribeordigital tribe[1]is a unofficial onlinecommunityororganizationof people who share a common interest, and who are usually loosely affiliated with each other throughsocial mediaor otherInternetroutes. The term is related to "tribe", which traditionally refers to people closely associated in bothgeography... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(internet) |
Web scienceis an emerginginterdisciplinaryfield concerned with the study of large-scale socio-technical systems, particularly theWorld Wide Web.[1][2]It considers the relationship between people and technology, the ways that society and technology co-constitute one another and the impact of this co-constitution on broa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_science |
Participatory rural appraisal(PRA) is an approach used bynon-governmental organizations(NGOs) and other agencies involved ininternational development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.[1][2][3]
The philosop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_rural_appraisal |
High-performance teams(HPTs) is a concept withinorganization developmentreferring to teams, organizations, or virtual groups that are highly focused on their goals and that achieve superior business results. High-performance teams outperform all other similar teams and they outperform expectations given their composit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_teams |
Human resources(HR) is the set of people who make up theworkforceof anorganization,business sector, industry, oreconomy.[1][2]A narrower concept ishuman capital, the knowledge and skills which the individuals command.[3]Similar terms includemanpower,labor,labor-power, orpersonnel.
In vernacular usage, "human resources... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources |
Marketing researchis the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis ofqualitativeandquantitativedata about issues relating tomarketingproducts and services. The goal is to identify and assess how changing elements of themarketing miximpactscustomer behavior.
This involves employing adata-driven marketingapproach to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research |
Sociometryis a quantitative method for measuringsocial relationships. It was developed bypsychotherapistJacob L. MorenoandHelen Hall Jenningsin their studies of the relationship between social structures andpsychologicalwell-being, and used during Remedial Teaching.
The term sociometry relates to itsLatinetymology,so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometry |
Team managementis the ability of an individual or an organization to administer and coordinate a group of individuals to perform a task. Team management involvesteamwork,communication,objective settingandperformance appraisals. Moreover, team management is the capability to identify problems andresolve conflictswithin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_management |
Incomputer chessprograms, thenull-move heuristicis aheuristictechnique used to enhance the speed of thealpha–beta pruningalgorithm.
Alpha–beta pruningspeeds theminimax algorithmby identifyingcutoffs, points in thegame treewhere the current position is so good for the side to move that best play by the other side would... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-move_heuristic |
Indeep learning,pruningis the practice of removingparametersfrom an existingartificial neural network.[1]The goal of this process is to reduce the size (parameter count) of the neural network (and therefore thecomputational resourcesrequired to run it) whilst maintaining accuracy. This can be compared to the biological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning_(artificial_neural_network) |
Incomputational complexity theory, a problem isNP-completewhen:
The name "NP-complete" is short for "nondeterministic polynomial-time complete". In this name, "nondeterministic" refers tonondeterministic Turing machines, a way of mathematically formalizing the idea of a brute-force search algorithm.Polynomial timerefe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete |
Incomputational complexity theory,L/polyis thecomplexity classoflogarithmic spacemachines with a polynomial amount ofadvice. L/poly is anon-uniformlogarithmic space class, analogous to the non-uniform polynomial time classP/poly.[1]
Formally, for aformal languageLto belong to L/poly, there must exist an advice functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L/poly |
Incomputational complexity theory, the classNC(for "Nick's Class") is the set ofdecision problemsdecidable inpolylogarithmic timeon aparallel computerwith a polynomial number of processors. In other words, a problem with input sizenis inNCif there exist constantscandksuch that it can be solved in timeO((logn)c)usingO(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NC_(complexity)#Barrington's_theorem |
Azero-suppressed decision diagram(ZSDDorZDD) is a particular kind ofbinary decision diagram(BDD) with fixed variable ordering. Thisdata structureprovides a canonically compact representation of sets, particularly suitable for certaincombinatorial problems. Recall the Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (OBDD) reduction str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-suppressed_decision_diagram |
Analgebraic decision diagram (ADD)or amulti-terminal binary decision diagram (MTBDD),is a data structure that is used to symbolically represent aBoolean functionwhose codomain is an arbitrary finite set S. An ADD is an extension of a reduced ordered binary decision diagram, or commonly namedbinary decision diagram (BDD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_decision_diagram |
Inartificial intelligence, asentential decision diagram(SDD) is a type ofknowledge representationused inknowledge compilationto representBoolean functions. SDDs can be viewed as a generalization of the influentialordered binary decision diagram(OBDD) representation, by allowing decisions on multiple variables at once. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentential_Decision_Diagram |
Aninfluence diagram(ID) (also called arelevance diagram,decision diagramor adecision network) is a compact graphical and mathematical representation of a decision situation. It is a generalization of aBayesian network, in which not onlyprobabilistic inferenceproblems but alsodecision makingproblems (following themaxim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_diagram |
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