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Gabor waveletsarewaveletsinvented byDennis Gaborusing complex functions constructed to serve as a basis forFourier transformsininformation theoryapplications. They are very similar toMorlet wavelets. They are also closely related toGabor filters. The important property of thewaveletis that it minimizes the product of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabor_wavelet |
In mathematics, theHaar waveletis a sequence of rescaled "square-shaped" functions which together form awaveletfamily or basis. Wavelet analysis is similar toFourier analysisin that it allows a target function over an interval to be represented in terms of anorthonormal basis. The Haar sequence is now recognised as the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haar_wavelet |
JPEG 2000(JP2) is animage compressionstandard and coding system. It was developed from 1997 to 2000 by aJoint Photographic Experts Groupcommittee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president),[1]with the intention of superseding their originalJPEGstandard (created in 1992), which is based on adiscrete cosine t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_2000 |
Image compressionis a type ofdata compressionapplied todigital images, to reduce their cost forstorageortransmission.Algorithmsmay take advantage ofvisual perceptionand thestatisticalproperties of image data to provide superior results compared with genericdata compressionmethods which are used for other digital data.[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression |
Inmathematics, theMorlet wavelet(orGabor wavelet)[1]is awaveletcomposed of acomplex exponential(carrier) multiplied by aGaussian window(envelope). This wavelet is closely related to human perception, both hearing[2]and vision.[3]
In 1946, physicistDennis Gabor, applying ideas fromquantum physics, introduced the use o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlet_wavelet |
Amultiresolution analysis(MRA) ormultiscale approximation(MSA) is the design method of most of the practically relevantdiscrete wavelet transforms(DWT) and the justification for thealgorithmof thefast wavelet transform(FWT). It was introduced in this context in 1988/89 byStephane MallatandYves Meyerand has predecessors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiresolution_analysis |
MrSID(pronounced Mister Sid) is an acronym that stands formultiresolution seamless image database. It is afile format(filename extension.sid) developed and patented[2][3]by LizardTech (in October 2018 absorbed intoExtensis)[4]for encoding ofgeoreferencedraster graphics, such asorthophotos.
MrSID originated as the resu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MrSID |
Los Alamos National Laboratory(often shortened asLos AlamosandLANL) is one of the sixteenresearch and developmentlaboratoriesof theUnited States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest ofSanta Fe, New Mexico, in theAmerican southwest. Best known for its central role in helping develop thefirst at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory |
Stransformas a time–frequency distribution was developed in 1994 for analyzing geophysics data.[1][2]In this way, theStransform is a generalization of theshort-time Fourier transform(STFT), extending thecontinuous wavelet transformand overcoming some of its disadvantages. For one, modulation sinusoids are fixed with re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_transform |
Aspectrogramis a visual representation of thespectrumoffrequenciesof a signal as it varies with time.
When applied to anaudio signal, spectrograms are sometimes calledsonographs,voiceprints, orvoicegrams. When the data are represented in a 3D plot they may be calledwaterfall displays.
Spectrograms are used extensivel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaleogram |
Aspectrogramis a visual representation of thespectrumoffrequenciesof a signal as it varies with time.
When applied to anaudio signal, spectrograms are sometimes calledsonographs,voiceprints, orvoicegrams. When the data are represented in a 3D plot they may be calledwaterfall displays.
Spectrograms are used extensivel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrogram |
Set partitioning in hierarchical trees(SPIHT)[1]is animagecompression algorithmthat exploits the inherent similarities across the subbands in awavelet decompositionofan image. The algorithm was developed by Brazilian engineer Amir Said with William A. Pearlman in 1996.[1]
The algorithmcodesthe most importantwavelet tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees |
Thestationary wavelet transform(SWT)[1]is awavelet transformalgorithm designed to overcome the lack oftranslation-invarianceof thediscrete wavelet transform(DWT). Translation-invariance is achieved by removing thedownsamplersandupsamplersin the DWT and upsampling the filter coefficients by a factor of2(j−1){\displaysty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_wavelet_transform |
Atime–frequency representation(TFR) is a view of asignal(taken to be a function of time) represented over both time andfrequency.[1]Time–frequency analysismeans analysis into the time–frequency domain provided by a TFR. This is achieved by using a formulation often called "Time–Frequency Distribution", abbreviated as T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%E2%80%93frequency_representation |
TensorFlowis asoftware libraryformachine learningandartificial intelligence. It can be used across a range of tasks, but is used mainly fortrainingandinferenceofneural networks.[3][4]It is one of the most populardeep learningframeworks, alongside others such asPyTorch.[5]It isfree and open-source softwarereleased under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow |
Inartificial intelligence(AI), afoundation model, also known aslarge X model (LxM), is amachine learningordeep learningmodel trained on vast datasets so that it can be applied across a wide range of use cases.[1]Generative AIapplications likelarge language models(LLM) are common examples of foundation models.[1]
Build... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_models |
Alarge language model(LLM) is a type ofmachine learningmodeldesigned fornatural language processingtasks such as languagegeneration. LLMs arelanguage modelswith many parameters, and are trained withself-supervised learningon a vast amount of text.
This page lists notable large language models.
For the training cost c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large_language_models |
Achatbotis asoftwareapplication or web interface that is designed to mimic humanconversationthrough text or voice interactions.[1][2][3]Modern chatbots are typicallyonlineand usegenerative artificial intelligencesystems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user innatural languageand simulating the way ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chatbots |
Language model benchmarksare standardized tests designed to evaluate the performance oflanguage modelson variousnatural language processingtasks. These tests are intended for comparing different models' capabilities in areas such aslanguage understanding,generation, andreasoning.
Benchmarks generally consist of adatas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_model_benchmark |
Small language models(SLMs) areartificial intelligencelanguage modelsdesigned for humannatural language processingincludinglanguage and text generation. Unlikelarge language models(LLMs), small language models are much smaller in scale and scope.
Typically, an LLM's number of training parameters is in the hundreds of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_language_model |
Alertnessis a state of activeattentioncharacterized by highsensoryawareness. Someone who is alert is vigilant and promptly meets danger or emergency, or is quick to perceive and act. Alertness is a psychological and physiological state.
Lack of alertness is a symptom of a number of conditions, includingnarcolepsy,atte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alertness |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)[1]is aneurodevelopmental disordercharacterised by symptoms ofinattention, hyperactivity,impulsivity, andemotional dysregulationthat are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, anddevelopmentally inappropriate.[9]ADHD symptoms arise fromexecutive dysfunctio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder |
Attention restoration theory(ART) asserts that people canconcentratebetter after spending time in nature, or even looking at scenes of nature. Natural environments abound with "soft fascinations" which a person can reflect upon in "effortless attention", such as clouds moving across the sky, leaves rustling in a breeze... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_restoration_theory |
Attention seekingbehavior is to act in a way that is likely to elicit attention. Attention seeking behavior is defined in theDSM-5as "engaging in behavior designed to attract notice and to make oneself the focus of others' attention and admiration".[1]: 780This definition does not ascribe a motivation to the behavior a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_seeking |
Attention spanis the amount oftimespentconcentratingon a task before becomingdistracted.[1]Distractibility occurs when attention is uncontrollably diverted to another activity or sensation.[2]Attention trainingis said to be part ofeducation, particularly in the way students are trained to remain focused on a topic of d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_span |
Attention theftis atheoryineconomic sociologyandpsychologywhich describes situations in whichmarketersserveadvertisementsto consumers who have notconsentedto view them and who are given nothing in return. Perpetrators seek todistracttargets with their advertising content, thereby commandeering theirattention.[1][2][3]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_theft |
Attentional control, commonly referred to asconcentration, refers to an individual's capacity to choose what they payattentionto and what they ignore.[1]It is also known asendogenousattention orexecutiveattention. In lay terms, attentional control can be described as an individual's ability to concentrate. Primarily me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentional_control |
Attentional shift(orshift of attention) occurs when directingattentionto a point increases the efficiency of processing of that point and includes inhibition to decrease attentional resources to unwanted or irrelevant inputs.[1][page needed]Shifting of attention is needed to allocate attentional resources to more effic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentional_shift |
Cognitive inhibitionrefers to the mind's ability to tune outstimulithat are irrelevant to the task/process at hand or to the mind's current state. Additionally, it can be done either in whole or in part, intentionally or otherwise.[1]Cognitive inhibition in particular can be observed in many instances throughout specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_inhibition |
Consciousness, at its simplest, isawarenessof a state or object, either internal to oneself or in one's external environment.[1]However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate among philosophers, scientists, and theologians. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness |
Crossmodal attentionrefers to the distribution of attention to different senses.Attentionis thecognitive processof selectively emphasizing and ignoring sensory stimuli. According to the crossmodal attention perspective, attention often occurs simultaneously through multiplesensory modalities.[1]These modalities process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmodal_attention |
Flowinpositive psychology, also known colloquially as beinginthe zoneorlocked in, is themental statein which a person performing some activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energizedfocus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by the complete absorption in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology) |
Focusingis an internally orientedpsychotherapeuticprocess developed by psychotherapistEugene Gendlin. It can be used in any kind of therapeutic situation, including peer-to-peer sessions. It involves holding a specific kind of open, non-judging attention to an internal knowing which is experienced but is not yet in wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy) |
Informal learningis characterized "by a low degree of planning and organizing in terms of the learning context, learning support, learning time, and learning objectives".[1]It differs fromformal learning,non-formal learning, andself-regulated learning, because it has no set objective in terms of learning outcomes, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_learning |
Joint attentionorshared attentionis the shared focus of two individuals on an object. It is achieved when one individual alerts another to an object by means ofeye-gazing,pointingor other verbal or non-verbal indications. An individual gazes at another individual, points to an object and then returns their gaze to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_attention |
Immanuel Kant[a](bornEmanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a Germanphilosopherand one of the centralEnlightenmentthinkers. Born inKönigsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works inepistemology,metaphysics,ethics, andaestheticshave made him one of the most influential and highly discussed figures in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant |
Meditationis a practice in which an individual uses a technique to train attention and awareness and detach from reflexive, "discursive thinking",[note 1]achieving a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state,[1][2][3][4][web 1][web 2]while not judging the meditation process itself.[note 2]
Techniques are br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation |
Mindfulnessis thecognitive skill, usually developed throughmeditation, of sustainingmeta-attentive awarenesstowards the contents of one's own mind in the present moment.[1][2][3][note 1][4][3][5][6]The termmindfulnessderives from thePaliwordsati, a significant element ofBuddhisttraditions,[7][8]and is based onSamatha-v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness |
Motivationis aninternal statethat propels individuals to engage ingoal-directedbehavior. It is often understood as a force that explains why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. It is a complex phenomenon and its precise definition is disputed. It contrasts withamo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation |
Nonverbal communicationis the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such aseye contact(oculesics),body language(kinesics),social distance(proxemics), touch (haptics), voice (prosodyandparalanguage), physical environments/appearance, and use of objects. When communicating, nonverbal channels a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication |
Observational learningislearningthat occurs through observing thebehaviorof others. It is a form ofsocial learningwhich takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not needreinforcementto occur, but instead, requires a social model such as aparent,sibling,friend, orteacher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_Learning |
Inpsychology, theOvsiankina effectdescribes the innate human urge to finish tasks previously initiated. This tendency to resume an interrupted action is especially prevalent when the action hasn't yet been achieved.[1]The effect is named afterMaria Ovsiankina, who conducted research on this behavior.
The principle und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovsiankina_effect |
Perceptual learningislearningbetterperceptionskills such as differentiating twomusical tonesfrom one another or categorizations of spatial and temporal patterns relevant to real-world expertise. Examples of this may includereading, seeing relations amongchesspieces, and knowing whether or not anX-rayimage shows a tumor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_learning#The_role_of_attention |
Philosophy('love of wisdom' inAncient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics likeexistence,reason,knowledge,value,mind, andlanguage. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its methods and assumptions.
Historically, many of the individualsciences, such asphys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy |
Salience(also calledsaliency, from Latinsaliōmeaning “leap, spring”[1]) is the property by which some thing stands out. Salient events are anattentionalmechanism by which organismslearnand survive; those organisms can focus their limitedperceptualandcognitiveresources on the pertinent (that is, salient) subset of these... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience_(neuroscience) |
Inphilosophy, theselfis anindividual's ownbeing,knowledge, andvalues, and the relationship between these attributes.
The first-person perspective distinguishes selfhood frompersonal identity. Whereas "identity" is (literally) sameness[1]and may involvecategorizationandlabeling,[2]selfhood implies a first-person perspe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self |
Thesplit-attention effectis a learning effect inherent within some poorly designed instructional materials. It is apparent when the same modality (e.g. visual) is used for various types of information within the same display. Users must split their attention between the materials, for example, an image and text, to und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_attention_effect |
In modernpsychology,vigilance, also termed sustainedconcentration, is defined as the ability to maintain concentratedattentionover prolonged periods of time.[1]During this time, the person attempts to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus. The individual watches for a signal stimulus that may occur at a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilance_(psychology) |
Visual searchis a type ofperceptualtask requiringattentionthat typically involves an active scan of the visual environment for a particular object or feature (the target) among other objects or features (the distractors).[1]Visual search can take place with or without eye movements. The ability to consciously locate an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_search |
Visual spatial attentionis a form ofvisual attentionthat involves directing attention to a location in space. Similar to its temporal counterpartvisual temporal attention, these attention modules have been widely implemented invideo analyticsincomputer visionto provide enhanced performance and human interpretable expla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_spatial_attention |
Visual temporal attentionis a special case ofvisual attentionthat involves directing attention to specific instant of time. Similar to its spatial counterpartvisual spatial attention, these attention modules have been widely implemented invideo analyticsincomputer visionto provide enhanced performance and human interpr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_temporal_attention |
Working memoryis a cognitive system with a limited capacity that canhold informationtemporarily.[1]It is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior.[2][3]Working memory is often used synonymously withshort-term memory, but some theorists consider the two forms of memory distinct, assuming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory |
Bio-inspired computing, short forbiologically inspired computing, is a field of study which seeks to solve computer science problems using models of biology. It relates toconnectionism,social behavior, andemergence. Withincomputer science, bio-inspired computing relates to artificial intelligence and machine learning. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologically_inspired_computing |
TheBlue Brain Projectwas a Swiss brain research initiative that aimed to create adigital reconstructionof the mouse brain. The project was founded in May 2005 by the Brain Mind Institute ofÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL) in Switzerland. The project ended in December 2024. Its mission was to use biologica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_brain |
Alarge memory storage and retrieval neural network(LAMSTAR)[1][2]is a fastdeep learningneural networkof many layers that can use many filters simultaneously. These filters may be nonlinear, stochastic, logic,non-stationary, or even non-analytical. They are biologically motivated and learn continuously.
A LAMSTAR neura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_memory_storage_and_retrieval_neural_networks |
NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies(NEAT) is agenetic algorithm(GA) for generating evolvingartificial neural networks(aneuroevolutiontechnique) developed byKenneth StanleyandRisto Miikkulainenin 2002 while atThe University of Texas at Austin. It alters both the weighting parameters and structures of networks, attem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuroEvolution_of_Augmented_Topologies |
TheNi1000is anartificial neural networkchip developed byNestor CorporationandIntel, developed in the 1990s. It is Intel's second-generation neural network chip, but the first all-digital chip. The chip is aimed atimage analysis applications– containing more than 3 million transistors – and can analyze 40,000 patterns p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni1000 |
Incomputational science,particle swarm optimization(PSO)[1]is a computational method thatoptimizesa problem byiterativelytrying to improve acandidate solutionwith regard to a given measure of quality. It solves a problem by having a population of candidate solutions, here dubbedparticles, and moving these particles aro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization |
Simulated annealing(SA) is aprobabilistic techniquefor approximating theglobal optimumof a givenfunction. Specifically, it is ametaheuristicto approximateglobal optimizationin a largesearch spacefor anoptimization problem. For large numbers of local optima, SA can find the global optimum.[1]It is often used when the se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_annealing |
Graph neural networks(GNN) are specializedartificial neural networksthat are designed for tasks whose inputs aregraphs.[1][2][3][4][5]
One prominent example is molecular drug design.[6][7][8]Each input sample is a graph representation of a molecule, where atoms form the nodes and chemical bonds between atoms form the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_neural_network |
Thenull hypothesis(often denotedH0)[1]is the claim inscientific researchthat theeffectbeing studied does not exist.[note 1]The null hypothesis can also be described as the hypothesis in which no relationship exists between two sets of data or variables being analyzed. If the null hypothesis is true, any experimentally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis |
Thebunkbed conjecture(also spelledbunk bed conjecture) is a statement inpercolation theory, a branch ofmathematicsthat studies the behavior of connected clusters in arandom graph. Theconjectureis named after its analogy to abunk bedstructure. It was first posited byPieter Kasteleynin 1985.[1]A preprint giving a propose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkbed_conjecture |
Inmathematicsandprobability theory,continuum percolation theoryis a branch of mathematics that extends discretepercolation theorytocontinuous space(oftenEuclidean spaceℝn). More specifically, the underlying points of discrete percolation form types of lattices whereas the underlying points of continuum percolation are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_percolation_theory |
Critical exponentsdescribe the behavior of physical quantities near continuousphase transitions. It is believed, though not proven, that they are universal, i.e. they do not depend on the details of the physical system, but only on some of its general features. For instance, for ferromagnetic systems at thermal equilib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_exponent |
Instatistical physics,directed percolation(DP) refers to a class of models that mimic filtering of fluids through porous materials along a given direction, due to the effect ofgravity. Varying the microscopic connectivity of the pores, these models display aphase transitionfrom a macroscopically permeable (percolating)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_percolation |
Innetwork theory, agiant componentis aconnected componentof a givenrandom graphthat contains a significant fraction of the entire graph'svertices.
More precisely, in graphs drawn randomly from a probability distribution over arbitrarily large graphs, a giant component is a connected component whose fraction of the ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_component |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science,graph theoryis the study ofgraphs, which aremathematical structuresused to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up ofvertices(also callednodesorpoints) which are connected byedges(also calledarcs,linksorlines). A distinction is made betweenundirected... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory |
Invasion percolationis a mathematical model of realisticfluid distributionsfor slow immiscible fluid invasion in porous media, inpercolation theory.
It "explicitly takes into account the transport process taking place". A wetting fluid such as water takes over from a non-wetting fluid such as oil, and capillary forces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_percolation |
TheKahn–Kalai conjecture, also known as theexpectation threshold conjectureor more recently thePark-Pham Theorem, was aconjecturein the field ofgraph theoryandstatistical mechanics, proposed byJeff KahnandGil Kalaiin 2006.[1][2]It was proven in a paper published in 2024.[3]
This conjecture concerns the general problem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahn%E2%80%93Kalai_conjecture |
Thepercolation thresholdis a mathematical concept inpercolation theorythat describes the formation of long-range connectivity inrandomsystems. Below the threshold a giantconnected componentdoes not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering andcoffee making, percol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold |
In the context of the physical and mathematicaltheory of percolation, a percolation transition is characterized by a set ofuniversalcritical exponents, which describe thefractalproperties of the percolating medium at large scales and sufficiently close to the transition. The exponents are universal in the sense that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_critical_exponents |
Ascale-free networkis anetworkwhosedegree distributionfollows apower law, at least asymptotically. That is, the fractionP(k) of nodes in the network havingkconnections to other nodes goes for large values ofkas
whereγ{\displaystyle \gamma }is a parameter whose value is typically in the range2<γ<3{\textstyle 2<\gamma <... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_network |
Ingraph theory, theshortest path problemis the problem of finding apathbetween twovertices(or nodes) in agraphsuch that the sum of theweightsof its constituent edges is minimized.[1]
The problem of finding the shortest path between two intersections on a road map may be modeled as a special case of the shortest path p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path_problem |
Annemarie Mol(born 13 September 1958) is aDutchethnographerandphilosopher. She is the Professor of Anthropology of the Body at theUniversity of Amsterdam.[1]
Winner of the Constantijn & Christiaan Huijgens Grant from the NWO in 1990 to study 'Differences in Medicine', she was awarded a European Research Council Advanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Mol |
Helen Verranis an Australianhistorianand empiricalphilosopher of science, primarily working in theSocial Studies of Science and Technology (STS),[1]and currently adjunct professor atCharles Darwin University.[2]
Verran is fromNew South Wales, Australia.[citation needed]She trained as a scientist and teacher in the 196... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Verran |
Mapping controversies(MC) is an academic course taught inscience studies,[1]stemming from the writings of the French sociologist and philosopherBruno Latour.[2]MC focuses exclusively on thecontroversies surrounding scientific knowledgerather than the established scientific facts or outcomes. Thus, it helps sociologists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_controversies |
Science and technology studies(STS) orscience, technology, and societyis aninterdisciplinaryfield that examines the creation, development, and consequences ofscienceandtechnologyin their historical, cultural, and social contexts.[1]
Like mostinterdisciplinaryfields of study, STS emerged from the confluence of a variet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies |
The concept of anobligatory passage point(OPP) was developed by sociologistMichel Callonin a seminal contribution toactor–network theory: Callon, Michel (1986), "Elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay".InJohn Law(Ed.),Power, Action and Belief: A New Soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligatory_passage_point |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Social construction of technology(SCOT) is a theory within the field ofscience and technology studies. Advocates of SCOT—that is,social constructivists—argue that technology does not dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Technology dynamicsis broad and relatively new scientific field that has been developed in the framework of the postwarscience and technology studiesfield. It studies the process oftechno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_dynamics |
Thetheory of structurationis asocial theoryof the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based on the analysis of bothstructureandagents(seestructure and agency), without giving primacy to either. Furthermore, in structuration theory, neithermicro- normacro-focusedanalysis alone is sufficient. The theory w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_structuration |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Insocial science,agencyis the capacity of individuals to have the power and resources to fulfill their potential.Social structureconsists of those factors of influence (such as social cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(sociology) |
Thing theoryis a branch ofcritical theorythat focuses on human–object interactions in literature and culture. It borrows fromHeidegger's distinction between objects and things, which posits that an object becomes a thing when it can no longer serve its common function.[1]The Thing in Thing Theory is conceptually likeJa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_theory |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to organizational theory:
Organizational theory– the interdisciplinary study of socialorganizations. Organizational theory also concerns understanding how groups of individuals behave, which may differ from the behavior of individuals. The theories of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_organizational_theory |
Thestochasticblock modelis agenerative modelfor randomgraphs. This model tends to produce graphs containingcommunities, subsets of nodes characterized by being connected with one another with particular edge densities. For example, edges may be more common within communities than between communities. Its mathematical f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_block_model |
Blockmodeling linked networksis an approach inblockmodelingin analysing thelinked networks. Such approach is based on thegeneralizedmultilevel blockmodelingapproach.[1]: 259The main objective of this approach is to achieveclusteringof the nodes from all involved sets, while at the same time using all available informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockmodeling_linked_networks |
Cyborg anthropologyis a discipline that studies the interaction between humanity and technology from ananthropologicalperspective. The discipline offers novel insights on new technological advances and their effect on culture and society.
Donna Haraway’s 1984"A Cyborg Manifesto"was the first widely-read academic text ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology |
Digital anthropologyis the anthropological study of the relationship between humans and digital-era technology. The field is new, and thus has a variety of names with a variety of emphases. These include techno-anthropology,[1]digital ethnography, cyberanthropology,[2]and virtual anthropology.[3]
Most anthropologists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_anthropology |
TheInternational Network for Social Network Analysis(INSNA) is a professionalacademic associationof researchers and practitioners ofsocial network analysis.[1][2]
INSNA was founded in 1977 byBarry Wellman, asociologist. A key function of the organization was to provide a sense of identity for a set of researchers who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis |
Kathleen M. Carleyis an American computational social scientist specializing indynamic network analysis.[1]She is a professor in theSchool of Computer Sciencein the Carnegie Mellon Institute for Software Research atCarnegie Mellon Universityand also holds appointments in theTepper School of Business, theHeinz College, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_M._Carley |
This list includes well known paradoxes, grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate, as paradoxes may fit into more than one category. This list collects only scenarios that have been called aparadoxby at least one source and have their own article in this encyclopedia. These paradoxes may be due to fallacious r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes#Mathematics |
In mathematics, thesecond neighborhood problemis an unsolved problem aboutoriented graphsposed byPaul Seymour. Intuitively, it suggests that in a social network described by such a graph, someone will have at least as many friends-of-friends as friends.[1][2]
The problem is also known as thesecond neighborhood conject... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_neighborhood_problem |
Self-evaluation maintenance(SEM) concerns discrepancies between two people in arelationship. The theory posits an individual will maintain as well as enhance their self-esteem via a social comparison to another individual.[1]Self-evaluationrefers to the self-perceivedsocial rankingone has towards themselves. It is the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-evaluation_maintenance_theory |
Mobilitiesis a contemporaryparadigmin thesocial sciencesthat explores the movement of people (human migration,individual mobility,travel,transport), ideas (see e.g.meme) and things (transport), as well as the broader social implications of those movements. Mobility can also be thought as the movement of people through ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilities |
Private transport(as opposed to public transport) is the personal or individual use oftransportationwhich are not available for use by the general public, where in theory the user can decide freely on the time and route of transit ('choice rider' vs. 'captive rider'[1]), using vehicles such as: private car, company car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_transport |
Apersonal transporter(alsopowered transporter,[1]electric rideable,personal lightelectric vehicle,personal mobility device, etc.) is any of a class of compact, mostly recent (21st century), motorisedmicromobilityvehicle for transporting an individual at speeds that do not normally exceed 25 km/h (16 mph). They includee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_transporter |
Apersonal air vehicle(PAV) is a proposed class of passengeraircraftproviding on-demand air transport.
The emergence of this alternative to traditional ground transport methods has been enabled byunmanned aerial vehicletechnologies andelectric propulsion.
Barriers includeaviation safety,airworthiness,operating costs,us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_air_vehicle |
Personal rapid transit(PRT), also referred to aspodcarsorguided/railed taxis, is apublic transportmode featuring a network of specially built guideways on which ride small automated vehicles that carry few (generally less than 6) passengers per vehicle. PRT is a type ofautomated guideway transit(AGT), a class of system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit |
Acar, or anautomobile, is amotor vehiclewithwheels. Most definitions of cars state that they run primarily onroads,seatone to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transportpeoplerather thancargo.[1][2]There are around one billion cars in use worldwide.[citation needed]
The French inventorNicolas-Joseph Cugnotbui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile |
Acar, or anautomobile, is amotor vehiclewithwheels. Most definitions of cars state that they run primarily onroads,seatone to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transportpeoplerather thancargo.[1][2]There are around one billion cars in use worldwide.[citation needed]
The French inventorNicolas-Joseph Cugnotbui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_automobility |
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