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Inmachine learningandnatural language processing, thepachinko allocation model (PAM)is atopic model. Topic models are a suite of algorithms to uncover the hidden thematic structure of a collection of documents.[1]The algorithm improves upon earlier topic models such aslatent Dirichlet allocation(LDA) by modeling correl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachinko_allocation |
Ininformation retrieval,tf–idf(alsoTF*IDF,TFIDF,TF–IDF, orTf–idf), short forterm frequency–inverse document frequency, is a measure of importance of a word to adocumentin a collection orcorpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general.[1]Like the bag-of-words model, it models a document ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf-idf |
Infer.NETis afree and open source.NETsoftware library formachine learning.[2]It supports runningBayesian inferencein graphical models and can also be used forprobabilistic programming.[3]
Infer.NET follows a model-based approach and is used to solve different kinds of machine learning problems including standard probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infer.NET |
Coh-Metrixis a computational tool that produces indices of thelinguisticanddiscourserepresentations of a text. Developed byArthur C. GraesserandDanielle S. McNamara, Coh-Metrix analyzes texts on many different features.
Coh-Metrix can be used in many different ways to investigate the cohesion of the explicit text and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coh-Metrix |
Innatural language processingandinformation retrieval,explicit semantic analysis(ESA) is avectoralrepresentation of text (individual words or entire documents) that uses a document corpus as aknowledge base. Specifically, in ESA, a word is represented as a column vector in thetf–idfmatrix of the text corpus and a docum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_semantic_analysis |
Latent semantic mapping(LSM) is a data-driven framework to model globally meaningful relationships implicit in large volumes of (often textual) data. It is a generalization oflatent semantic analysis. In information retrieval, LSA enables retrieval on the basis of conceptual content, instead of merely matching words be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_mapping |
Latent semantic structure indexing(LaSSI) is a technique for calculating chemical similarity derived fromlatent semantic analysis(LSA).
LaSSI was developed atMerck & Co.and patented in 2007[1]by Richard Hull, Eugene Fluder, Suresh Singh, Robert Sheridan, Robert Nachbar and Simon Kearsley.
LaSSI is similar to LSA in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_structure_indexing |
Principal component analysis(PCA) is alineardimensionality reductiontechnique with applications inexploratory data analysis, visualization anddata preprocessing.
The data islinearly transformedonto a newcoordinate systemsuch that the directions (principal components) capturing the largest variation in the data can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_components_analysis |
Probabilistic latent semantic analysis(PLSA), also known asprobabilistic latent semantic indexing(PLSI, especially in information retrieval circles) is astatistical techniquefor the analysis of two-mode and co-occurrence data. In effect, one can derive a low-dimensional representation of the observed variables in terms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_latent_semantic_analysis |
Spamdexing(also known assearch engine spam,search engine poisoning,black-hatsearch engine optimization,search spamorweb spam)[1]is the deliberate manipulation ofsearch engineindexes. It involves a number of methods, such aslink buildingand repeating related and/or unrelated phrases, to manipulate the relevance or promi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing |
Innatural language processing, aword embeddingis a representation of a word. Theembeddingis used intext analysis. Typically, the representation is areal-valuedvector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning.[1]Word embedd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_vector |
TheBird–Meertens formalism(BMF) is acalculusforderiving programsfromprogram specifications(in afunctional programmingsetting) by a process of equational reasoning. It was devised byRichard BirdandLambert Meertensas part of their work withinIFIP Working Group 2.1.
It is sometimes referred to in publications as BMF, as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%E2%80%93Meertens_formalism |
The termcitizen science, synonymous to terms likecommunity science,crowd science,crowd-sourced science,civic science,participatory monitoring, orvolunteer monitoring) isresearchconducted with participation from the general public, oramateur/nonprofessional researchers or participants ofscience,social scienceand many ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science |
ClickWorkerswas a smallNASAexperimentalprojectthat uses publicvolunteers(nicknamed "clickworkers" on the site) for scientific tasks. Clickworkers are able to work when, and for however long they choose, doing routine analysis that would normally require months of work byscientistsorgraduatestudents. The web site and da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickworkers |
Acollaborative innovation network(CoIN) is a collaborative innovation practice that uses internet platforms to promote communication and innovation within self-organizing virtual teams.
Coins work across hierarchies and boundaries where members can exchange ideas and information directly and openly. This collaborative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_innovation_network |
Collaborative mapping, also known as citizen mapping,[1]is the aggregation ofWeb mappinganduser-generated content,[2]from a group of individuals or entities, and can take several distinct forms. With the growth of technology for storing and sharing maps, collaborative maps have become competitors to commercial services... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_mapping |
Collective consciousness,collective conscience, orcollective conscious(French:conscience collective) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.[1]In general, it does not refer to the specifically moral conscience, but to a shared understanding of social ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness |
Collective intelligence(CI) is shared orgroupintelligence(GI) thatemergesfrom thecollaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears inconsensus decision making. The term appears insociobiology,political scienceand in context of masspeer reviewandcrowdsourcingapplications. It may involvec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence |
Problem solvingis the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e.g. how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields. The former is an example of simple problem solving (SPS) ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_problem_solving |
Commons-based peer production(CBPP) is a term coined byHarvard Law SchoolprofessorYochai Benkler.[1]It describes a model ofsocio-economicproduction in which large numbers of people workcooperatively; usually over theInternet.Commons-based projects generally have less rigidhierarchical structuresthan those under more tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production |
Crowd computingis a form of distributed work where tasks that are hard for computers to do, are handled by large numbers of humans distributed across the internet.
It is an overarching term encompassing tools that enable idea sharing, non-hierarchical decision making and utilization of "cognitive surplus" - the abilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_computing |
Crowdcastingis the combination ofbroadcastingandcrowdsourcing. The process of crowdcasting uses a combination of push and pull strategies first to engage an audience and build a network of participants and then harness the network for new insights. Those insights are then used to shape broadcast programming. These insi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdcasting |
Crowdfixingis a specific way ofcrowdsourcing, in which people gather together to fix public spaces of thelocal community. The main aim is to fight against deterioration of public places. Crowdfixing actions include (but are not limited to) cleaningflashmobs, mowing, repairing structures, and removing unsafe elements.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfixing |
Crowdsourcing software developmentorsoftware crowdsourcingis an emerging area ofsoftware engineering. It is an open call for participation in any task ofsoftware development, includingdocumentation,design,codingandtesting. These tasks are normally conducted by either members of asoftwareenterprise or people contracted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing_software_development |
Human-based computation(HBC),human-assisted computation,[1]ubiquitous human computingordistributed thinking(by analogy todistributed computing) is acomputer sciencetechnique in which a machine performs its function by outsourcing certain steps to humans, usually asmicrowork. This approach uses differences in abilities ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_thinking |
Distributed Proofreaders(commonly abbreviated asDPorPGDP) is a web-based project that supports the development ofe-textsforProject Gutenbergby allowing many people to work together inproofreadingdrafts of e-texts for errors. As of July 2024,[update]the site had digitized 48,000 titles.[2][3][4][5]
Distributed Proofrea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders |
Aflash mob(orflashmob)[1]is a group of people that assembles suddenly in a public place, performs for a brief time, then quickly disperses, often for the purposes of entertainment, satire, and/or artistic expression.[2][3][4]Flash mobs may be organized viatelecommunications,social media, orviral emails.[5][6][7][8][9]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_mob |
Gamificationis the process of enhancing systems, services, organisations and activities through the integration ofgame designelements and principles in non-game contexts. The goal is to increaseuser engagement,motivation,competitionandparticipationthrough the use of game mechanics such aspoints, badges, leaderboards an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification |
Government crowdsourcingis a form ofcrowdsourcingemployed by governments to better leverage their constituents' collective knowledge and experience.[1]It has tended to take the form of public feedback, project development, or petitions in the past, but has grown to include public drafting of bills and constitutions, am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_crowdsourcing |
Below is a list of projects that rely oncrowdsourcing. See alsoopen innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects |
Collaborative tagging, also known as social tagging orfolksonomy, allows users to apply publictagsto online items, typically to make those items easier for themselves or others to find later. It has been argued that these tagging systems can provide navigational cues or "way-finders" for other users to explore informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_collaborative_tagging |
Microcreditis the extension of very smallloans(microloans) to impoverished borrowers who typically do not have access to traditional banking services due to a lack ofcollateral, steady employment, and a verifiablecredit history.[1][2]The primary aim of microcredit is to support entrepreneurship, facilitate self-employm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcredit |
Participatory democracy,participant democracy,participative democracy, orsemi-direct democracyis aform of governmentin whichcitizensparticipate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than throughelected representatives.[1]Elements ofdirectandrepresentative democrac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_democracy |
Participatory monitoring(also known ascollaborative monitoring,community-based monitoring,locally based monitoring, orvolunteer monitoring) is the regular collection ofmeasurementsor other kinds ofdata(monitoring), usually ofnatural resourcesandbiodiversity, undertaken by local residents of the monitored area, who rely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_monitoring |
Open knowledge(orfree knowledge) isknowledgethat is free to use, reuse, and redistribute without legal, social, or technological restriction.[1]Open knowledge organizations and activists have proposed principles and methodologies related to the production and distribution of knowledge in an open manner.
The concept is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_knowledge |
Asmart mobis a group whose coordination and communication abilities have been empowered bydigital communication technologies.[1]Smart mobs are particularly known for their ability to mobilize quickly.[1]
The concept was introduced byHoward Rheingoldin his 2002 bookSmart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution.[2]Rheingold de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_mob |
Social collaborationrefers to processes that help multiple people or groups interact and share information to achieve common goals. Such processes find their 'natural' environment on the Internet, where collaboration and social dissemination of information are made easier by current innovations and the proliferation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_collaboration |
Stone Soupis a Europeanfolk storyin which hungry strangers convince the people of a town to each share a small amount of their food in order to make a meal. In varying traditions, the stone has been replaced with other common inedible objects, and therefore the parable is also known asaxe soup,button soup,nail soup,bol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Soup |
Truecalleris asmartphone applicationthat has features ofcaller ID,call-blocking, flash-messaging,call-recording(onAndroidup toversion 8),chatand voice by using theInternet. It requires users to provide a standard cellularmobile numberfor registering with theservice. The app is available for Android[1]andiOS.[2]
Trueca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truecaller |
Virtual collective consciousness(VCC) is a term rebooted and promoted by two behavioral scientists, Yousri Marzouki and Olivier Oullier in their 2012Huffington Postarticle titled: "Revolutionizing Revolutions: Virtual Collective Consciousness and theArab Spring",[1]after its first appearance in 1999-2000.[2]VCC is now ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness |
Virtual volunteeringrefers tovolunteeractivities completed, in whole or in part, using theInternetand a home, school buildings, telecenter, or work computer or other Internet-connected device, such as asmartphoneor atablet.[1]Virtual volunteering is also known asonline volunteering,remote volunteeringore-volunteering. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_volunteering |
"Wisdom of the crowd"or "wisdomof the majority"expresses the notion that the collective opinion of a diverse and independent group of individuals (rather than that of a single expert) yields the bestjudgement.[1]This concept, while not new to theInformation Age, has been pushed into the spotlight by social information ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd |
Wiki surveysorwikisurveysare asoftware-basedsurveymethod with similarity to howwikisevolve throughcrowdsourcing. In essence, they are surveys that allow participants to create the questions that are being asked.[1][2][3]Other names includebridging systemsand collective response systems.[4]As participants engage in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_survey |
Crowdsourceis acrowdsourcingplatform developed byGoogleintended to improve a host of Google services through the user-facing training of differentalgorithms.[2]
Crowdsource was released for theAndroidoperating system on theGoogle Playstore on August 29, 2016, and is also available on theweb. Crowdsource includes a var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsource_(app) |
Majoritarianismis apolitical philosophyorideologywith an agenda asserting that amajority, whether based on areligion,language,social class, or othercategoryof the population, is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. This traditional view has com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarianism |
InBoolean logic, themajority function(also called themedianoperator) is theBoolean functionthat evaluates to false when half or more arguments are false and true otherwise, i.e. the value of the function equals the value of the majority of the inputs.
Amajority gateis alogical gateused incircuit complexityand other ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_function |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Insocial choice theory, themajority rule(MR) is aso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_rule |
Thesilent majorityis an unspecified large group of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly.[1]The term was popularized by U.S. PresidentRichard Nixonin a televised address on November 3, 1969, in which he said, "And so tonight—to you, the great silent majority of my fellow Americans—I as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_majority |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Anelectoralorvoting systemis a set of rules used to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system |
Theage of majorityis the threshold of legaladulthoodas recognized or declared inlaw.[1]It is the moment when a person ceases to be considered aminor, and assumes legal control over their person, actions, and decisions, thus terminating the control and legal responsibilities of their parents or guardian over them.
Most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_majority |
Inprobabilityandstatistics, amixture distributionis theprobability distributionof arandom variablethat is derived from a collection of other random variables as follows: first, a random variable is selected by chance from the collection according to given probabilities of selection, and then the value of the selected r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture_distribution |
Inprobabilityandstatistics, acompound probability distribution(also known as amixture distributionorcontagious distribution) is theprobability distributionthat results from assuming that arandom variableis distributed according to some parametrized distribution, with (some of) the parameters of that distribution themse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_distribution |
Instatistics,probability density estimationor simplydensity estimationis the construction of anestimate, based on observeddata, of an unobservable underlyingprobability density function. The unobservable density function is thought of as the density according to which a large population is distributed; the data are us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_estimation |
Total absorption spectroscopyis a measurement technique that allows the measurement of the gamma radiation emitted in the different nuclear gamma transitions that may take place in the daughter nucleus after its unstable parent has decayed by means of the beta decay process.[1]This technique can be used forbeta decayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_absorption_spectroscopy |
TheMM algorithmis an iterativeoptimizationmethod which exploits theconvexityof a function in order to find its maxima or minima. The MM stands for “Majorize-Minimization” or “Minorize-Maximization”, depending on whether the desired optimization is a minimization or a maximization. Despite the name, MM itself is not an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MM_algorithm |
Attention inequalityis the inequality of distribution ofattentionacross users on social networks,[1]people in general,[2]and for scientific papers.[3][4]YunFamily Foundation introduced "Attention Inequality Coefficient" as a measure of inequality in attention and arguments it by the close interconnection withwealth ine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_inequality |
TheCheiRankis aneigenvectorwith a maximal real eigenvalue of theGoogle matrixG∗{\displaystyle G^{*}}constructed for a directed network with the inverted directions of links. It is similar to thePageRankvector, which ranks the network nodes in average proportionally to a number of incoming links being the maximal eigen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CheiRank |
Thedomain authority(also referred to asthought leadership) of a website describes its relevance for a specific subject area or industry. Domain Authority is asearch engine rankingscore developed by Moz.[1]This relevance has a direct impact on its ranking by search engines, trying to assess domain authority through auto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_authority |
EigenTrustalgorithmis areputation managementalgorithm forpeer-to-peernetworks, developed bySep Kamvar, Mario Schlosser, andHector Garcia-Molina.[1]The algorithm provides each peer in the network a unique global trust value based on the peer's history of uploads and thus aims to reduce the number of inauthentic files in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EigenTrust |
The termsGoogle bombingandGoogle washingrefer to the practice of causing awebsiteto rank highly inweb search engineresults for irrelevant, unrelated or off-topic search terms. In contrast,search engine optimization(SEO) is the practice of improving thesearch enginelistings of web pages forrelevantsearch terms.
Google-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_bombing |
Hummingbirdis the codename given to a significantalgorithmchange inGoogle Searchin 2013. Its name was derived from the speed and accuracy of thehummingbird. The change was announced on September 26, 2013, having already been in use for a month. "Hummingbird" places greater emphasis onnatural languagequeries, considerin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hummingbird |
AGoogle matrixis a particularstochastic matrixthat is used byGoogle'sPageRankalgorithm. The matrix represents a graph with edges representing links between pages. The PageRank of each page can then be generated iteratively from the Google matrix using thepower method. However, in order for the power method to converge,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_matrix |
Google Pandais analgorithmused by theGooglesearch engine, first introduced in February 2011. The main goal of this algorithm is to improve the quality of search results by lowering the rankings of websites with "low-quality content".[1][2][3]Panda is part of Google's broader approach to combat low-quality websites that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Panda |
Google Penguinis acodename[1]for a Google algorithm update that was first announced on April 24, 2012. The update was aimed at decreasingsearch engine rankingsof websites that violate Google's Webmaster Guidelines[2]by using now declaredGrey HatSEMtechniques involved in increasing artificially the ranking of a webpage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Penguin |
Google Search(also known simply asGoogleorGoogle.com) is asearch engineoperated byGoogle. It allows users to search for information on theWebby entering keywords or phrases. Google Search usesalgorithmsto analyze and rankwebsitesbased on their relevance to the search query. It is the most popular search engine worldwid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search |
TheHilltop algorithmis analgorithmused to find documents relevant to a particular keyword topic in news search. Created byKrishna Bharatwhile he was atCompaq Systems Research CenterandGeorge A. MihăilăUniversity of Toronto,[1]it was acquired byGooglefor use in its news results in February 2003.
When you enter a query ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop_algorithm |
Ingraph theory, theKatz centralityoralpha centralityof a node is a measure ofcentralityin anetwork. It was introduced byLeo Katzin 1953 and is used to measure the relative degree of influence of an actor (or node) within asocial network.[1]Unlike typical centrality measures which consider only the shortest path (thegeo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katz_centrality |
In the field ofsearch engine optimization(SEO),link buildingdescribes actions aimed at increasing the number and quality ofinbound linksto awebpagewith the goal of increasing the search engine rankings of that page orwebsite.[1]Briefly, link building is the process of establishingrelevanthyperlinks (usually called link... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_building |
Search engine optimization(SEO) is the process of improving the quality and quantity ofwebsite trafficto awebsiteor aweb pagefromsearch engines.[1][2]SEO targets unpaid search traffic (usually referred to as "organic" results) rather than direct traffic, referral traffic,social mediatraffic, orpaid traffic.
Unpaid sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization |
TrustRankis analgorithmthat conductslink analysisto separate usefulwebpagesfromspamand helps search engine rank pages inSERPs(Search Engine Results Pages). It is semi-automated process which means that it needs some human assistance in order to function properly. Search engines have many different algorithms and rankin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustRank |
VisualRankis a system forfindingand ranking images by analysing andcomparing their content, rather than searching image names, Web links or other text.Googlescientists made their VisualRank work public in a paper describing applyingPageRankto Google image search at the International World Wide Web Conference inBeijingi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisualRank |
Thewebgraphdescribes the directed links between pages of theWorld Wide Web. Agraph, in general, consists of several vertices, some pairs connected by edges. In adirected graph, edges are directed lines or arcs. The webgraph is a directed graph, whose vertices correspond to the pages of the WWW, and a directed edge con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webgraph |
Sequential pattern miningis a topic ofdata miningconcerned with finding statistically relevant patterns between data examples where the values are delivered in a sequence.[1][2]It is usually presumed that the values are discrete, and thustime seriesmining is closely related, but usually considered a different activity.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_mining |
Aproduction system(orproduction rule system) is acomputer programtypically used to provide some form ofartificial intelligence, which consists primarily of a set of rules about behavior, but also includes the mechanism necessary to follow those rules as the system responds to states of the world.[citation needed]Those ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_system_(computer_science) |
Learning classifier systems, orLCS, are a paradigm ofrule-based machine learningmethods that combine a discovery component (e.g. typically agenetic algorithminevolutionary computation) with a learning component (performing eithersupervised learning,reinforcement learning, orunsupervised learning).[2]Learning classifier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_classifier_system |
Rule-based machine learning(RBML) is a term incomputer scienceintended to encompass anymachine learningmethod that identifies, learns, or evolves 'rules' to store, manipulate or apply.[1][2][3]The defining characteristic of a rule-based machine learner is the identification and utilization of a set of relational rules ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-based_machine_learning |
Bootstrap aggregating, also calledbagging(frombootstrapaggregating) orbootstrapping, is amachine learning(ML)ensemblemeta-algorithmdesigned to improve thestabilityand accuracy of MLclassificationandregressionalgorithms. It also reducesvarianceandoverfitting. Although it is usually applied todecision treemethods, it can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating |
Out-of-bag(OOB)error, also calledout-of-bag estimate, is a method of measuring theprediction errorofrandom forests,boosted decision trees, and othermachine learningmodels utilizingbootstrap aggregating(bagging). Bagging uses subsampling with replacement to create training samples for the model to learn from. OOB error ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-bag_error |
Instatisticsandmachine learning,leakage(also known asdata leakageortarget leakage) is the use ofinformationin the model training process which would not be expected to be available atpredictiontime, causing the predictive scores (metrics) tooverestimatethe model's utility when run in a production environment.[1]
Leaka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage_(machine_learning) |
Validityis the main extent to which aconcept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world.[1][2]The word "valid" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. The validity of a measurement tool (for example, a test in education) is the degree to which the tool mea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics) |
Business process modeling(BPM) is the action of capturing and representingprocessesof an enterprise (i.e.modelingthem), so that the current business processes may be analyzed, applied securely and consistently, improved, and automated.
BPM is typically performed by business analysts, with subject matter experts collab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_model |
Core architecture data model(CADM) inenterprise architectureis alogical data modelof information used to describe and build architectures.[2]
The CADM is essentially a commondatabase schema, defined within the US Department of Defense Architecture FrameworkDoDAF. It was initially published in 1997 as alogical data mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_architecture_data_model |
Acommon data model(CDM) can refer to any standardiseddata modelwhich allows fordataandinformation exchangebetween differentapplicationsanddata sources. Common data models aim to standardise logical infrastructure so that related applications can "operate on and share the same data",[1]and can be seen as a way to "organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_data_model |
Data collection system(DCS) is acomputer applicationthat facilitates the process ofdata collection, allowing specific, structured information to be gathered in a systematic fashion, subsequently enablingdata analysisto be performed on the information.[1][2][3]Typically a DCS displays a form that accepts data input from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection_system |
Adata dictionary, ormetadata repository, as defined in theIBM Dictionary of Computing, is a "centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format".[1]Oracledefines it as a collection of tables with metadata. The term can have one of several closely rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary |
Data Format Description Language(DFDL, often pronounceddaff-o-dil) is a modeling language for describing general text andbinary datain a standard way. It was published as anOpen Grid ForumRecommendation[1]in February 2021, and in April 2024 was published as anISOstandard.[2]
A DFDL model or schema allows any text or b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Format_Description_Language |
Adistributional–relational database, orword-vector database, is adatabase management system(DBMS) that uses distributionalword-vectorrepresentations to enrich the semantics ofstructured data.
As distributional word-vectors can be built automatically from large-scalecorpora,[1]this enrichment supports the construction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributional%E2%80%93relational_database |
JC3IEDM, orJoint Consultation, Command and Control Information Exchange Data Modelis a model that, when implemented, aims to enable the interoperability of systems and projects required to shareCommand and Control (C2)information. JC3IEDM is an evolution of theC2IEDMstandard that includes joint operational concepts, ju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC3IEDM |
The termprocess modelis used in various contexts. For example, inbusiness process modelingthe enterprise process model is often referred to as thebusiness process model.
Process models areprocessesof the same nature that are classified together into a model. Thus, a process model is a description of a process at the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_model |
Pattern recognitionis the task of assigning aclassto an observation based on patterns extracted from data. While similar, pattern recognition (PR) is not to be confused with pattern machines (PM) which may possess PR capabilities but their primary function is to distinguish and create emergent patterns. PR has appli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition |
Text miningcomputer programs are available from manycommercialandopen sourcecompanies and sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_text_mining_software |
Semi-structured data[1]is a form ofstructured datathat does not obey the tabular structure of data models associated withrelational databasesor other forms ofdata tables, but nonetheless containstagsor other markers to separate semantic elements and enforce hierarchies of records and fields within the data. Therefore, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-structured_data |
Inlinguistics,coreference, sometimes writtenco-reference, occurs when two or more expressions refer to the same person or thing; they have the samereferent. For example, inBill said Alice would arrive soon, and she did, the wordsAliceandsherefer to the same person.[1]
Co-reference is often non-trivial to determine. Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreference#Coreference_resolution |
Innatural language processing,Entity Linking, also referred to asnamed-entity disambiguation(NED),named-entity recognition and disambiguation(NERD),named-entity normalization(NEN),[1]orConcept Recognition, is the task of assigning a unique identity to entities (such as famous individuals, locations, or companies) menti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_linking |
Knowledge extractionis the creation ofknowledgefrom structured (relational databases,XML) and unstructured (text, documents,images) sources. The resulting knowledge needs to be in a machine-readable and machine-interpretable format and mustrepresent knowledgein a manner that facilitates inferencing. Although it is meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_extraction |
Onomastics(oronomatologyin older texts) is the study ofproper names, including theiretymology, history, and use.
Analethonym('true name') or anorthonym('real name') is the proper name of the object in question, the object of onomastic study. Scholars studying onomastics are calledonomasticians.
Onomastics has applica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastics |
Record linkage(also known asdata matching,data linkage,entity resolution, and many other terms) is the task of findingrecordsin a data set that refer to the sameentityacross different data sources (e.g., data files, books, websites, and databases). Record linkage is necessary whenjoiningdifferent data sets based on ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_linkage |
Smart tagsare an earlyselection-based searchfeature, found in later versions ofMicrosoft Wordandbetaversions of theInternet Explorer 6web browser, by which the application recognizes certain words or types of data and converts it to ahyperlink. It is also included in otherMicrosoft Officeprograms as well asVisual Web D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_tag_(Microsoft) |
TriGis a serialization format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs. It is a plain text format for serializingnamed graphsand RDF Datasets which offers a compact and readable alternative to the XML-basedTriXsyntax.
This example encodes three interlinked named graphs:
ThisWorld Wide Web–related article is as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriG_(syntax) |
TriX(Triplesin XML) is a serialization format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs. It is anXMLformat for serializing Named Graphs and RDF Datasets which offers a compact and readable alternative to the XML-basedRDF/XMLsyntax.[1][2]It was jointly created byHP LabsandNokia.[3]
It is suggested that those digi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriX_(syntax) |
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