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RDF/XMLis a syntax,[1]defined by theW3C, to express (i.e.serialize) anRDFgraph as anXMLdocument. RDF/XML is sometimes misleadingly called simply RDF because it was introduced among the other W3C specifications defining RDF and it was historically the first W3C standard RDF serialization format.
RDF/XML is the primar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF/XML |
RDFaorResource Description Framework in Attributes[1]is aW3CRecommendation that adds a set ofattribute-levelextensions toHTML,XHTMLand various XML-based document types for embedding richmetadatawithin web documents. TheResource Description Framework(RDF) data-model mapping enables the use of RDFs for embedding RDFsubje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFa |
JSON-LD(JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a method of encodinglinked datausingJSON. One goal for JSON-LD was to require as little effort as possible from developers to transform their existing JSON to JSON-LD.[1]JSON-LD allows data to be serialized in a way that is similar to traditional JSON.[2]It was ini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON-LD |
Notation3, orN3as it is more commonly known, is a shorthand non-XMLserialization ofResource Description Frameworkmodels, designed with human-readability in mind: N3 is much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation. The format is being developed byTim Berners-Leeand others from theSemantic Webcommunity. A formali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation3 |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number ofrelational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems |
Thedatabase schemais the structure of adatabasedescribed in aformal languagesupported typically by arelational database management system(RDBMS). The term "schema" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case ofrelational databases). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_schema |
Datalogis adeclarativelogic programminglanguage. While it is syntactically a subset ofProlog, Datalog generally uses a bottom-up rather than top-down evaluation model. This difference yields significantly different behavior and properties fromProlog. It is often used as aquery languagefordeductive databases. Datalog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalog |
Incomputing, adata warehouse(DWorDWH), also known as anenterprise data warehouse(EDW), is a system used forreportinganddata analysisand is a core component ofbusiness intelligence.[1]Data warehouses are centralrepositoriesof data integrated from disparate sources. They store current and historical data organized in a w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse |
This is alist ofrelational database management systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems |
Anobject databaseorobject-oriented databaseis adatabase management systemin which information is represented in the form ofobjectsas used inobject-oriented programming. Object databases are different fromrelational databaseswhich are table-oriented. A third type,object–relational databases, is a hybrid of both approach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_database |
Incomputing,online analytical processing (OLAP)(/ˈoʊlæp/), is an approach to quickly answermulti-dimensional analytical(MDA) queries.[1]The termOLAPwas created as a slight modification of the traditional database termonline transaction processing(OLTP).[2]OLAP is part of the broader category ofbusiness intelligence, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_analytical_processing |
Incomputing,online analytical processing (OLAP)(/ˈoʊlæp/), is an approach to quickly answermulti-dimensional analytical(MDA) queries.[1]The termOLAPwas created as a slight modification of the traditional database termonline transaction processing(OLTP).[2]OLAP is part of the broader category ofbusiness intelligence, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROLAP |
Relational transducersare a theoretical model for studying computer systems through the lens ofdatabase relations. This model extends thetransducer modelinformal language theory. They were first introduced in 1998 byAbiteboulet al for the study of electronic commerce applications.[1]The computation model treats the inp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_transducer |
Incomputing, asnowflake schemaorsnowflake modelis alogical arrangementof tables in amultidimensional databasesuch that theentity relationshipdiagram resembles asnowflakeshape. The snowflake schema is represented by centralizedfact tableswhich are connected to multipledimensions. "Snowflaking" is a method of normalizing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_schema |
Structured Query Language(SQL) (pronounced/ˌɛsˌkjuˈɛl/S-Q-L;or alternatively as/ˈsiːkwəl/"sequel")[4][5]is adomain-specific languageused to manage data, especially in arelational database management system(RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handlingstructured data, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL |
Incomputing, thestar schemaorstar modelis the simplest style ofdata martschemaand is the approach most widely used to develop data warehouses and dimensional data marts.[1]The star schema consists of one or morefact tablesreferencing any number ofdimension tables. The star schema is an important special case of thesnow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_schema |
FOAF(an acronym offriend of a friend) is amachine-readableontologydescribingpersons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects. Anyone can use FOAF to describe themselves. FOAF allows groups of people to describesocial networkswithout the need for a centralised database.
FOAF is a descriptive vo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF |
Theclosed-world assumption(CWA), in aformal system of logicused forknowledge representation, is the presumption that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Therefore, conversely, what is not currently known to be true, is false. The same name also refers to alogicalformalization of this assumption byRaymond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-world_assumption |
Thebag-of-words(BoW)modelis a model of text which uses an unordered collection (a "bag") of words. It is used innatural language processingandinformation retrieval(IR). It disregardsword order(and thus most of syntax or grammar) but capturesmultiplicity.
The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods ofdocument c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_of_words_model |
Aviation Information Data Exchange(AIDX) is the globalXMLmessaging standard for exchanging flight data betweenairlines,airports, and any third party consuming the data. It is endorsed as a recommended standard by theInternational Air Transport Association(IATA), and theAirports Council International(ACI).
The developm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDX |
This is a list of notableXMLmarkup languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_XML_markup_languages |
This is a list of notableXML schemasin use on the Internet sorted by purpose. XML schemas can be used to create XML documents for a wide range of purposes such as syndication, general exchange, and storage of data in a standard format. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_XML_schemas |
Incomputer science,extensible programmingis a style of computer programming that focuses on mechanisms to extend theprogramming language,compiler, andruntime system(environment). Extensible programming languages, supporting this style of programming, were an active area of work in the 1960s, but the movement was margin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
This is acomparison ofdata serializationformats, various ways to convert complexobjectsto sequences ofbits. It does not includemarkup languagesused exclusively asdocument file formats.
A data mapping (the key is a data value):
a
nullnull.nullnull.boolnull.intnull.floatnull.decimalnull.timestampnull.stringnull.symbol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats |
Variousbinaryformats have been proposed as compact representations forXML(ExtensibleMarkup Language).
Using a binary XML format generally reduces the verbosity of XML documents thereby also reducing the cost of parsing,[1]but hinders the use of ordinary text editors and third-party tools to view and edit the document.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_XML |
Extensible Binary Meta Language(EBML) is a generalizedfile formatfor any kind of data, aiming to be a binary equivalent toXML. It provides a basic framework for storing data in XML-like tags. It was originally designed as the framework language for theMatroskaaudio/video container format.[1][2][3]
EBML is not extensib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBML |
WAP Binary XML(WBXML) is a binary representation ofXML. It was developed by theWAP Forumand since 2002 is maintained by theOpen Mobile Allianceas a standard to allow XML documents to be transmitted in a compact manner over mobile networks and proposed as an addition to theWorld Wide Web Consortium'sWireless Application... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBXML |
TheXML Protocol("XMLP") is a standard being developed by theW3CXML Protocol Working Groupto the following guidelines, outlined in the group'scharter:
Further, the protocol developed must meet the following requirements, as per the working group's charter:
Thisstandards- ormeasurement-related article is astub. You can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Protocol |
Search engine indexingis the collecting,parsing, and storing of data to facilitate fast and accurateinformation retrieval. Index design incorporates interdisciplinary concepts fromlinguistics,cognitive psychology, mathematics,informatics, andcomputer science. An alternate name for the process, in the context ofsearch e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(search_engine) |
Database management systemsprovide multiple types ofindexesto improve performance and data integrity across diverse applications. Index types includeb-trees,bitmaps, andr-trees.
In database management systems, areverse key indexstrategy reverses thekeyvalue before entering it in theindex.[1]E.g., the value 24538 becom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_index |
Attention Profiling Mark-up Language(APML) is anXML-basedmarkup languagefor documenting a person's interests and dislikes.
APML allows people to share their own personal attention profile in much the same way thatOPMLallows the exchange of reading lists between news readers. The idea behind APML is to compress all for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_Profiling_Mark-up_Language |
Cold startincomputingrefers to a problem where a system or its part was created or restarted and is not working at its normal operation. The problem can be related to initialising internalobjectsor populatingcacheor starting up subsystems.
In a typicalweb servicesystem the problem occurs after restarting the server, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_start_(computing) |
Inpsycholinguistics, thecollaborative model(orconversational model) is a theory for explaining how speaking and understanding work in conversation, specifically how people in conversation coordinate to determine definitereferences.
The model was initially proposed in 1986 bypsycholinguistsHerb Clarkand Deanna Wilkes-G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_model |
Collaborative search engines(CSE) areweb search enginesandenterprise searcheswithin company intranets that let users combine their efforts ininformation retrieval(IR) activities, share information resources collaboratively usingknowledge tags, and allow experts to guide less experienced people through their searches. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_search_engine |
Customer engagementis an interaction between an external consumer/customer (eitherB2CorB2B) and an organization (company orbrand) through various online or offline channels.[citation needed]According to Hollebeek, Srivastava and Chen, customer engagement is "a customer’s motivationally driven, volitional investment of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_engagement |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Liquid democracyis a form ofProxy voting,[1]whereby... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegative_Democracy |
Enterprise bookmarkingis a method forWeb 2.0users to tag, organize, store, and searchbookmarksof bothweb pageson theInternetand data resources stored in a distributeddatabaseorfileserver. This is done collectively and collaboratively in a process by which users addtag (metadata)andknowledge tags.[1]
In early versions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_bookmarking |
Firefly.com(1995–1999) was acommunitywebsite featuringcollaborative filtering.[citation needed]
The Firefly website was created by Firefly Network, Inc.(originally known as Agents Inc.)[1]The company was founded in March 1995 by a group of engineers fromMIT Media Laband some business people fromHarvard Business School... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(website) |
Afilter bubbleorideological frameis a state of intellectual isolation[1]that can result frompersonalized searches, recommendation systems, andalgorithmic curation. The search results are based on information about the user, such as their location, past click-behavior, and search history.[2]Consequently, users become se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_bubble |
PageRank(PR) is analgorithmused byGoogle Searchtorankweb pagesin theirsearch engineresults. It is named after both the term "web page" and co-founderLarry Page. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google:
PageRank works by counting the number and quality of links to a page to d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_rank |
Preference elicitationrefers to the problem of developing adecision support systemcapable of generatingrecommendationsto a user, thus assisting in decision making. It is important for such a system to model user's preferences accurately, find hidden preferences and avoid redundancy. This problem is sometimes studied as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preference_elicitation |
Psychographic filteringis located within a branch ofcollaborative filtering(user-based) which anticipatespreferencesbased upon information received from astatistical survey, aquestionnaire, or other forms ofsocial research.[1]The termPsychographicis derived from Psychography which is the study of associating and classi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychographic_filtering |
Arecommender system (RecSys), or arecommendation system(sometimes replacingsystemwith terms such asplatform,engine, oralgorithm), sometimes only called "the algorithm" or "algorithm"[1]is a subclass ofinformation filtering systemthat provides suggestions for items that are most pertinent to a particular user.[2][3][4]R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommendation_system |
Areputation systemis a program oralgorithmthat allow users of anonline communityto rate each other in order to buildtrustthroughreputation. Some common uses of these systems can be found onE-commercewebsites such aseBay,Amazon.com, andEtsyas well as online advice communities such asStack Exchange.[1]These reputation sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system |
Robust collaborative filtering, orattack-resistant collaborative filtering, refers to algorithms or techniques that aim to makecollaborative filteringmore robust against efforts of manipulation, while hopefully maintaining recommendation quality. In general, these efforts of manipulation usually refer to shilling attac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_collaborative_filtering |
Similarity searchis the most general term used for a range of mechanisms which share the principle of searching (typically very large) spaces of objects where the only available comparator is thesimilaritybetween any pair of objects. This is becoming increasingly important in an age of large information repositories wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_search |
Slope Oneis a family of algorithms used forcollaborative filtering, introduced in a 2005 paper by Daniel Lemire and Anna Maclachlan.[1]Arguably, it is the simplest form of non-trivialitem-based collaborative filteringbased on ratings. Their simplicity makes it especially easy to implement them efficiently while their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope_One |
Social translucence(also referred associal awareness) is a term that was proposed by Thomas Erickson andWendy Kelloggto refer to "design digital systems that support coherent behavior by making participants and their activities visible to one another".
Social translucence represents a tool fortransparencyin socio-tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_translucence |
Algorithmic radicalizationis the concept thatrecommender algorithmson popular social media sites such asYouTubeandFacebookdrive users toward progressively more extreme content over time, leading to them developingradicalizedextremist political views. Algorithms record user interactions, from likes/dislikes to amount of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization |
ACM Conference on Recommender Systems(ACM RecSys) is an A-ranked[1]peer-reviewed academic conference series aboutrecommender systems. It is held annually in different locations,[2]and organized by different organizers, but a Steering Committee[3]supervises the organization. The conference proceedings are published by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Conference_on_Recommender_Systems |
Cold startis a potential problem incomputer-basedinformation systemswhich involves a degree of automateddata modelling. Specifically, it concerns the issue that the system cannot draw anyinferencesforusersor items about which it has not yet gathered sufficient information.
The cold start problem is a well known and we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_start_(recommender_systems) |
Configurators, also known as choice boards, design systems, toolkits, or co-design platforms, are responsible for guiding the user[who?]through the configuration[clarification needed]process. Different variations are represented, visualized, assessed and priced which starts a learning-by-doing process for the user. Whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configurator |
Aninformation filtering systemis a system that removesredundantor unwantedinformationfrom an information stream using (semi)automated or computerized methods prior to presentation to a human user. Its main goal is the management of theinformation overloadand increment of thesemanticsignal-to-noise ratio. To do this the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_filtering_system |
Theinformation explosionis the rapid increase in the amount ofpublishedinformationordataand the effects of this abundance.[1]As the amount of available data grows, the problem ofmanaging the informationbecomes more difficult, which can lead toinformation overload. The Online Oxford English Dictionary indicates use of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion |
Amedia monitoring service, apress clipping service,clipping service, or aclipping bureau, as known in earlier times, provides clients with copies of media content, which is of specific interest to them and subject to changing demand; what they provide may include documentation, content, analysis, or editorial opinion, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_monitoring_service |
Personalized marketing,also known asone-to-one marketingorindividual marketing,[1]is amarketingstrategy by which companies usedata analysisand digital technology to show adverts to individuals based on their perceived characteristics and interests. Marketers use methods fromdata collection,analytics,digital electronics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_marketing |
Personalized searchis aweb searchtailored specifically to an individual's interests by incorporating information about the individual beyond the specific query provided. There are two general approaches topersonalizingsearch results, involving modifying the user's query and re-ranking search results.[1]
Googleintroduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_search |
Product findersareinformation systemsthat help consumers to identify products within a large palette of similar alternative products. Product finders differ in complexity, the more complex among them being a special case ofdecision support systems. Conventional decision support systems, however, aim at specialized user... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_finder |
Areview siteis awebsiteon which reviews can be posted about people, businesses, products, or services. These sites may useWeb 2.0techniques to gather reviews from site users or may employ professional writers to author reviews on the topic of concern for the site.
Early examples of review sites included ConsumerDemocr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_site |
Reputation management,refers to theinfluencing, controlling, enhancing, or concealing of an individual's or group'sreputation. It is a marketing technique used to modify a person's or a company's reputation in a positive way.[1]The growth of theinternetandsocial medialed to growth of reputationmanagementcompanies, with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_management |
Theforward–backward algorithmis aninferencealgorithmforhidden Markov modelswhich computes theposteriormarginalsof all hidden state variables given a sequence of observations/emissionso1:T:=o1,…,oT{\displaystyle o_{1:T}:=o_{1},\dots ,o_{T}}, i.e. it computes, for all hidden state variablesXt∈{X1,…,XT}{\displaystyle X_{t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward-backward_algorithm |
Theforward algorithm, in the context of ahidden Markov model(HMM), is used to calculate a 'belief state': the probability of a state at a certain time, given the history of evidence. The process is also known asfiltering. The forward algorithm is closely related to, but distinct from, theViterbi algorithm.
The forwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_algorithm |
Incomputing,telecommunication,information theory, andcoding theory,forward error correction(FEC) orchannel coding[1][2][3]is a technique used forcontrolling errorsindata transmissionover unreliable or noisycommunication channels.
The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in aredundantway, most often by u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-correcting_code |
AViterbi decoderuses theViterbi algorithmfor decoding a bitstream that has been
encoded using aconvolutional codeortrellis code.
There are other algorithms for decoding a convolutionally encoded stream (for example, theFano algorithm). The Viterbi algorithm is the most resource-consuming, but it does themaximum likeli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbi_decoder |
A*(pronounced "A-star") is agraph traversalandpathfindingalgorithmthat is used in many fields ofcomputer sciencedue to its completeness, optimality, and optimal efficiency.[1]Given aweighted graph, a sourcenodeand a goal node, the algorithm finds theshortest path(with respect to the given weights) from source to goal.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm |
In themathematicaldiscipline ofnumerical linear algebra, amatrix splittingis an expression which represents a givenmatrixas a sum or difference of matrices. Manyiterative methods(for example, for systems ofdifferential equations) depend upon the direct solution of matrix equations involving matrices more general thant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_splitting |
SPARQL(pronounced "sparkle", arecursive acronym[2]forSPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is anRDF query language—that is, asemanticquery languagefordatabases—able to retrieve and manipulate data stored inResource Description Framework (RDF)format.[3][4]It was made a standard by theRDF Data Access Working Group(DAWG... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL |
ThePlatform for Internet Content Selection(PICS) was a specification created byW3Cthat usedmetadatato label webpages to help parents and teachers control what children and students could access on theInternet. The W3CProtocol for Web Description Resourcesproject integrates PICS concepts withRDF. PICS was superseded byP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_for_Internet_Content_Selection |
Shapes Constraint Language[1](SHACL) is aWorld Wide Web Consortium(W3C) standard language for describingResource Description Framework(RDF) graphs. SHACL has been designed to enhance the semantic and technical interoperability layers ofontologiesexpressed as RDF graphs.[3]
SHACL models are defined in terms of constra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHACL |
Acanary trapis a method for exposing an information leak by giving different versions of a sensitive document to each of several suspects and seeing which version gets leaked. It could be one false statement, to see whether sensitive information gets out to other people as well. Special attention is paid to the quality... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_trap |
Honeypotsare security devices whose value lie in being probed and compromised. Traditional honeypots are servers (or devices that expose server services) that wait passively to be attacked.Client Honeypotsare active security devices in search of malicious servers that attack clients. The client honeypot poses as a clie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_honeypot |
Cowrieis a medium interactionSSHandTelnethoneypotdesigned to logbrute force attacksandshell interactionperformed by an attacker. Cowrie also functions as an SSH and telnetproxyto observe attacker behavior to another system. Cowrie was developed fromKippo.
Cowrie has been referenced in published papers.[1][2]The Book "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowrie_(honeypot) |
HoneyMonkey, short forStrider HoneyMonkey Exploit Detection System, is aMicrosoft Researchhoneypot. The implementation uses a network of computers tocrawltheWorld Wide Websearching forwebsitesthat usebrowser exploitsto installmalwareon the HoneyMonkey computer. A snapshot of the memory, executables and registry of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HoneyMonkey |
Honeytokensare fictitious words or records that are added to legitimatedatabases. They allow administrators to track data in situations they wouldn't normally be able to track, such ascloud-based networks.[1]If data is stolen, honey tokens allow administrators to identify who it was stolen from or how it was leaked. If... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeytoken |
Anetwork telescope(also known as apacket telescope,[1]darknet,Internet motion sensororblack hole)[2][3][4]is anInternetsystem that allows one to observe different large-scale events taking place on the Internet. The basic idea is to observe traffic targeting the dark (unused) address-space of the network. Since all tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_telescope |
Operation Trust(Russian:операция "Трест",romanized:operatsiya "Trest")[1]was acounterintelligenceoperation of theState Political Directorate(GPU) of theSoviet Union. The operation, which was set up by GPU's predecessorCheka, ran from 1921 to 1927,[2]set up a fake anti-Bolshevikresistance organization, "Monarchist Unio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trust |
Atarpitis a service on acomputer system(usually aserver) that purposely delays incoming connections. The technique was developed as a defense againstspamandcomputer worms. The idea is thatnetworkabuses such as spamming or broad scanning are less effective, and therefore less attractive, if they take too long. The conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpit_(networking) |
In general,bootstrappingusually refers to a self-starting process that is supposed to continue or grow without external input. Many analytical techniques are often called bootstrap methods in reference to their self-starting or self-supporting implementation, such asbootstrapping (statistics),bootstrapping (finance), o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics,empirical likelihood(EL) is a nonparametric method for estimating the parameters ofstatistical models. It requires fewer assumptions about theerror distributionwhile retaining some of the merits inlikelihood-based inference. The estimation method requires that the data areindependent a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_likelihood |
Instatistics,imputationis the process of replacingmissing datawith substituted values. When substituting for a data point, it is known as "unit imputation"; when substituting for a component of a data point, it is known as "item imputation". There are three main problems that missing data causes: missing data can intro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imputation_(statistics) |
Instatisticsandpsychometrics,reliabilityis the overall consistency of a measure.[1]A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions:
It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics) |
Reproducibility, closely related toreplicabilityandrepeatability, is a major principle underpinning thescientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by anexperimentor anobservational studyor in astatistical analysisof adata setshould be achieved again with a high degree o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility |
Instatistics,resamplingis the creation of new samples based on one observed sample.
Resampling methods are:
Permutation tests rely on resampling the original data assuming the null hypothesis. Based on the resampled data it can be concluded how likely the original data is to occur under the null hypothesis.
Bootstrap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling_(statistics) |
Instatisticsandmachine learning,ensemble methodsuse multiple learning algorithms to obtain betterpredictive performancethan could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.[1][2][3]Unlike astatistical ensemblein statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning |
Gradient boostingis amachine learningtechnique based onboostingin a functional space, where the target ispseudo-residualsinstead ofresidualsas in traditional boosting. It gives a prediction model in the form of anensembleof weak prediction models, i.e., models that make very few assumptions about the data, which are ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_boosting |
Nonparametric statisticsis a type of statistical analysis that makes minimal assumptions about the underlyingdistributionof the data being studied. Often these models are infinite-dimensional, rather than finite dimensional, as inparametric statistics.[1]Nonparametric statistics can be used fordescriptive statisticsors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-parametric_statistics |
Arandomized algorithmis analgorithmthat employs a degree ofrandomnessas part of its logic or procedure. The algorithm typically usesuniformly randombits as an auxiliary input to guide its behavior, in the hope of achieving good performance in the "average case" over all possible choices of random determined by the rand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithm |
Embeddinginmachine learningrefers to arepresentation learningtechnique that maps complex, high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensionalvector spaceof numerical vectors.[1]It also denotes the resulting representation, where meaningful patterns or relationships are preserved. As a technique, it learns these vectors from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedding_(machine_learning) |
Brown clusteringis a hardhierarchical agglomerative clusteringproblem based on distributional information proposed byPeter Brown, William A. Brown, Vincent Della Pietra,Peter V. de Souza, Jennifer Lai, andRobert Mercer.[1]The method, which is based on bigram language models,[2]is typically applied to text, grouping wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_clustering |
Incomputer science, asuffix tree(also calledPAT treeor, in an earlier form,position tree) is a compressedtriecontaining all thesuffixesof the given text as their keys and positions in the text as their values. Suffix trees allow particularly fast implementations of many important string operations.
The construction of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix_tree |
Incomputer science,hash triecan refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_trie |
Aprefix hash tree(PHT) is a distributeddata structurethat enables more sophisticated queries over adistributed hash table(DHT).[citation needed]The prefix hash tree uses the lookup interface of a DHT to construct atrie-based data structure that is both efficient (updates are doubly logarithmic in the size of the domain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_hash_tree |
Aconcurrent hash-trieorCtrie[1][2]is a concurrentthread-safelock-freeimplementation of ahash array mapped trie. It is used to implement the concurrent map abstraction. It has particularly scalable concurrent insert and remove operations and is memory-efficient.[3]It is the first known concurrent data-structure that sup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctrie |
TheHAT-trieis a type ofradix triethat uses array nodes to collect individualkey–value pairsunder radix nodes and hash buckets into anassociative array. Unlike a simplehash table, HAT-tries store key–value in an ordered collection. The original inventors are Nikolas Askitis and Ranjan Sinha.[1][2]Askitis & Zobel showed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAT-trie |
Incomputer science, theAho–Corasick algorithmis astring-searching algorithminvented byAlfred V. Ahoand Margaret J. Corasick in 1975.[1]It is a kind of dictionary-matchingalgorithmthat locates elements of a finite set of strings (the "dictionary") within an input text. It matches all strings simultaneously. Thecomplexit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aho%E2%80%93Corasick_algorithm |
Inprobability theory, abranching random walkis astochastic processthat generalizes both the concept of arandom walkand of abranching process. At every generation (apoint of discrete time), a branching random walk's value is a set of elements that are located in somelinear space, such as thereal line. Each element of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_random_walk |
Brownian motionis the random motion ofparticlessuspended in a medium (aliquidor agas).[2]The traditional mathematical formulation of Brownian motion is that of theWiener process, which is often called Brownian motion, even in mathematical sources.
This motion pattern typically consists ofrandomfluctuations in a partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion |
Inprobability theory, thelaw of the iterated logarithmdescribes the magnitude of the fluctuations of arandom walk. The original statement of the law of the iterated logarithm is due toA. Ya. Khinchin(1924).[1]Another statement was given byA. N. Kolmogorovin 1929.[2]
Let {Yn} be independent, identically distributedrand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_iterated_logarithm |
TheLévy flight foraging hypothesisis ahypothesisin the field ofbiologythat may be stated as follows:
SinceLévy flightsand walks can optimize search efficiencies, therefore natural selection should have led to adaptations for Lévy flight foraging.[1]
The movement of animals closely resembles in many ways therandom wal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_flight_foraging_hypothesis |
Inmathematics,loop-erased random walkis a model for arandomsimple pathwith important applications incombinatorics,physicsandquantum field theory. It is intimately connected to theuniform spanning tree, a model for a randomtree. See alsorandom walkfor more general treatment of this topic.
AssumeGis somegraphandγ{\displ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop-erased_random_walk |
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