text stringlengths 16 172k | source stringlengths 32 122 |
|---|---|
Software maintenanceis the modification of software after delivery.
Software maintenance is often considered lower skilled and less rewarding than new development. As such, it is a common target for outsourcing oroffshoring. Usually, the team developing the software is different from those who will be maintaining it. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance |
Ininformation security, computer science, and other fields, theprinciple of least privilege(PoLP), also known as theprinciple of minimal privilege(PoMP) or theprinciple of least authority(PoLA), requires that in a particularabstraction layerof a computing environment, every module (such as a process, a user, or a progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege |
Inhacking, ashellcodeis a small piece of code used as thepayloadin theexploitationof a softwarevulnerability. It is called "shellcode" because it typically starts acommand shellfrom which the attacker can control the compromised machine, but any piece of code that performs a similar task can be called shellcode. Beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellcode |
Incomputing, theExecutable and Linkable Format[2](ELF, formerly namedExtensible Linking Format) is a common standardfile formatforexecutablefiles,object code,shared libraries, andcore dumps. First published in the specification for theapplication binary interface(ABI) of theUnixoperating system version namedSystem V Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format |
In computing, asystem call(syscall) is the programmatic way in which acomputer programrequests a service from theoperating system[a]on which it is executed. This may include hardware-related services (for example, accessing ahard disk driveor accessing the device's camera), creation and execution of newprocesses, and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call |
TheMicrosoft Windowsfamily ofoperating systemsemploy some specificexception handlingmechanisms.
Microsoft Structured Exception Handling is the native exception handling mechanism for Windows and a forerunner technology toVectored Exception Handling(VEH).[1]It features thefinallymechanism not present in standard C++ ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Exception_Handling |
Incomputer security, ashadow stackis a mechanism for protecting aprocedure's storedreturn address,[1]such as from astack buffer overflow. The shadow stack itself is a second, separate stack that "shadows" the programcall stack. In thefunction prologue, a function stores its return address to both the call stack and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_stack |
Computer security(alsocybersecurity,digital security, orinformation technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field ofinformation security. It consists of the protection ofcomputer software,systemsandnetworksfromthreatsthat can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft or damage tohardware,softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security#Mitigation |
Computer security(alsocybersecurity,digital security, orinformation technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field ofinformation security. It consists of the protection ofcomputer software,systemsandnetworksfromthreatsthat can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft or damage tohardware,softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_security#Mitigations |
Software testingis the act of checking whethersoftwaresatisfies expectations.
Software testing can provide objective, independent information about thequalityof software and theriskof its failure to auseror sponsor.[1]
Software testing can determine thecorrectnessof software for specificscenariosbut cannot determine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing |
In the context ofhardwareandsoftwaresystems,formal verificationis the act ofprovingor disproving thecorrectnessof a system with respect to a certainformal specificationor property, usingformal methodsofmathematics.[1]Formal verification is a key incentive forformal specificationof systems, and is at the core offormal m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification |
Software testingis the act of checking whethersoftwaresatisfies expectations.
Software testing can provide objective, independent information about thequalityof software and theriskof its failure to auseror sponsor.[1]
Software testing can determine thecorrectnessof software for specificscenariosbut cannot determine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing#Fuzz_testing |
Open-source software(OSS) iscomputer softwarethat is released under alicensein which thecopyrightholder grants users the rights to use, study, change, anddistribute the softwareand itssource codeto anyone and for any purpose.[1][2]Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative, public manner. Open-source soft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software |
Insoftware engineering,code coverage, also calledtest coverage, is a percentage measure of the degree to which thesource codeof aprogramis executed when a particulartest suiteis run. A program with high code coverage has more of its source code executed during testing, which suggests it has a lower chance of containing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coverage |
Inmathematics, thegreatest common divisor(GCD), also known asgreatest common factor (GCF), of two or moreintegers, which are not all zero, is the largest positive integer thatdivideseach of the integers. For two integersx,y, the greatest common divisor ofxandyis denotedgcd(x,y){\displaystyle \gcd(x,y)}. For example, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor |
Inabstract algebra, agroup isomorphismis afunctionbetween twogroupsthat sets up abijectionbetween the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists anisomorphismbetween two groups, then the groups are calledisomorphic. From the standpoint ofgroup theory, isomorphic groups hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_isomorphism |
Incoding theory,block codesare a large and important family oferror-correcting codesthat encode data in blocks.
There is a vast number of examples for block codes, many of which have a wide range of practical applications. The abstract definition of block codes is conceptually useful because it allows coding theorists,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_code |
Ininformation theoryandcoding theorywith applications incomputer scienceandtelecommunications,error detection and correction(EDAC) orerror controlare techniques that enablereliable deliveryofdigital dataover unreliablecommunication channels. Many communication channels are subject tochannel noise, and thus errors may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction#Error_detection |
Incoding theory, agenerator matrixis amatrixwhose rows form abasisfor alinear code. The codewords are all of thelinear combinationsof the rows of this matrix, that is, the linear code is therow spaceof its generator matrix.
IfGis a matrix, it generates thecodewordsof a linear codeCby
wherewis a codeword of the linear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_matrix |
Incoding theory, alinear codeis anerror-correcting codefor which anylinear combinationofcodewordsis also a codeword. Linear codes are traditionally partitioned intoblock codesandconvolutional codes, althoughturbo codescan be seen as a hybrid of these two types.[1]Linear codes allow for more efficient encoding and decod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_code |
Incoding theory, asystematic codeis anyerror-correcting codein which the input data are embedded in the encoded output. Conversely, in anon-systematic codethe output does not contain the input symbols.
Systematic codes have the advantage that the parity data can simply be appended to the source block, and receivers do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_code |
The termminimum distancemay refer to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_distance |
Inmathematics, particularly in the area ofarithmetic, amodular multiplicative inverseof anintegerais an integerxsuch that the productaxiscongruentto 1 with respect to the modulusm.[1]In the standard notation ofmodular arithmeticthis congruence is written as
which is the shorthand way of writing the statement thatmdivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_inverse |
Ininformation theoryandcoding theory,Reed–Solomon codesare a group oferror-correcting codesthat were introduced byIrving S. ReedandGustave Solomonin 1960.[1]They have many applications, including consumer technologies such asMiniDiscs,CDs,DVDs,Blu-raydiscs,QR codes,Data Matrix,data transmissiontechnologies such asDSLan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_code |
Incoding theory, theKraft–McMillan inequalitygives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of aprefix code[1](in Leon G. Kraft's version) or a uniquely decodable code (inBrockway McMillan's version) for a given set ofcodewordlengths. Its applications to prefix codes and trees often find use incomputer sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft's_inequality |
Ininformation theory,Shannon's source coding theorem(ornoiseless coding theorem) establishes the statistical limits to possibledata compressionfor data whose source is anindependent identically-distributed random variable, and the operational meaning of theShannon entropy.
Named afterClaude Shannon, thesource coding t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_coding_theorem |
Incoding theory, avariable-length codeis acodewhich maps source symbols to avariablenumber ofbits. The equivalent concept incomputer scienceisbit string.
Variable-length codes can allow sources to becompressedand decompressed withzeroerror (lossless data compression) and still be read back symbol by symbol. With the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniquely_decodable_code |
Incoding theory, avariable-length codeis acodewhich maps source symbols to avariablenumber ofbits. The equivalent concept incomputer scienceisbit string.
Variable-length codes can allow sources to becompressedand decompressed withzeroerror (lossless data compression) and still be read back symbol by symbol. With the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-length_code |
Ininformation theory, thebinary entropy function, denotedH(p){\displaystyle \operatorname {H} (p)}orHb(p){\displaystyle \operatorname {H} _{\text{b}}(p)}, is defined as theentropyof aBernoulli process(i.i.d.binary variable) withprobabilityp{\displaystyle p}of one of two values, and is given by the formula:
The base ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_entropy_function |
Aprefix codeis a type ofcodesystem distinguished by its possession of theprefix property, which requires that there is no wholecode wordin the system that is aprefix(initial segment) of any other code word in the system. It is trivially true for fixed-length codes, so only a point of consideration forvariable-length co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_code |
Code wordmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeword |
Inmathematics, anidentity elementorneutral elementof abinary operationis an element that leaves unchanged every element when the operation is applied.[1][2]For example, 0 is an identity element of theadditionofreal numbers. This concept is used inalgebraic structuressuch asgroupsandrings. The termidentity elementis oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element |
Inmathematics, abinary operationiscommutativeif changing the order of theoperandsdoes not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and manymathematical proofsdepend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g."3 + 4 = 4 + 3"or"2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property |
Inmathematics, abinary operationiscommutativeif changing the order of theoperandsdoes not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and manymathematical proofsdepend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g."3 + 4 = 4 + 3"or"2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_operation |
Incoding theory,block codesare a large and important family oferror-correcting codesthat encode data in blocks.
There is a vast number of examples for block codes, many of which have a wide range of practical applications. The abstract definition of block codes is conceptually useful because it allows coding theorists,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_block_code |
Incomputer scienceandinformation theory, aHuffman codeis a particular type of optimalprefix codethat is commonly used forlossless data compression. The process of finding or using such a code isHuffman coding, an algorithm developed byDavid A. Huffmanwhile he was aSc.D.student atMIT, and published in the 1952 paper "A ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_coding |
Arandom variable(also calledrandom quantity,aleatory variable, orstochastic variable) is amathematicalformalization of a quantity or object which depends onrandomevents.[1]The term 'random variable' in its mathematical definition refers to neither randomness nor variability[2]but instead is a mathematicalfunctionin whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable |
Thepropositional calculus[a]is a branch oflogic.[1]It is also calledpropositional logic,[2]statement logic,[1]sentential calculus,[3]sentential logic,[4][1]or sometimeszeroth-order logic.[b][6][7][8]Sometimes, it is calledfirst-orderpropositional logic[9]to contrast it withSystem F, but it should not be confused withfi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus |
Inmathematical logic, auniversal quantificationis a type ofquantifier, alogical constantwhich isinterpretedas "given any", "for all", "for every", or "given anarbitraryelement". It expresses that apredicatecan besatisfiedby everymemberof adomain of discourse. In other words, it is thepredicationof apropertyorrelationto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantification |
Logical consequence(alsoentailmentorlogical implication) is a fundamentalconceptinlogicwhich describes the relationship betweenstatementsthat hold true when one statement logicallyfollows fromone or more statements. Avalidlogicalargumentis one in which theconclusionis entailed by thepremises, because the conclusion is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_implication |
Inlogicandmathematics, atruth value, sometimes called alogical value, is a value indicating the relation of apropositiontotruth, which inclassical logichas only two possible values (trueorfalse).[1][2]Truth values are used incomputingas well as various types oflogic.
In some programming languages, anyexpressioncan be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value |
Inpredicate logic, anexistential quantificationis a type ofquantifier, alogical constantwhich isinterpretedas "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". It is usually denoted by thelogical operatorsymbol∃, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called anexistential quantifier("∃x" or "∃(x)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_quantification |
Inmathematicsandlogic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition.[1]This sort ofquantificationis known asuniqueness quantificationorunique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!"[2]or "∃=1". It is defined to meanthere exis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness_quantifier |
Elephantsare thelargestliving land animals. Three livingspeciesare currently recognised: theAfrican bush elephant(Loxodontaafricana), theAfrican forest elephant(L. cyclotis), and theAsian elephant(Elephasmaximus). They are the only surviving members of thefamilyElephantidaeand theorderProboscidea; extinct relatives inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant |
Quantifiermay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier |
First-order logic, also calledpredicate logic,predicate calculus, orquantificational logic, is a collection offormal systemsused inmathematics,philosophy,linguistics, andcomputer science. First-order logic usesquantified variablesover non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables. Rather t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_logic |
Inlogicandphilosophy, aformal fallacy[a]is a pattern ofreasoningrenderedinvalidby a flaw in its logical structure.Propositional logic,[2]for example, is concerned with the meanings of sentences and the relationships between them. It focuses on the role of logical operators, called propositional connectives, in determin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_fallacy#Fallacies_of_composition_and_division |
Inmathematics, aninjective function(also known asinjection, orone-to-one function[1]) is afunctionfthat mapsdistinctelements of its domain to distinct elements of its codomain; that is,x1≠x2impliesf(x1) ≠f(x2)(equivalently bycontraposition,f(x1) =f(x2)impliesx1=x2). In other words, every element of the function'scodom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_function |
Inmathematics, asurjective function(also known assurjection, oronto function/ˈɒn.tuː/) is afunctionfsuch that, for every elementyof the function'scodomain, there existsat leastone elementxin the function'sdomainsuch thatf(x) =y. In other words, for a functionf:X→Y, the codomainYis theimageof the function's domainX.[1][... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjective_function |
Inmathematics, abijection,bijective function, orone-to-one correspondenceis afunctionbetween twosetssuch that each element of the second set (thecodomain) is the image of exactly one element of the first set (thedomain). Equivalently, a bijection is arelationbetween two sets such that each element of either set is pair... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection |
Inmathematics, afunctionfrom asetXto a setYassigns to each element ofXexactly one element ofY.[1]The setXis called thedomainof the function[2]and the setYis called thecodomainof the function.[3]
Functions were originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity. For example, the position ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics) |
Acounterexampleis any exception to ageneralization. Inlogica counterexample disproves the generalization, and does sorigorouslyin the fields ofmathematicsandphilosophy.[1]For example, the fact that "student John Smith is not lazy" is a counterexample to the generalization "students are lazy", and both a counterexample... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterexample |
Inmathematics, arelationdenotes some kind ofrelationshipbetween twoobjectsin aset, which may or may not hold.[1]As an example, "is less than" is a relation on the set ofnatural numbers; it holds, for instance, between the values1and3(denoted as1 < 3), and likewise between3and4(denoted as3 < 4), but not between the valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(mathematics)#Properties_of_relations |
Set theoryis the branch ofmathematical logicthat studiessets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory – as a branch ofmathematics– is mostly concerned with those that are relevant to mathematics as a whole.
The modern study of se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory |
Inmathematics, asetiscountableif either it isfiniteor it can be made inone to one correspondencewith the set ofnatural numbers.[a]Equivalently, a set iscountableif there exists aninjective functionfrom it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set |
Inmathematics, anuncountable set, informally, is aninfinite setthat contains too manyelementsto becountable. The uncountability of a set is closely related to itscardinal number: a set is uncountable if its cardinal number is larger thanaleph-null, the cardinality of thenatural numbers.
Examples of uncountable sets in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncountable_set |
Cantor's diagonal argument(among various similar names[note 1]) is amathematical proofthat there areinfinite setswhich cannot be put intoone-to-one correspondencewith the infinite set ofnatural numbers– informally, that there aresetswhich in some sense contain more elements than there are positive integers. Such sets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_diagonal_argument |
Inmathematics, areal numberis anumberthat can be used tomeasureacontinuousone-dimensionalquantitysuch as adurationortemperature. Here,continuousmeans that pairs of values can have arbitrarily small differences.[a]Every real number can be almost uniquely represented by an infinitedecimal expansion.[b][1]
The real numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number |
Inmathematics, areal numberis anumberthat can be used tomeasureacontinuousone-dimensionalquantitysuch as adurationortemperature. Here,continuousmeans that pairs of values can have arbitrarily small differences.[a]Every real number can be almost uniquely represented by an infinitedecimal expansion.[b][1]
The real numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_of_real_numbers |
Incomputer science,linear searchorsequential searchis a method for finding an element within alist. It sequentially checks each element of the list until a match is found or the whole list has been searched.[1]
A linear search runs inlinear timein theworst case, and makes at mostncomparisons, wherenis the length of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_search |
Abinary numberis anumberexpressed in thebase-2numeral systemorbinary numeral system, a method for representingnumbersthat uses only two symbols for thenatural numbers: typically "0" (zero) and "1" (one). Abinary numbermay also refer to arational numberthat has a finite representation in the binary numeral system, that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number |
Thedecimalnumeral system(also called thebase-tenpositional numeral systemanddenary/ˈdiːnəri/[1]ordecanary) is the standard system for denotingintegerand non-integernumbers. It is the extension to non-integer numbers (decimal fractions) of theHindu–Arabic numeral system. The way of denoting numbers in the decimal system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal |
Octal(base 8) is anumeral systemwitheightas thebase.
In the decimal system, each place is apower of ten. For example:
In the octal system, each place is a power of eight. For example:
By performing the calculation above in the familiar decimal system, we see why 112 in octal is equal to64+8+2=74{\displaystyle 64+8+2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal |
Hexadecimal(also known asbase-16or simplyhex) is apositional numeral systemthat represents numbers using aradix(base) of sixteen. Unlike thedecimalsystem representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" to represent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal |
In apositional numeral system, theradix(pl.:radices) orbaseis the number of uniquedigits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for thedecimal system(the most common system in use today) the radix is ten, because it uses the ten digits from 0 through 9.
In any standard positional numeral sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_base |
Inmathematics, thenatural numbersare the numbers0,1,2,3, and so on, possibly excluding 0.[1]Some start counting with 0, defining the natural numbers as thenon-negative integers0, 1, 2, 3, ..., while others start with 1, defining them as thepositive integers1, 2, 3, ....[a]Some authors acknowledge both definitions whene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number |
Inmathematics, asetiscountableif either it isfiniteor it can be made inone to one correspondencewith the set ofnatural numbers.[a]Equivalently, a set iscountableif there exists aninjective functionfrom it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countability |
Probabilityis a branch ofmathematicsandstatisticsconcerningeventsand numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur.[note 1][1][2]This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), rangin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability |
Combinatoricsis an area ofmathematicsprimarily concerned withcounting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties offinitestructures. It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging fromlogictostatistical physicsand fromevolutionary biologytocom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics |
1nK(N−K)(N−n)(N−2)(N−3)⋅{\displaystyle \left.{\frac {1}{nK(N-K)(N-n)(N-2)(N-3)}}\cdot \right.}[(N−1)N2(N(N+1)−6K(N−K)−6n(N−n)){\displaystyle {\big [}(N-1)N^{2}{\big (}N(N+1)-6K(N-K)-6n(N-n){\big )}}
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, thehypergeometric distributionis adiscrete probability distributionthat describes the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric_distribution |
Informal languagetheory, acontext-free grammar(CFG) is aformal grammarwhoseproduction rulescan be applied to anonterminal symbolregardless of its context.
In particular, in a context-free grammar, each production rule is of the form
withA{\displaystyle A}asinglenonterminal symbol, andα{\displaystyle \alpha }a string o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar |
Informal languagetheory, acontext-free grammar,G, is said to be inChomsky normal form(first described byNoam Chomsky)[1]if all of itsproduction rulesare of the form:[2][3]
whereA,B, andCarenonterminal symbols, the letterais aterminal symbol(a symbol that represents a constant value),Sis the start symbol, and ε denotes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_normal_form |
Inlogic,mathematics,computer science, andlinguistics, aformal languageis a set ofstringswhose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet".
The alphabet of a formal language consists of symbols that concatenate into strings (also called "words").[1]Words that belong to a particular formal language are sometimes call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language |
Inneuropsychology,linguistics, andphilosophy of language, anatural languageorordinary languageis anylanguagethat occurs naturally in ahumancommunity by a process of use, repetition, andchange. It can take different forms, typically either aspoken languageor asign language. Natural languages are distinguished fromconstr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language |
Ahidden Markov model(HMM) is aMarkov modelin which the observations are dependent on a latent (orhidden)Markov process(referred to asX{\displaystyle X}). An HMM requires that there be an observable processY{\displaystyle Y}whose outcomes depend on the outcomes ofX{\displaystyle X}in a known way. SinceX{\displaystyle X}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model |
Ingrammar, apart of speechorpart-of-speech(abbreviatedasPOSorPoS, also known asword class[1]orgrammatical category[2][a]) is a category of words (or, more generally, oflexical items) that have similargrammaticalproperties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similarsyntacticbehavior (th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech |
Astatistical modelis amathematical modelthat embodies a set ofstatistical assumptionsconcerning the generation ofsample data(and similar data from a largerpopulation). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, thedata-generating process.[1]When referring specifically toprobabilities, the cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_model |
Determiner, also calleddeterminative(abbreviatedDET), is a term used in some models of grammatical description to describe a word or affix belonging to a class of noun modifiers. A determiner combines with anounto express itsreference.[1][2]Examples in English includearticles(theanda/an),demonstratives(this,that),posse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner |
Conjunctionmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction |
Incorpus linguistics,part-of-speech tagging(POS tagging,PoS tagging, orPOST), also calledgrammatical tagging, is the process of marking up a word in a text (corpus) as corresponding to a particularpart of speech,[1]based on both its definition and itscontext.
A simplified form of this is commonly taught to school-age c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging |
Information retrieval(IR) incomputingandinformation scienceis the task of identifying and retrievinginformation systemresources that are relevant to aninformation need. The information need can be specified in the form of a search query. In the case of document retrieval, queries can be based onfull-textor other conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval |
Information retrieval(IR) incomputingandinformation scienceis the task of identifying and retrievinginformation systemresources that are relevant to aninformation need. The information need can be specified in the form of a search query. In the case of document retrieval, queries can be based onfull-textor other conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval#Models |
Vector space modelorterm vector modelis an algebraic model for representing text documents (or more generally, items) asvectorssuch that the distance between vectors represents the relevance between the documents. It is used ininformation filtering,information retrieval,indexingand relevancy rankings. Its first use wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space_model |
In pattern recognition, informationretrieval,object detectionandclassification (machine learning),precisionandrecallare performance metrics that apply to data retrieved from acollection,corpusorsample space.
Precision(also calledpositive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the retrieved insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall |
Instatisticalanalysis ofbinary classificationandinformation retrievalsystems, theF-scoreorF-measureis a measure of predictive performance. It is calculated from theprecisionandrecallof the test, where the precision is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all samples predicted to be positive, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_score |
Cohen's kappa coefficient('κ', lowercase Greekkappa) is astatisticthat is used to measureinter-rater reliability(and alsointra-rater reliability) for qualitative (categorical) items.[1]It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as κ takes into account the possibility ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa |
Inlinguistics,syntax(/ˈsɪntæks/SIN-taks)[1][2]is the study of how words andmorphemescombine to form larger units such asphrasesandsentences. Central concerns of syntax includeword order,grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency),[3]agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax#Syntactic_structure |
Semanticsis the study of linguisticmeaning. It examines what meaning is, how words get their meaning, and how the meaning of a complex expression depends on its parts. Part of this process involves the distinction betweensense and reference. Sense is given by the ideas and concepts associated with an expression while r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#Pragmatics |
Incomputational linguisticsandcomputer science,edit distanceis astring metric, i.e. a way of quantifying how dissimilar twostrings(e.g., words) are to one another, that is measured by counting the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into the other. Edit distances find applications innatural la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit_distance |
Incomputer science, theCocke–Younger–Kasami algorithm(alternatively calledCYK, orCKY) is aparsingalgorithmforcontext-free grammarspublished by Itiroo Sakai in 1961.[1][2]The algorithm is named after some of its rediscoverers:John Cocke, Daniel Younger,Tadao Kasami, andJacob T. Schwartz. It employsbottom-up parsinganddy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocke%E2%80%93Younger%E2%80%93Kasami_algorithm |
The termphrase structure grammarwas originally introduced byNoam Chomskyas the term forgrammarstudied previously byEmil PostandAxel Thue(Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in theChomsky hierarchy:context-sensitive grammarsorcontext-free grammars. In a broader s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar |
Dependency grammar(DG) is a class of moderngrammaticaltheories that are all based on the dependency relation (as opposed to theconstituency relationofphrase structure) and that can be traced back primarily to the work ofLucien Tesnière. Dependency is the notion that linguistic units, e.g. words, are connected to each o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar |
Indata analysis,cosine similarityis ameasure of similaritybetween two non-zero vectors defined in aninner product space. Cosine similarity is thecosineof the angle between the vectors; that is, it is thedot productof the vectors divided by the product of their lengths. It follows that the cosine similarity does not dep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_similarity |
Inmathematics, ametric spaceis asettogether with a notion ofdistancebetween itselements, usually calledpoints. The distance is measured by afunctioncalled ametricordistance function.[1]Metric spaces are a general setting for studying many of the concepts ofmathematical analysisandgeometry.
The most familiar example o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_metric |
In linguisticmorphology,inflection(less commonly,inflexion) is a process ofword formation[1]in which a word is modified to express differentgrammatical categoriessuch astense,case,voice,aspect,person,number,gender,mood,animacy, anddefiniteness.[2]The inflection ofverbsis calledconjugation, while the inflection ofnouns,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectional_morphology |
In linguisticmorphology,inflection(less commonly,inflexion) is a process ofword formation[1]in which a word is modified to express differentgrammatical categoriessuch astense,case,voice,aspect,person,number,gender,mood,animacy, anddefiniteness.[2]The inflection ofverbsis calledconjugation, while the inflection ofnouns,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection |
Aloanword(also aloan word,loan-word) is awordat least partly assimilated from onelanguage(the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process ofborrowing.[1][2]Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descrip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword |
Inlinguistics, aneologism(/niˈɒləˌdʒɪzəm/; also known as acoinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language.[1]Most definitively, a word can be considered a neologism once it is published in a dictionary.[2]
Neolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism |
Anabbreviation(fromLatinbrevis'short')[1]is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method includingshortening,contraction,initialism(which includesacronym), orcrasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing period. For example, the termetc.is the usual abbreviation for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation |
Thebag-of-words(BoW)modelis a model of text which uses an unordered collection (a "bag") of words. It is used innatural language processingandinformation retrieval(IR). It disregardsword order(and thus most of syntax or grammar) but capturesmultiplicity.
The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods ofdocument c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-of-words_model |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.