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Ininformation retrieval,tf–idf(alsoTF*IDF,TFIDF,TF–IDF, orTf–idf), short forterm frequency–inverse document frequency, is a measure of importance of a word to adocumentin a collection orcorpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general.[1]Like the bag-of-words model, it models a document ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_frequency–inverse_document_frequency |
Asyntactic categoryis a syntactic unit that theories ofsyntaxassume.[1]Word classes, largely corresponding to traditionalparts of speech(e.g. noun, verb, preposition, etc.), are syntactic categories. Inphrase structure grammars, thephrasal categories(e.g.noun phrase,verb phrase,prepositional phrase, etc.) are also synt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_category |
Ininformation retrieval,Okapi BM25(BMis an abbreviation ofbest matching) is aranking functionused bysearch enginesto estimate therelevanceof documents to a given search query. It is based on theprobabilistic retrieval frameworkdeveloped in the 1970s and 1980s byStephen E. Robertson,Karen Spärck Jones, and others.
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi_BM25 |
Natural language processing(NLP) is a subfield ofcomputer scienceand especiallyartificial intelligence. It is primarily concerned with providing computers with the ability to process data encoded innatural languageand is thus closely related toinformation retrieval,knowledge representationandcomputational linguistics, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing |
Thecurse of dimensionalityrefers to various phenomena that arise when analyzing and organizing data inhigh-dimensional spacesthat do not occur in low-dimensional settings such as thethree-dimensionalphysical spaceof everyday experience. The expression was coined byRichard E. Bellmanwhen considering problems indynamic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_dimensionality |
The distinction betweensubjectivityandobjectivityis a basic idea ofphilosophy, particularlyepistemologyandmetaphysics. Various understandings of this distinction have evolved through the work of countless philosophers over centuries. One basic distinction is:
Both ideas have been given various and ambiguous definition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity |
Instatistics, apower lawis afunctional relationshipbetween two quantities, where arelative changein one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to the change raised to a constantexponent: one quantity varies as a power of another. The change is independent of the initial size of those q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law |
Intheoretical linguisticsandcomputational linguistics,probabilistic context free grammars(PCFGs) extendcontext-free grammars, similar to howhidden Markov modelsextendregular grammars. Eachproductionis assigned a probability. The probability of a derivation (parse) is the product of the probabilities of the productions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_context-free_grammar |
Astochastic grammar(statistical grammar) is agrammar frameworkwith aprobabilisticnotion ofgrammaticality:
The grammar is realized as alanguage model. Allowed sentences are stored in a database together with the frequency how common a sentence is.[2]Statisticalnatural language processingusesstochastic,probabilisticands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_grammar |
Inelectrical engineering,statistical computingandbioinformatics, theBaum–Welch algorithmis a special case of theexpectation–maximization algorithmused to find the unknown parameters of ahidden Markov model(HMM). It makes use of theforward-backward algorithmto compute the statistics for the expectation step. The Baum–We... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum%E2%80%93Welch_algorithm |
Accuracy and precisionare two measures ofobservational error.Accuracyis how close a given set ofmeasurements(observationsor readings) are to theirtrue value.Precisionis how close the measurements are to each other.
TheInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) defines a related measure:[1]trueness, "the close... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision |
Ann-gramis a sequence ofnadjacent symbols in particular order.[1]The symbols may benadjacentletters(includingpunctuation marksand blanks),syllables, or rarely wholewordsfound in a language dataset; or adjacentphonemesextracted from a speech-recording dataset, or adjacent base pairs extracted from a genome. They are col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-gram#Character_n-grams |
Alanguage modelis amodelof natural language.[1]Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, includingspeech recognition,[2]machine translation,[3]natural language generation(generating more human-like text),optical character recognition,route optimization,[4]handwriting recognition,[5]grammar induction,[6]andinfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_model |
Ambiguityis the type ofmeaningin which aphrase, statement, or resolution is not explicitly defined, making for several interpretations; others describe it as a concept or statement that has no real reference. A common aspect of ambiguity isuncertainty. It is thus anattributeof any idea or statement whoseintendedmeaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity |
Aregular expression(shortened asregexorregexp),[1]sometimes referred to asrational expression,[2][3]is a sequence ofcharactersthat specifies amatch patternintext. Usually such patterns are used bystring-searching algorithmsfor "find" or "find and replace" operations onstrings, or forinput validation. Regular expression... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression |
Atransduceris a device thatconvertsenergy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts asignalin one form of energy to a signal in another.[1]Transducers are often employed at the boundaries ofautomation,measurement, andcontrol systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quanti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer |
Intheoretical linguisticsandcomputational linguistics,probabilistic context free grammars(PCFGs) extendcontext-free grammars, similar to howhidden Markov modelsextendregular grammars. Eachproductionis assigned a probability. The probability of a derivation (parse) is the product of the probabilities of the productions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_parsing |
Parsing,syntax analysis, orsyntactic analysisis a process of analyzing astringofsymbols, either innatural language,computer languagesordata structures, conforming to the rules of aformal grammarby breaking it into parts. The termparsingcomes from Latinpars(orationis), meaningpart (of speech).[1]
The term has slightly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_analysis |
Inlinguistics,morphologyis the study ofwords, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within alanguage.[1][2]Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms ofmorphemes, which are the smallest units in a language with some independentmeaning. Morph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics) |
Linguistic typology(orlanguage typology) is a field oflinguisticsthat studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages.[1]Its subdisciplines include, but are n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology |
Incomputing,preemptionis the act performed by an externalscheduler— without assistance or cooperation from the task — of temporarilyinterruptinganexecutingtask, with the intention of resuming it at a later time.[1]: 153This preemptive scheduler usually runs in the most privilegedprotection ring, meaning that interrupti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_scheduling |
Incomputing,schedulingis the action of assigningresourcesto performtasks. The resources may beprocessors,network linksorexpansion cards. The tasks may bethreads,processesor dataflows.
The scheduling activity is carried out by a mechanism called ascheduler. Schedulers are often designed so as to keep all computer resou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing) |
Multiprocessing(MP) is the use of two or morecentral processing units(CPUs) within a singlecomputer system.[1][2]The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor or the ability to allocate tasks between them. There are many variations on this basic theme, and the definition of multipro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing#Symmetric_multiprocessing |
Incomputing,input/output(I/O,i/o, or informallyioorIO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as acomputer, and the outside world, such as another computer system, peripherals, or a human operator.Inputsare the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals ordatasent fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output |
Network,networkingandnetworkedmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking |
Incomputing, afile systemorfilesystem(often abbreviated toFSorfs) governsfileorganization and access. Alocalfile system is a capability of anoperating systemthat services the applications running on the samecomputer.[1][2]Adistributed file systemis aprotocolthat provides file access betweennetworkedcomputers.
A file s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system |
Aninode(index node) is adata structurein aUnix-style file systemthat describes afile-systemobject such as afileor adirectory. Each inode stores the attributes and disk block locations of the object's data.[1]File-system object attributes may includemetadata(times of last change,[2]access, modification), as well as owne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode |
Thex86instruction setrefers to the set of instructions thatx86-compatiblemicroprocessorssupport. The instructions are usually part of anexecutableprogram, often stored as acomputer fileand executed on the processor.
The x86 instruction set has been extended several times, introducing widerregistersand datatypes as wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_instruction_set |
Incomputer science, ahash tableis adata structurethat implements anassociative array, also called adictionaryor simplymap; an associative array is anabstract data typethat mapskeystovalues.[3]A hash table uses ahash functionto compute anindex, also called ahash code, into an array ofbucketsorslots, from which the desir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table |
Incomputing, afile systemorfilesystem(often abbreviated toFSorfs) governsfileorganization and access. Alocalfile system is a capability of anoperating systemthat services the applications running on the samecomputer.[1][2]Adistributed file systemis aprotocolthat provides file access betweennetworkedcomputers.
A file s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system#Directory_structure |
x86(also known as80x86[3]or the8086 family)[4]is a family ofcomplex instruction set computer(CISC)instruction set architectures[a]initially developed byIntel, based on the8086microprocessor and its 8-bit-external-bus variant, the8088. The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully16-bitextension of8-bitIntel's8080microproc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86 |
Josis a city in Nigeria's middle belt.
JosorJOSmay also refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOS |
Real-time computing(RTC) is thecomputer scienceterm forhardwareandsoftwaresystems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example fromeventtosystem response.[1]Real-time programs must guarantee response within specified time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines".[2]
The term "real-time" is also used insimulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computing |
Incomputer science,resource starvationis a problem encountered inconcurrent computingwhere aprocessis perpetually denied necessaryresourcesto process its work.[1]Starvation may be caused by errors in a scheduling ormutual exclusionalgorithm, but can also be caused byresource leaks, and can be intentionally caused via a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation_(computer_science) |
InUnixandUnix-likecomputer operating systems, afile descriptor(FD, less frequentlyfildes) is a process-unique identifier (handle) for afileor otherinput/outputresource, such as apipeornetwork socket.
File descriptors typically have non-negativeintegervalues, with negative values being reserved to indicate "no value" o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_descriptor |
ext3, orthird extended filesystem, is ajournaled file systemthat is commonly used with theLinux kernel. It used to be the defaultfile systemfor many popularLinux distributionsbut generally has been supplanted by its successor versionext4.[3]The main advantage of ext3 over its predecessor,ext2, isjournaling, which impro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3 |
EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7:GPTWindowsBDP.[1]0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4: GPT Linux filesystem data.[1]933AC7E1-2EB4-4F13-B844-0E14E2AEF915: GPT /home partition.[2]
ext4(fourth extended filesystem) is ajournaling file systemforLinux, developed as the successor toext3.
ext4 was initially a series ofb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4 |
Incomputing, afile systemorfilesystem(often abbreviated toFSorfs) governsfileorganization and access. Alocalfile system is a capability of anoperating systemthat services the applications running on the samecomputer.[1][2]Adistributed file systemis aprotocolthat provides file access betweennetworkedcomputers.
A file s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system#Allocation_methods |
A modern computeroperating systemusually usesvirtual memoryto provide separate address spaces or regions of a single address space, calleduser space and kernel space.[1][a]This separation primarily providesmemory protectionand hardware protection from malicious or errant software behaviour.
Kernel space is strictly re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space |
A modern computeroperating systemusually usesvirtual memoryto provide separate address spaces or regions of a single address space, calleduser space and kernel space.[1][a]This separation primarily providesmemory protectionand hardware protection from malicious or errant software behaviour.
Kernel space is strictly re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_space |
Inmathematics,division by zero,divisionwhere the divisor (denominator) iszero, is a unique and problematic special case. Usingfractionnotation, the general example can be written asa0{\displaystyle {\tfrac {a}{0}}}, wherea{\displaystyle a}is the dividend (numerator).
The usual definition of thequotientinelementary ari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_by_zero#Operating_systems |
Apage tableis adata structureused by avirtual memorysystem in acomputerto store mappings betweenvirtual addressesandphysical addresses. Virtual addresses are used by the program executed by the accessingprocess, while physical addresses are used by the hardware, or more specifically, by therandom-access memory(RAM) sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_table_entry#Permissions |
In computing, apage faultis anexceptionthat thememory management unit(MMU) raises when aprocessaccesses amemory pagewithout proper preparations. Accessing the page requires a mapping to be added to the process'svirtual address space. Furthermore, the actual page contents may need to be loaded from a back-up, e.g. adisk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault |
Superblockmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superblock |
Jos/ˈdʒɔːs/is a city in the North-Central region ofNigeria. The city has a population of about 900,000 residents based on the 2006census.[2]Popularly called "J-Town",[3]it is the administrative capital and largest city ofPlateau State. The city is situated on the Josplateauwhich is lies within theGuinea Savannahof Nort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos |
Atranslation lookaside buffer(TLB) is a memorycachethat stores the recent translations ofvirtual memorytophysical memory. It is used to reduce the time taken to access a user memory location.[1]It can be called an address-translation cache. It is a part of the chip'smemory-management unit(MMU). A TLB may reside betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer |
Apage tableis adata structureused by avirtual memorysystem in acomputerto store mappings betweenvirtual addressesandphysical addresses. Virtual addresses are used by the program executed by the accessingprocess, while physical addresses are used by the hardware, or more specifically, by therandom-access memory(RAM) sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_table |
Anoperating systemshellis acomputer programthat provides relatively broad and direct access to the system on which it runs. The termshellrefers to how it is a relatively thinlayeraround an operating system.[1][2]
A shell is generally acommand-line interface(CLI) program although somegraphical user interface(GUI) progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing) |
AUnix shellis acommand-line interpreterorshellthat provides a command lineuser interfaceforUnix-likeoperating systems. The shell is both an interactivecommand languageand ascripting language, and is used by the operating system to control the execution of the system usingshell scripts.[2]
Users typically interact wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell |
Exception(s),The Exception(s), orexceptionalmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception#Synchronous_exceptions |
Inmathematics,division by zero,divisionwhere the divisor (denominator) iszero, is a unique and problematic special case. Usingfractionnotation, the general example can be written asa0{\displaystyle {\tfrac {a}{0}}}, wherea{\displaystyle a}is the dividend (numerator).
The usual definition of thequotientinelementary ari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_by_zero#Divide_error |
Incomputeroperating systems,memory pagingis amemory managementscheme that allows the physical memory used by a program to be non-contiguous.[1]This also helps avoid the problem of memory fragmentation and requiring compaction to reduce fragmentation.
It is often combined with the related technique of allocating and fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging |
CR3orCR-3may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR3 |
Concurrency refers to the ability of a system to execute multiple tasks through simultaneous execution or time-sharing (context switching), sharing resources and managing interactions. Concurrency improves responsiveness, throughput, and scalability in modern computing, including:[1][2][3][4][5]
Concurrency is a broad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science) |
Parallel computingis a type ofcomputationin which many calculations orprocessesare carried out simultaneously.[1]Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing:bit-level,instruction-level,data, andtask parallelism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing |
Deadlockcommonly refers to:
Deadlockordeadlockedmay also refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock |
Incomputer science, alockormutex(frommutual exclusion) is asynchronization primitivethat prevents state from being modified or accessed by multiplethreads of executionat once. Locks enforce mutual exclusionconcurrency controlpolicies, and with a variety of possible methods there exist multiple unique implementations fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(computer_science) |
Anoperating system(OS) issystem softwarethat managescomputer hardwareandsoftwareresources, and provides commonservicesforcomputer programs.
Time-sharingoperating systemsschedule tasksfor efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation ofprocessor time,mass storage, peripherals,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Multitasking |
straceis a diagnostic,debuggingand instructionaluserspaceutility forLinux. It is used to monitor and tamper with interactions betweenprocessesand theLinux kernel, which includesystem calls,signaldeliveries, and changes of process state. The operation of strace is made possible by the kernel feature known asptrace.
S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strace |
Inmathematics, amultiset(orbag, ormset) is a modification of the concept of asetthat, unlike a set,[1]allows for multiple instances for each of itselements. The number of instances given for each element is called themultiplicityof that element in the multiset. As a consequence, an infinite number of multisets exist th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset |
Inmathematics, asetis a collection of different things; these things are calledelementsormembersof the set and are typicallymathematical objectsof any kind: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, othergeometric shapes, variables, or even other sets. A set may befiniteorinfinite, depending whether the number of its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics) |
Recursionoccurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself.[1]Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging fromlinguisticstologic. The most common application of recursion is inmathematicsandcomputer science, where afunctionbeing defined is applied within its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion |
Infunctional programming,fold(also termedreduce,accumulate,aggregate,compress, orinject) refers to a family ofhigher-order functionsthatanalyzearecursivedata structure and through use of a given combining operation, recombine the results ofrecursivelyprocessing its constituent parts, building up a return value. Typical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function) |
In manyprogramming languages,mapis ahigher-order functionthat applies agiven functionto each element of acollection, e.g. alistorset, returning the results in a collection of the same type. It is often calledapply-to-allwhen considered infunctional form.
The concept of a map is not limited to lists: it works for sequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_(higher-order_function) |
Infunctional programming,filteris ahigher-order functionthat processes adata structure(usually alist) in some order to produce a new data structure containing exactly those elements of the original data structure for which a givenpredicatereturns theBoolean valuetrue.
InHaskell, the code example
evaluates to the list... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(higher-order_function) |
Infunctional programming,monadsare a way to structure computations as a sequence of steps, where each step not only produces a value but also some extra information about the computation, such as a potential failure, non-determinism, or side effect. More formally, a monad is atype constructorM equipped with two operati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming) |
Incomputer science, alistorsequenceis acollectionof items that are finite in number and in a particularorder. Aninstanceof a list is a computer representation of themathematicalconcept of atupleor finitesequence.
A list may contain the same value more than once, and each occurrence is considered a distinct item.
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type) |
Scala(/ˈskɑːlɑː/SKAH-lah)[7][8]is astrongstatically typedhigh-levelgeneral-purpose programming languagethat supports bothobject-oriented programmingandfunctional programming. Designed to be concise,[9]many of Scala's design decisions are intended to addresscriticisms of Java.[6]
Scala source code can be compiled toJav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language) |
Inprogramming languages(especiallyfunctional programminglanguages) andtype theory, anoption typeormaybe typeis apolymorphic typethat represents encapsulation of an optional value; e.g., it is used as the return type of functions which may or may not return a meaningful value when they are applied. It consists of a cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_type |
Inmathematics,Church encodingis a means of representing data and operators in thelambda calculus. TheChurch numeralsare a representation of the natural numbers using lambda notation. The method is named forAlonzo Church, who first encoded data in the lambda calculus this way.
Terms that are usually considered primitiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_encoding |
Incombinatorics, amatroid/ˈmeɪtrɔɪd/is a structure that abstracts and generalizes the notion oflinear independenceinvector spaces. There are many equivalent ways to define a matroidaxiomatically, the most significant being in terms of: independent sets; bases or circuits; rank functions; closure operators; and closed s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid |
In the mathematical discipline ofgraph theory, amatchingorindependent edge setin an undirectedgraphis a set ofedgeswithout commonvertices.[1]In other words, a subset of the edges is a matching if each vertex appears in at most one edge of that matching. Finding a matching in abipartite graphcan be treated as anetwork f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_(graph_theory) |
Graphmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(mathematics) |
Instatistics,polynomial regressionis a form ofregression analysisin which the relationship between theindependent variablexand thedependent variableyis modeled as apolynomialinx. Polynomial regression fits a nonlinear relationship between the value ofxand the correspondingconditional meanofy, denoted E(y|x). Although p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_regression |
Feature engineeringis a preprocessing step insupervised machine learningandstatistical modeling[1]which transforms raw data into a more effective set of inputs. Each input comprises several attributes, known as features. By providing models with relevant information, feature engineering significantly enhances their pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_engineering |
Machine learning(ML) is afield of studyinartificial intelligenceconcerned with the development and study ofstatistical algorithmsthat can learn fromdataandgeneraliseto unseen data, and thus performtaskswithout explicitinstructions.[1]Within a subdiscipline in machine learning, advances in the field ofdeep learninghave ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalization_(machine_learning) |
Adecision treeis adecision supportrecursive partitioning structure that uses atree-likemodelof decisions and their possible consequences, includingchanceevent outcomes, resource costs, andutility. It is one way to display analgorithmthat only contains conditional control statements.
Decision trees are commonly used in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree |
Inmachine learning,support vector machines(SVMs, alsosupport vector networks[1]) aresupervisedmax-marginmodels with associated learningalgorithmsthat analyze data forclassificationandregression analysis. Developed atAT&T Bell Laboratories,[1][2]SVMs are one of the most studied models, being based on statistical learnin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine#Hard_margin |
k-means clusteringis a method ofvector quantization, originally fromsignal processing, that aims topartitionnobservations intokclusters in which each observation belongs to theclusterwith the nearestmean(cluster centers or clustercentroid), serving as a prototype of the cluster. This results in a partitioning of the da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering |
Gradient descentis a method for unconstrainedmathematical optimization. It is afirst-orderiterativealgorithmfor minimizing adifferentiablemultivariate function.
The idea is to take repeated steps in the opposite direction of thegradient(or approximate gradient) of the function at the current point, because this is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent |
Instatisticsandmachine learning, thebias–variance tradeoffdescribes the relationship between a model's complexity, the accuracy of its predictions, and how well it can make predictions on previously unseen data that were not used to train the model. In general, as we increase the number of tunable parameters in a model... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias–variance_tradeoff |
Instatistics, thek-nearest neighbors algorithm(k-NN) is anon-parametricsupervised learningmethod. It was first developed byEvelyn FixandJoseph Hodgesin 1951,[1]and later expanded byThomas Cover.[2]Most often, it is used forclassification, as ak-NN classifier, the output of which is a class membership. An object is clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm |
Thenearest neighbour algorithmwas one of the firstalgorithmsused to solve thetravelling salesman problemapproximately. In that problem, the salesman starts at a random city and repeatedly visits the nearest city until all have been visited. The algorithm quickly yields a short tour, but usually not the optimal one.
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest_neighbour_algorithm |
Whenclassificationis performed by a computer, statistical methods are normally used to develop the algorithm.
Often, the individual observations are analyzed into a set of quantifiable properties, known variously asexplanatory variablesorfeatures. These properties may variously becategorical(e.g. "A", "B", "AB" or "O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_(machine_learning) |
Instatistics, alogistic model(orlogit model) is astatistical modelthat models thelog-oddsof an event as alinear combinationof one or moreindependent variables. Inregression analysis,logistic regression[1](orlogit regression)estimatesthe parameters of a logistic model (the coefficients in the linear or non linear combin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression |
Inmathematical optimizationanddecision theory, aloss functionorcost function(sometimes also called an error function)[1]is a function that maps aneventor values of one or more variables onto areal numberintuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. Anoptimization problemseeks to minimize a loss functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_function |
Transfer learning(TL) is a technique inmachine learning(ML) in which knowledge learned from a task is re-used in order to boost performance on a related task.[1]For example, forimage classification, knowledge gained while learning torecognizecars could be applied when trying to recognize trucks. This topic is related t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_learning |
Aconvolutional neural network(CNN) is a type offeedforward neural networkthat learnsfeaturesviafilter(or kernel) optimization. This type ofdeep learningnetwork has been applied to process and makepredictionsfrom many different types of data including text, images and audio.[1]Convolution-based networks are the de-facto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network |
Instatistics, thestandard scoreorz-scoreis the number ofstandard deviationsby which the value of araw score(i.e., an observed value or data point) is above or below themeanvalue of what is being observed or measured. Raw scores above the mean have positive standard scores, while those below the mean have negative stand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score |
Instatisticsand applications of statistics,normalizationcan have a range of meanings.[1]In the simplest cases,normalization of ratingsmeans adjusting values measured on different scales to a notionally common scale, often prior to averaging. In more complicated cases, normalization may refer to more sophisticated adjus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics) |
Hyperparametermay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparameter |
Inmachine learningandstatistics, thelearning rateis atuning parameterin anoptimization algorithmthat determines the step size at each iteration while moving toward a minimum of aloss function.[1]Since it influences to what extent newly acquired information overrides old information, it metaphorically represents the spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_rate |
Indeep learning,weight initializationorparameter initializationdescribes the initial step in creating aneural network. A neural network contains trainable parameters that are modified during training: weight initialization is the pre-training step of assigning initial values to these parameters.
The choice of weight i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_initialization |
Deep learningis a subset ofmachine learningthat focuses on utilizing multilayeredneural networksto perform tasks such asclassification,regression, andrepresentation learning. The field takes inspiration frombiological neuroscienceand is centered around stackingartificial neuronsinto layers and "training" them to proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning |
Instatistics, themean squared error(MSE)[1]ormean squared deviation(MSD) of anestimator(of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures theaverageof the squares of theerrors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and thetrue value. MSE is arisk function, corresponding to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error |
Inmachine learning,support vector machines(SVMs, alsosupport vector networks[1]) aresupervisedmax-marginmodels with associated learningalgorithmsthat analyze data forclassificationandregression analysis. Developed atAT&T Bell Laboratories,[1][2]SVMs are one of the most studied models, being based on statistical learnin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine |
Inmathematics,statistics,finance,[1]andcomputer science, particularly inmachine learningandinverse problems,regularizationis a process that converts theanswer to a problemto a simpler one. It is often used in solvingill-posed problemsor to preventoverfitting.[2]
Although regularization procedures can be divided in man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics) |
Instatistics,multicollinearityorcollinearityis a situation where thepredictorsin aregression modelarelinearly dependent.
Perfect multicollinearityrefers to a situation where thepredictive variableshave anexactlinear relationship. When there is perfect collinearity, thedesign matrixX{\displaystyle X}has less than fullr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity#Degenerate_features |
Instatistics,linear regressionis amodelthat estimates the relationship between ascalarresponse (dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (regressororindependent variable). A model with exactly one explanatory variable is asimple linear regression; a model with two or more explanatory variables is amult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression |
Ininformation theory, thecross-entropybetween twoprobability distributionsp{\displaystyle p}andq{\displaystyle q}, over the same underlying set of events, measures the average number ofbitsneeded to identify an event drawn from the set when the coding scheme used for the set is optimized for an estimated probability di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_entropy |
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