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Phone surveillanceis the act of performingsurveillanceon phone conversations,location tracking, and data monitoring of a phone. Before the era ofmobile phones, these used to refer to the tapping of phone lines via a method calledwiretapping. Wiretapping has now been replaced bysoftwarethat monitors the cell phones of u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_surveillance |
Radio resource location services (LCS) protocol(RRLP) applies toGSMandUMTSCellular Networks. It is used to exchange messages between a handset and anSMLCin order to provide geolocation information;[1]e.g., in the case of emergency calls. The protocol was developed in order to fulfil theWireless Enhanced 911requirement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_resource_location_services_protocol |
Real-time locating systems(RTLS), also known asreal-time tracking systems, are used to automaticallyidentifyandtrackthe location of objects or people inreal time, usually within a building or other contained area. Wireless RTLS tags are attached to objects or worn by people, and in most RTLS, fixed reference points re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_locating_system |
Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014),[1]is alandmarkUnited States Supreme Courtcase in which the court ruled that the warrantlesssearch and seizureof the digital contents of acell phoneduring an arrest is unconstitutional under theFourth Amendment.[2][3]
The case arose from inconsistent rulings on cell phone searc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_v._California |
Asatellite navigationorsatnavsystem is a system that usessatellitesto provide autonomousgeopositioning. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termedglobal navigation satellite system(GNSS). As of 2024[update], four global systems are operational: theUnited States'sGlobal Positioning System(GPS),Russia's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation |
Asecure telephoneis atelephonethat providesvoice securityin the form ofend-to-end encryptionfor the telephone call, and in some cases also the mutual authentication of the call parties, protecting them against aman-in-the-middle attack. Concerns about massive growth oftelephone tappingincidents led to growing demand fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_telephone |
Triggerfishdescribes a technology ofcell phoneinterceptionandsurveillanceusing a mobilecellular base station(microcellorpicocell). The devices are also known as cell-site simulators or digital analyzers.
Neither the user nor the cell phone provider need to know about Triggerfish for it to be used successfully.[2]Acou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triggerfish_(surveillance) |
United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. 400 (2012), was alandmarkUnited States Supreme Courtcase in which the court held that installing aGlobal Positioning System(GPS) tracking device on a vehicle and using the device to monitor the vehicle's movements constitutes a search under theFourth Amendment.[1]
In 2004, Antoine Jone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012) |
United States v. Karo, 468 U.S. 705 (1984), was aUnited States Supreme Courtdecision related to theFourth Amendmentprotection from unreasonablesearch and seizure. It held that use of an electronic beeper device to monitor a can ofetherwithout awarrantconstituted an unlawful search. However, the Court upheld the convict... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Karo |
Avehicle tracking systemcombines the use ofautomatic vehicle locationin individual vehicles withsoftwarethat collects thesefleetdata for a comprehensive picture of vehicle locations. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly useGPSorGLONASStechnology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle locatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_tracking_system |
Enhanced Messaging Service(EMS) was a cross-industry collaboration betweenmagic4,Ericsson,Motorola,SiemensandAlcatelamong others, which provided an application-level extension toShort Message Service(SMS) forcellular phonesavailable onGSM,TDMAandCDMAnetworks. EMS is defined in3GPPTechnical Specification3GPP TS 23.040 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Messaging_Service |
Rich Communication Services(RCS) is acommunication protocolstandard forinstant messaging, primarily formobile phones, developed and defined by the GSM Association (GSMA). It aims to be a replacement ofSMSandMMSoncellular networkswith more modern features including high resolution image and video support, typing indicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services |
OTA Bitmap(Over The Air Bitmap) was a specification designed byNokiafor black and white images for mobile phones.
The OTA Bitmap was defined by Nokia as part of theirSmart Messagingspecification, to send pictures as a series of one or moreconcatenatedSMStext messages. The format has a maximum size of 255x255 pixels. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTA_bitmap |
Mobile marketingis a multi-channelonline marketingtechnique focused at reaching a specific audience on theirsmartphones,feature phones,tablets, or any other related devices through websites, e-mail, SMS and MMS, social media, ormobile applications.[1]Mobile marketing can provide customers with time and location sensiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_marketing |
Shortcodes, orshort numbers, are short digit-sequences—significantly shorter thantelephone numbers—that are used to address messages in theMultimedia Messaging System(MMS) andshort message service(SMS) systems ofmobile network operators.[1]In addition to messaging, they may be used inabbreviated dialing.
Short codes a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_code |
Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language(SMIL(/smaɪl/)) is aWorld Wide Web ConsortiumrecommendedExtensible Markup Language(XML)markup languageto describemultimediapresentations. It defines markup for timing, layout, animations, visual transitions, and media embedding, among other things. SMIL allows presenting medi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language |
The domain namemobiis ageneric top-level domain(gTLD) in theDomain Name System(DNS) of theInternet. The name is short formobile.
The domain was approved byICANNon 11 July 2005, and is managed by the mTLD global registry. It was originally financially backed and sponsored byGoogle,Microsoft,Nokia,Samsung,Ericsson,Vodaf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mobi |
NTT DoCoMo'si-mode(Japanese:iモード,ai-mōdo) is amobile internet(distinct fromwireless internet) service popular inJapan. UnlikeWireless Application Protocols, i-mode encompasses a wider variety of internet standards, including web access,e-mail, and thepacket-switched networkthat delivers the data. i-mode users also have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-mode |
Amobile browseris aweb browserdesigned for use on amobile devicesuch as amobile phone,PDA,smartphone, ortablet. Mobile browsers are optimized to display web content most effectively on small screens on portable devices. Some mobile browsers, especially older versions, are designed to be small and efficient to accommoda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_browser |
Mobile app developmentis the act or process by which amobile appisdevelopedfor one or moremobile devices, which can includepersonal digital assistants(PDA),enterprise digital assistants(EDA), ormobile phones.[1]Such software applications are specifically designed to run on mobile devices, after considering many hardwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_development |
Themobile webcomprises mobile browser-basedWorld Wide Webservices accessed from handheldmobile devices, such assmartphonesorfeature phones, through amobileor otherwireless network.
Traditionally, theWorld Wide Webhas been accessed viafixed-lineservices on laptops and desktop computers. However, the web is now more acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_web |
Wireless transaction protocol(WTP) is a standard used inmobile telephony. It is a layer of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)[1]that is intended to bringInternetaccess tomobile phones. WTP provides functions similar toTCP, except that WTP has reduced amount of information needed for each transaction (e.g. does no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_transaction_protocol |
WURFL(WirelessUniversalResourceFiLe) is a set of proprietaryapplication programming interfaces(APIs) and anXMLconfiguration filewhich contains information about device capabilities and features for a variety of mobile devices, focused on mobile device detection.[1][2]Until version 2.2, WURFL was released under an "open... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WURFL |
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data, orUSSDis acommunication protocolused byGSMcellular telephonesto communicate with the service provider's computers. Agatewayis the collection of hardware and software required to interconnect two or more disparate networks, including performing protocol conversion.[1]
A USSD gat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSD_Gateway |
ETSIand3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) standards, such asGSMandLTE, definesupplementary service codesthat make it possible to query and set certain service parameters (e.g.,call forwarding) directly from mobile devices.
This article related totelecommunicationsis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementary_service_codes |
SIM Application Toolkit(STK) is a standard of theGSMsystem which enables thesubscriber identity module(SIM card) to initiate actions which can be used for variousvalue-addedservices.[1]Similar standards exist for other network and card systems, with theUSIM Application Toolkit(USAT) forUSIMsused by newer-generation net... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_Application_Toolkit |
Mobility managementis one of the major functions of aGSMor
aUMTSnetwork that allowsmobile phonesto work. The aim of mobility management is to track where thesubscribersare, allowing calls,SMSand othermobile phone servicesto be delivered to them.
AGSMorUMTSnetwork, like allcellular networks, is basically aradio network... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_management |
Radio resource management(RRM) is the system level management ofco-channel interference, radio resources, and other radio transmission characteristics inwireless communicationsystems, for examplecellular networks,wireless local area networks,wireless sensorsystems, and radiobroadcasting networks.[1][2]RRM involves stra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_resource_management |
Wi-Fi calling, also calledVoWiFi,[1]refers tomobile phonevoice calls and data that are made overIPnetworks usingWi-Fi, instead of thecell towersprovided bycellular networks.[2]Using this feature, compatible handsets are able to route regular cellular calls through a wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) network withbroadband Internet, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_access_network |
The3GPPhas defined theVoice Call Continuity(VCC) specifications in order to describe how avoice callcan be persisted, as a mobile phone moves between circuit switched and packet switched radio domains (3GPP TS 23.206).
Many mobile phones are becoming available that support both cellular and other broadband radio techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_call_continuity |
In healthcare, achange-of-shift reportis a meeting between healthcare providers at the change of shift in which vital information about and responsibility for thepatientis provided from the off-going provider to the on-coming provider (Groves, Manges, Scott-Cawiezell, 2016).[1]Other names for change-of-shift report inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change-of-shift_report |
Follow-the-sun(FTS), a sub-field ofglobally distributed software engineering (GDSE), is a type of global knowledge workflow designed in order to reduce thetime to market, in which the knowledge product is owned and advanced by a production site in one time zone and handed off at the end of their work day to the next pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow-the-sun |
Intelecommunications,broadbandorhigh speedis the wide-bandwidthdata transmissionthat exploits signals at a wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fastInternet access. Thetransmission mediumcan becoaxial cable,optical fiber,wireless Internet(radio),twisted paircable, ors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband |
Amobile broadband modem, also known aswireless modemorcellular modem, is a type ofmodemthat allows apersonal computeror arouterto receivewirelessInternet accessvia amobile broadbandconnection instead of usingtelephoneorcable televisionlines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wirelessInterne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_router |
TheDigRFworking group was formed as aMIPI Alliance(MIPI)working groupin April 2007. The group is focused on developing specifications for wireless mobileRFICto base-band IC (BBIC) interfaces in mobile devices.
The group's current charter is split into short-term and long-term development efforts. The short-term develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigRF_V3 |
TheGlobal mobile Suppliers Association(GSA) is a not-for-profit industry organisation representing suppliers in the mobile communication industry.
GSA actively promotes3GPPtechnology such as3G;4G;5G.
GSA is a market representation partner in 3GPP and co-operates with organisations including COAI,ETSI,GSMA, ICU,ITU,Euro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_mobile_Suppliers_Association |
Internet accessis a facility or service that provides connectivity for a computer, acomputer network, or other network device to theInternet, and for individuals or organizations to access or use applications such asemailand theWorld Wide Web. Internet access is offered for sale by an international hierarchy ofInternet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access |
This is alist of interface bit rates, a measure ofinformation transfer rates, ordigital bandwidth capacity, at which digital interfaces in acomputerornetworkcan communicate over various kinds ofbusesandchannels. The distinction can be arbitrary between acomputer bus, often closer in space, and largertelecommunications ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_device_bandwidths |
The following is a list ofmobile telecommunicationsnetworks usingthird-generationUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) technology. This list does not aim to cover all networks, but instead focuses on networks deployed on frequencies other than 2100 MHz which is commonly deployed around the globe and on Multi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HSDPA_networks |
The following is a list ofmobile telecommunicationsnetworks usingthird-generationUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) technology. This list does not aim to cover all networks, but instead focuses on networks deployed on frequencies other than 2100 MHz which is commonly deployed around the globe and on Multi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HSUPA_networks |
TheMobile Broadband Allianceis aconsortiumof companies that have aligned to promote hardware with built-inHSPAbroadband.
The companies include the mobile operatorsVodafone,Orange, Telefónica Europe,T-Mobile,3Group,Telecom ItaliaandTeliaSonera, and the hardware manufacturersDell,Asus,Toshiba,Lenovo,Qualcomm,Ericsson,Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadband_Alliance |
Intelecommunications, amulti-band device(including (2)dual-band, (3)tri-band, (4)quad-bandand (5)penta-banddevices) is a communication device (especially amobile phone) that supports multipleradio frequencybands. All devices which have more than one channel use multiple frequencies; a band however is a group of frequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-band_device |
Theinternational mobile subscriber identity(IMSI;/ˈɪmziː/) is a number that uniquely identifies every user of acellular network.[1]It is stored as a64-bitfield and is sent by the mobile device to the network. It is also used for acquiring other details of the mobile in thehome location register(HLR) or as locally copie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity |
Amobile phoneorcell phone[a]is a portabletelephonethat allows users to make and receivecallsover aradio frequencylink while moving within a designated telephone service area, unlike fixed-location phones (landline phones). This radio frequency link connects to the switching systems of amobile phone operator, providing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone |
ASIM lock,simlock,network lock,carrier lockor (master)subsidy lockis a technical restriction built intoGSMandCDMA[1]mobile phones bymobile phonemanufacturers for use by service providers to restrict the use of these phones to specific countries and/or networks. This is in contrast to a phone (retrospectively calledSIM-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lock |
TheInternational Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI)[1]is a numericidentifier, usuallyunique,[2][3]for3GPPandiDENmobile phones, as well as somesatellite phones. It is usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone but can also be displayed on-screen on most phones by entering theMMI Supplementary Service... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMEI |
In telecommunication, apublic land mobile network(PLMN) is a combination of wireless communication services offered by a specific operator in a specific country.[1][2]A PLMN typically consists of several cellular technologies likeGSM/2G,UMTS/3G,LTE/4G, NR/5G, offered by a single operator within a given country, often r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLMN |
Amobile equipment identifier (MEID)is a globally unique number identifying a physical piece ofCDMA2000mobile station equipment. The number format is defined by the3GPP2 report S.R0048but in practical terms, it can be seen as anIMEIbut withhexadecimaldigits.
An MEID is 56bitslong (14 hexadecimal digits). It consists of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEID |
Electronic serial numbers(ESNs) were created by the U.S.Federal Communications Commission(FCC) to uniquely identifymobile devices, from the days ofAMPSin the United States starting in the early 1980s. The administrative role was taken over by theTelecommunications Industry Associationin 1997 and is still maintained by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Serial_Number |
Aninternational mobile subscriber identity(IMSI)catcher, is atelephone eavesdroppingdevice used for interceptingmobile phonetraffic and tracking location data of mobile phone users.[1]Essentially a "fake"mobile toweracting between the target mobile phone and the service provider's real towers, it is considered aman-in-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSI-catcher |
Atelephone numberis the address of a telecommunication endpoint, such as atelephone, in a telephone network, such as thepublic switched telephone network(PSTN). A telephone number typically consists of asequence of digits, but historically letters were also used in connection withtelephone exchange names.
Telephone nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_number |
A4G-LTE filteris alow-pass filterornotch filter, to be used interrestrial television(over-the-air/OTA)TV antennas(bothcollectiveand individual), to prevent cellular transmissions frominterferingwith television reception.
These filters are usually used for existing facilities, because antennas and amplifiers sold after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G-LTE_filter |
A wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, some in direct competition with one another, others designed for specific applications.Wirelesstechnologies can be evaluated by a variety of different metrics of which some are described in this entry.
Standards can be grouped as follows in increasing range... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards |
E-UTRAis theair interfaceof 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)Long Term Evolution(LTE) upgrade path for mobile networks. It is an acronym forEvolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access,[1]also known as theEvolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Accessin early drafts of the 3GPP LTE specification.[1]E-UTRANis the combinati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-UTRA |
Evolved High Speed Packet Access,HSPA+,HSPA(Plus) orHSPAP, is atechnical standardforwireless broadbandtelecommunication, and extends the originalHSPA. The 3GPP standard organisation specified the original HSPA in release 7. HSPA+ can achieve data rates of up to 42.2 Mbit/s.[1]HSPA+ upgrades existing 3G networks to achi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access |
Flat IPis anetwork addressingscheme where each device is assigned aunique identifierwithin anon-hierarchicaladdress space. Unlikehierarchical IPaddressing methods, which rely on structuredsub-networking, flat IP treats all devices as equal entities.
This approach is frequently used incellular networks, particularly in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_IP |
LTE in unlicensed spectrum(LTE-Unlicensed,LTE-U) is an extension of theLong-Term Evolution(LTE) wireless standard that allows cellular network operators to offload some of their data traffic by accessing the unlicensed 5 GHz frequency band.[1]LTE-Unlicensed is a proposal, originally developed byQualcomm, for the use of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_in_unlicensed_spectrum |
Narrowband Internet of things(NB-IoT) is alow-power wide-area network(LPWAN)radio technologystandard developed by3GPPforcellular networkdevices and services.[1][2]The specification was frozen in3GPP Release 13(LTE Advanced Pro), in June 2016.[3]Other 3GPPIoTtechnologies includeeMTC(enhanced Machine-Type Communication) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NarrowBand_IOT |
QoS Class Identifier(QCI) is a mechanism used in3GPPLong Term Evolution(LTE) networks to ensure carrier traffic is allocated appropriateQuality of Service(QoS). Different carrier traffic requires different QoS and therefore different QCI values. QCI value 9 is typically used for the default carrier of a UE/PDN for non ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QoS_Class_Identifier |
System Architecture Evolution(SAE) is the core network architecture of mobile communications protocol group3GPP'sLTEwireless communication standard.
SAE is the evolution of theGPRS Core Network, but with a simplified architecture; an all-IP Network (AIPN); support for higher throughput and lower latencyradio access ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution |
Voice over Long-Term Evolution(acronymVoLTE) is anLTEhigh-speedwireless communicationstandard forvoice callsandSMSusingmobile phonesand data terminals.[1][2]VoLTE has up to three times more voice[3]and data capacity than older3GUMTSand up to six times more than2GGSM. It uses less bandwidth because VoLTE's packetheaders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_LTE |
E.164is aninternational standard(ITU-TRecommendation), titledThe international public telecommunication numbering plan, that defines anumbering planfor the worldwidepublic switched telephone network(PSTN) and some other datanetworks.
E.164 defines a general format for internationaltelephone numbers. Plan-conforming te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.164 |
Network switching subsystem(NSS) (orGSM core network) is the component of aGSMsystem that carries outcall outandmobility managementfunctions formobile phonesroamingon thenetwork of base stations. It is owned and deployed bymobile phone operatorsand allows mobile devices to communicate with each other andtelephonesin th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_core_network#HLR |
In mobile telecommunications network routing,E.214is one of three prevailingnumbering plansused for deliveringmobility managementrelated messages.[1]
TheE.164numbering plan, which is a maximum of 15 digits and usually written with a "+" prefix, is the historic first-generation format representing the phone number. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.214 |
TheSession Initiation Protocol(SIP) is asignaling protocolused for initiating, maintaining, and terminatingcommunication sessionsthat include voice, video and messaging applications.[1]SIP is used inInternet telephony, in private IP telephone systems, as well as mobile phone calling overLTE(VoLTE).[2]
The protocol def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol |
H.323is a recommendation from theITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)that defines the protocols to provideaudio-visualcommunication sessions on anypacket network.[1]The H.323 standard addresses call signaling and control, multimedia transport and control, and bandwidth control for point-to-point and mul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.323 |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a variety ofaudio coding formats.
For listening tests comparing the perceived audio quality of audio formats and codecs, see the articleCodec listening test.
(2023-07-14)
(2022-10-26)
(2023-06-23)
(2004-02-08)
(2023-05-09)
NearLinkaudio
(2022-12... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats |
fNetwork emulationis a technique for testing the performance of real applications over a virtual network. This is different fromnetwork simulationwhere virtual models of traffic, network models, channels, and protocols are applied. The aim is to assess performance, predict the impact of change, or otherwise optimize te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_emulation |
Atraffic generation modelis a stochastic model of thetraffic flowsor data sources in acommunication network, for example a cellular network or a computer network. Apacket generation modelis a traffic generation model of thepacket flowsor data sources in apacket-switched network. For example, aweb trafficmodel is a mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_generation_model |
TheIP Multimedia SubsystemorIP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem(IMS) is a standardisedarchitectural frameworkfor delivering IPmultimediaservices. Historically, mobile phones have provided voice call services over acircuit-switched-style network, rather than strictly over an IPpacket-switchednetwork. Variousvoice over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem |
Inintelligent networks(IN) and cellular networks,service layeris a conceptual layer within a network service provider architecture. It aims at providingmiddlewarethat serves third-partyvalue-added servicesand applications at a higherapplication layer. The service layer providescapability serversowned by a telecommunica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_layer |
Avalue-added service(VAS) is a populartelecommunications industry[1]term for non-core services, or, in short, all services beyond standardvoice callsandfaxtransmissions. However, it can be used in any service industry, for services available at little or no cost, topromotetheir primary business. In the telecommunicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_service |
OpenBTS(Open Base Transceiver Station) is a software-basedGSMaccess point, allowing standard GSM-compatiblemobile phonesto be used asSIPendpoints inVoice over IP(VoIP) networks. OpenBTS is open-source software developed and maintained byRange Networks. The public release of OpenBTS is notable for being the firstfree-so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBTS |
Early research and development:
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
Examples of Internet services:
GSM 03.40or3GPP TS 23.040is amobile telephonystandard describing the format of theTransfer Protocol Data Units(TPDU) part of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_03.40 |
Thebase station subsystem(BSS) is the section of a traditionalcellular telephone networkwhich is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between amobile phoneand the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries outtranscodingof speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones,paging,transmissionand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystem |
TheCOMP128algorithms are implementations of the A3 and A8 functions defined in theGSMstandard. A3 is used toauthenticatethe mobile station to the network. A8 is used to generate thesession keyused by A5 to encrypt the data transmitted between the mobile station and theBTS.
There are three versions of COMP128. They wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMP128 |
Awalkie-talkie, more formally known as ahandheld transceiver,HT, orhandheld radio, is a hand-held, portable,two-way radiotransceiver. Its development during theSecond World Warhas been variously credited toDonald Hings, radio engineerAlfred J. Gross,Henryk Magnuskiand engineering teams atMotorola. First used for infant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-talkie |
Anamateur radio stationis aradio stationdesigned to provideradiocommunicationsin theamateur radio servicefor anamateur radio operator. Radio amateurs build and operate several types of amateur radio stations, including fixed ground stations, mobile stations, space stations, and temporary field stations. Aslangterm ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_rig |
TheMobile Telephone Service(MTS) was a pre-cellularVHFradio system that linked to thePublic Switched Telephone Network(PSTN). MTS was the radiotelephone equivalent of land dial phone service.
The Mobile Telephone Service was one of the earliest mobile telephone standards. It was operator assisted in both directions, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service |
Aradiotelephone(orradiophone), abbreviatedRT,[1]is aradio communicationsystem for conducting aconversation;radiotelephonymeanstelephonyby radio. It is in contrast toradiotelegraphy, which is radio transmission oftelegrams(messages), ortelevision, transmission ofmoving picturesand sound. The term is related toradio bro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone |
Asatellite telephone,satellite phoneorsatphoneis a type of mobile phone that connects to other phones or thetelephone networkbyradiolink throughsatellitesorbiting the Earth instead of terrestrialcell sites, as cellphones do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_telephone |
Intelecommunications,broadbandorhigh speedis the wide-bandwidthdata transmissionthat exploits signals at a wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fastInternet access. Thetransmission mediumcan becoaxial cable,optical fiber,wireless Internet(radio),twisted paircable, ors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access |
TheDigital Britainreport was a policy document published in 2009, which outlined theUnited KingdomGovernment's strategic vision for ensuring that the country is at the leading edge of the globaldigital economy.
TheDigital Economy Act 2010was one of the outcomes of this policy.
The UK government announced on 29 Januar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Britain |
MiFiis a brand ofwireless routerthat acts as a mobileWi-Fi hotspotdevice.
In many countries, includingThe United States,Canada, andMexico, Inseego Corp. (previously known as Novatel Wireless)[1]owns aregistered trademarkon the "MiFi" brand name; in theUnited Kingdom, mobile operatorHutchison 3Gowns the "MiFi" trademar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiFi |
Amobile enterpriseis a corporation or large organization that supports critical business functions and use of business applications viaremote workusingwirelessmobile devices. In a mobile enterprise, employees use mobile devices to do any or all of the following: access email, manage projects, manage documents, providec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Enterprise |
High Speed Packet Access(HSPA)[1]is an amalgamation of twomobileprotocols—High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)—that extends and improves the performance of existing3Gmobile telecommunication networks using theWCDMAprotocols. A further-improved3GPPstandard calledEvolved H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5G |
LTE Advanced, also named or recognized asLTE+,LTE-Aor4G+, is a4Gmobilecellularcommunication standard developed by3GPPas a major enhancement of theLong Term Evolution(LTE) standard.
Three technologies from the LTE-Advanced tool-kit –carrier aggregation, 4x4MIMOand256QAMmodulation in the downlink – if used together and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.5G |
Intelecommunications, the(digital) cliff effectorbrick-wall effectis a sudden loss ofdigitalsignal reception. Unlikeanalog signals, which gradually fade whensignal strengthdecreases orelectromagnetic interferenceormultipathincreases, a digital signal provides data which is either perfect or non-existent at thereceiving... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_effect |
Adropoutis a momentary loss ofsignalin acommunications system, usually caused bynoise,propagationanomalies, or system malfunctions. Foranalog signals, a dropout is frequently gradual and partial, depending on thecause. Fordigital signals, dropouts are more pronounced, usually being sudden and complete, due to theclif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout_(communications) |
LoRa(from "LongRange", sometimes abbreviated as "LR") is a physical proprietaryradio communicationtechnique.[2]It is based onspread spectrummodulation techniques derived fromchirp spread spectrum(CSS) technology.[3]It was developed by Cycleo, a company ofGrenoble, France, and patented in 2014.[4]In March 2012, Cycleo w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa |
Wi-Fi(/ˈwaɪfaɪ/)[1][a]is a family ofwireless networkprotocols based on theIEEE 802.11family of standards, which are commonly used forlocal area networkingof devices andInternetaccess, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data byradio waves. These are the most widely used computer networks, used globally inhome a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi |
Wireless USBis a short-range, high-bandwidthwirelessradiocommunication protocolversion of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) created by the Wireless USB Promoter Group. It is unrelated toWi-FiandCypressWireless USB. It was maintained by theWiMedia Alliancewhich ceased operations in 2009.
Wireless USB is based on theWiMedi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USB |
Bluetooth Meshis a computermesh networkingstandardbased onBluetooth Low Energythat allows for many-to-many communication over Bluetooth radio. The Bluetooth Mesh specifications were defined in the Mesh Profile[1]and Mesh Model[2]specifications by theBluetooth Special Interest Group(Bluetooth SIG). Bluetooth Mesh was co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_mesh#Implementations |
Bluejackingis the sending of unsolicited messages overBluetoothto Bluetooth-enabled devices such asmobile phones,PDAsorlaptop computers,[1]sending avCardwhich typically contains a message in the name field (i.e., for bluedating) to another Bluetooth-enabled device via theOBEXprotocol.
Bluetooth has a very limited rang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluejacking |
Bluebuggingis a form ofBluetoothattack often caused by a lack of awareness. It was developed after the onset ofbluejackingandbluesnarfing. Similar to bluesnarfing, bluebugging accesses and uses all phone features[1]but is limited by the transmitting power of class 2 Bluetooth radios, normally capping its range at 10–15... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebugging |
Pod slurpingis the act of using a portabledata storage devicesuch as aniPoddigital audio playerto illicitlydownloadlarge quantities ofconfidentialdata by directly plugging it into a computer where thedataare held, and which may be on the inside of afirewall. The phrase "pod slurping" was introduced by Abe Usher. It per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_slurping |
Snarfis a term used by computer programmers and theUNIXcommunity meaning to copy a file or data over a network, for any purpose, with additional specialist meanings to access data without appropriate permission.[1]It also refers to usingcommand linetools to transfer files through theHTTP,gopher,finger, andFTPprotocols ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snarfing |
TheFacebook Bluetooth Beaconis a hardwarebeaconreleased byFacebookin 2015. The beacon uses abluetoothconnection to communicate with theFacebook appon the user's smartphone, informing it of the phone's location.[1]The technology allows location-specific advertising to be pushed to the user's Facebook feed.[1]
In June 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Bluetooth_Beacon |
Innavigation, aradio beaconorradiobeaconis a kind ofbeacon, a device that marks a fixed location and allowsdirection-findingequipment to find relativebearing. But instead of employingvisible light, radio beacons transmitelectromagnetic radiationin theradio waveband. They are used for direction-finding systems on ships,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_beacon |
Pseudoliteis a contraction of the term "pseudo-satellite," used to refer to something that is not asatellitewhich performs a function commonly in the domain of satellites. Pseudolites are most often smalltransceiversthat are used to create a local, ground-basedGlobal Positioning System(GPS) alternative. The range of ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolite |
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