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Nanostrainwas an EU-funded project (EMRP IND54) to characterisepiezoelectricmaterials for future fast digital switch designs.[1][2][3]
The switching may only need a much lower voltage and be faster with lower power consumption thanCMOS.[4]
Calculations suggest that smallPiezoElectronic Transistors(combiningpiezoelect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanostrain |
S-PULSEis the acronym of Shrink-Path of Ultra-Low Power Superconducting Electronics. S-PULSE is a support action of the EuropeanSeventh Framework Programme(FP7) that stimulates joint efforts of European academic and industrial groups in the field of superconducting technologies. The general goal is to prepare Supercon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-PULSE |
Probabilistic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(PCMOS) is asemiconductormanufacturing technology invented by Pr.Krishna PalemofRice Universityand Director of NTU'sInstitute for Sustainable Nanoelectronics(ISNE). The technology hopes to compete against currentCMOStechnology. Proponents claim it uses one thirtieth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMOS |
In economics, theJevons paradox(/ˈdʒɛvənz/; sometimesJevons effect) occurs whentechnological advancementsmake aresourcemoreefficientto use (thereby reducing the amount needed for a single application); however, as the cost of using the resource drops, if the price is highlyelastic, this results in overalldemand increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox |
"No Silver Bullet—Essence and Accident in Software Engineering" is a widely discussed paper onsoftware engineeringwritten byTuring AwardwinnerFred Brooksin 1986.[1]Brooks argues that "there is no single development, in either technology or management technique, which by itself promises even oneorder of magnitude[tenfol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_complexity |
Theattention economyrefers to the incentives of advertising-driven companies, in particular, to maximize the time and attention their users give to their product.[1][2]
Attention economicsis an approach to themanagement of informationthat treats humanattentionas a scarcecommodityand applieseconomic theoryto solve vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_economy |
Theglobal brainis a neuroscience-inspired and futurological vision of the planetaryinformation and communications technologynetworkthat interconnects allhumansand their technological artifacts.[1]As this network stores ever moreinformation, takes over ever more functions of coordination and communication from tradition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_brain |
Intelligence amplification(IA) (also referred to ascognitive augmentation,machine augmented intelligenceandenhanced intelligence) is the use ofinformation technologyin augmentinghuman intelligence. The idea was first proposed in the 1950s and 1960s bycyberneticsand earlycomputer pioneers.
IA is sometimes contrasted w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_amplification |
Miniaturization(Br.Eng.:miniaturisation) is the trend to manufacture ever-smaller mechanical, optical, and electronic products and devices. Examples include miniaturization ofmobile phones,computersand vehicleengine downsizing. Inelectronics, the exponentialscaling and miniaturizationofsiliconMOSFETs(MOS transistors)[1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturization |
Thetechnological singularity—or simply thesingularity[1]—is ahypotheticalpoint in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable consequences forhuman civilization.[2][3]According to the most popular version of the singularity hypothesis,I. J. Good'sintelligence e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity |
Insemiconductor electronics,Dennard scaling, also known asMOSFET scaling, is ascaling lawwhich states roughly that, astransistorsget smaller, theirpower densitystays constant, so that the power use stays in proportion with area; bothvoltageandcurrentscale (downward) with length.[1][2]The law, originally formulated forM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennard_scaling |
Incomputing,performance per wattis a measure of theenergy efficiencyof a particularcomputer architectureorcomputer hardware. Literally, it measures the rate of computation that can be delivered by a computer for everywattof power consumed. This rate is typically measured by performance on theLINPACKbenchmark when tryin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_per_watt |
Swanson's lawis the observation that the price of solarphotovoltaic modulestends to drop 20 percent for every doubling of cumulative shipped volume. At present rates, costs go down 75% about every 10 years.[3]
It is named afterRichard Swanson, the founder ofSunPower Corporation, a solar panel manufacturer.[4]The termS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanson%27s_law |
Etymology(/ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ET-im-OL-ə-jee[1]) is the study of the origin and evolution of words—including their constituent units ofsoundandmeaning—across time.[2]In the 21st century a subfield withinlinguistics, etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study.[1]Most directly tied tohistorical linguistics,philolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology |
Aneponymis a person (real or fictitious) from whom something is said to take its name. The word is back-formed from "eponymous", from the Greek "eponymos" meaning "giving name".
Here is alist of eponyms: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponyms |
Most legal doctrines are named after the cases. This section only includes doctrines named after the judges who formulated them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_doctrines |
Aneponymous diseaseis adisease, disorder, condition, or syndromenamed after a person, usually thephysicianor other health care professional who first identified the disease; less commonly, a patient who had the disease; rarely, a literary character who exhibited signs of the disease or an actor or subject of an allusio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_diseases |
This is a list ofetymologicallists.
See:Medical terminology
African—Americas—Arabic—Austronesian—Basque/Iberian—Celtic—Chinese—
Etruscan —French—Germanic—Greek—Indo-Aryan—
Iranian —Italic—Latin—Semitic—Turkic—uncertain—various
Dacian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_etymologies |
This list includes well known paradoxes, grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate, as paradoxes may fit into more than one category. This list collects only scenarios that have been called aparadoxby at least one source and have their own article in this encyclopedia. These paradoxes may be due to fallacious r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes |
This is a list ofscientific laws named after people(eponymous laws). For other lists of eponyms, seeeponym. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_laws_named_after_people |
This is a list of notabletheorems. Lists of theorems and similar statements include:
Most of the results below come frompure mathematics, but some are fromtheoretical physics,economics, and otherappliedfields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theorems |
This is a list ofscientific phenomenaand concepts named after people(eponymous phenomena). For other lists of eponyms, seeeponym. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people |
Inartificial intelligence(AI), afoundation model, also known aslarge X model (LxM), is amachine learningordeep learningmodel trained on vast datasets so that it can be applied across a wide range of use cases.[1]Generative AIapplications likelarge language models(LLM) are common examples of foundation models.[1]
Build... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_model |
Artificial general intelligence(AGI)—sometimes calledhuman‑level intelligence AI—is a type ofartificial intelligencethat would match or surpass human capabilities across virtually all cognitive tasks.[1][2]
Some researchers argue that state‑of‑the‑artlarge language modelsalready exhibit early signs of AGI‑level capabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence |
Andy and Bill's law, occasionally known asThe Great Moore's Law Compensator,[1]is the assertion that new software will tend to consume any increase in computing power that new hardware can provide. The law originates from a humorous one-liner told in the 1990s during computing conferences: "what Andy giveth, Bill taket... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_and_Bill%27s_law |
Incomputer programming,code bloatis the production ofprogram code(source codeormachine code) that is unnecessarily long, slow, or otherwise wasteful of resources. Code bloat can be caused by inadequacies in theprogramming languagein which the code is written, thecompilerused to compile it, or theprogrammerwriting it. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_bloat |
Feature creepis the excessive ongoing expansion or addition of newfeaturesin a product,[1]especially incomputer software,video games(where it should not be confused withpower creep) andconsumer and business electronics. These extra features go beyond the basic function of the product and can result insoftware bloatand ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_creep |
Incomputing,minimalismrefers to the application ofminimalistphilosophies and principles in the design and use ofhardwareandsoftware. Minimalism, in this sense, means designing systems that use the least hardware and software resources possible.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, programmers worked within the confines ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(computing) |
"No Silver Bullet—Essence and Accident in Software Engineering" is a widely discussed paper onsoftware engineeringwritten byTuring AwardwinnerFred Brooksin 1986.[1]Brooks argues that "there is no single development, in either technology or management technique, which by itself promises even oneorder of magnitude[tenfol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet |
Parkinson's lawcan refer to either of two observations, published in 1955 by the naval historianC. Northcote Parkinsonas an essay inThe Economist:[1]
The first paragraph of the essay mentioned the first meaning above as a "commonplace observation", and the rest of the essay was devoted to the latter observation, termi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_law |
Software bloatis a process whereby successive versions of acomputer programbecome perceptibly slower, use more memory,disk spaceor processing power, or have higher hardware requirements than the previous version, while making only dubious user-perceptible improvements or suffering fromfeature creep. The term is not app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bloat |
Wasteare unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. Aby-product, by contrast is ajoint productof relatively minoreconomic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product orresourcethrough aninventionthat raises a waste prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste |
Electronic design automation(EDA), also referred to aselectronic computer-aided design(ECAD),[1]is a category ofsoftware toolsfor designingelectronic systemssuch asintegrated circuitsandprinted circuit boards. The tools work together in adesign flowthat chip designers use to design and analyze entiresemiconductorchips.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation |
Integrated circuit design,semiconductor design,chip designorIC design, is a sub-field ofelectronics engineering, encompassing the particularlogicandcircuit designtechniques required to designintegrated circuits(ICs). An IC consists of miniaturizedelectronic componentsbuilt into anelectrical networkon a monolithicsemico... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design |
Network architectureis the design of acomputer network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well ascommunication protocolsused.
Intelecommunications, the specification of a network ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_architecture |
Anetwork on a chipornetwork-on-chip(NoC/ˌɛnˌoʊˈsiː/en-oh-SEEor/nɒk/knock)[nb 1]is anetwork-basedcommunications subsystemon anintegrated circuit("microchip"), most typically betweenmodulesin asystem on a chip(SoC). The modules on the IC are typically semiconductorIP coresschematizing various functions of thecomputer sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_on_a_chip |
Inmathematics, acovering setfor asequence of integersrefers to asetofprime numberssuch thateveryterm in thesequenceisdivisiblebyat least onemember of the set.[1]The term "covering set" is used only in conjunction with sequences possessingexponential growth.
The use of the term "covering set" is related toSierpinskiand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_set |
Inalgebraic geometryand related areas ofmathematics,local analysisis the practice of looking at a problem relative to eachprime numberpfirst, and then later trying to integrate the information gained at each prime into a 'global' picture. These are forms of thelocalizationapproach.
Ingroup theory, local analysis was s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_analysis |
Inalgebraic number theory, theGrunwald–Wang theoremis alocal-global principlestating that—except in some precisely defined cases—an elementxin anumber fieldKis annth power inKif it is annth power in thecompletionKp{\displaystyle K_{\mathfrak {p}}}for all but finitely many primesp{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}}ofK. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunwald%E2%80%93Wang_theorem |
Inmathematics, theGrothendieck–Katz p-curvature conjectureis alocal-global principleforlinear ordinary differential equations, related todifferential Galois theoryand in a loose sense analogous to the result in theChebotarev density theoremconsidered as thepolynomialcase. It is aconjectureofAlexander Grothendieckfrom t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%E2%80%93Katz_p-curvature_conjecture |
Asmudge attackis an information extraction attack thatdiscerns the passwordinput of atouchscreendevice such as a smartphone ortablet computerfrom fingerprint smudges. A team of researchers at theUniversity of Pennsylvaniawere the first to investigate this type of attack in 2010.[1][2]An attack occurs when an unauthoriz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smudge_attack |
Inlinguistics, anonce word—also called anoccasionalism—is any word (lexeme), or any sequence ofsoundsorletters, created for a single occasion or utterance but not otherwise understood or recognized as a word in a given language.[1][2]Nonce words have a variety of functions and are most commonly used for humor, poetry, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonce_word |
Arandom seed(orseed state, or justseed) is anumber(orvector) used toinitializeapseudorandom number generator.
A pseudorandom number generator's number sequence is completely determined by the seed: thus, if a pseudorandom number generator is later reinitialized with the same seed, it will produce the same sequence of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_seed |
Chaffing and winnowingis acryptographictechnique to achieveconfidentialitywithout usingencryptionwhen sending data over aninsecure channel. The name is derived from agriculture: after grain has been harvested andthreshed, it remains mixed together with inedible fibrouschaff. The chaff and grain are then separated bywi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffing_and_winnowing |
Incryptography,ciphertext stealing(CTS) is a general method of using ablock cipher mode of operationthat allows for processing of messages that are not evenly divisible into blocks without resulting in any expansion of theciphertext, at the cost of slightly increased complexity.
Ciphertext stealing is a technique for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext_stealing |
Incryptography, apadded uniform random bloborPURBis a discipline for encrypted data formats designed to minimize unintended information leakage either from its encryption format metadata or from its total length.[1]
When properly created, a PURB's content is indistinguishable from auniform randombit string to any obse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PURB_(cryptography) |
Incryptography,Russian copulationis a method of rearrangingplaintextbeforeencryptionso as to concealstereotyped headers, salutations, introductions, endings, signatures, etc.This obscures clues for acryptanalyst, and can be used to increase cryptanalytic difficulty in naive cryptographic schemes (however, most modern s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_copulation |
Incryptography,format-preserving encryption(FPE), refers to encrypting in such a way that the output (theciphertext) is in the same format as the input (theplaintext). The meaning of "format" varies. Typically only finite sets of characters are used; numeric, alphabetic or alphanumeric. For example:
For such finite d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format-Preserving_Encryption |
Incomputational number theoryandcomputational algebra,Pollard's kangaroo algorithm(alsoPollard's lambda algorithm, seeNamingbelow) is analgorithmfor solving thediscrete logarithmproblem. The algorithm was introduced in 1978 by the number theoristJohn M. Pollard, in the same paper as his better-knownPollard's rho algor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard%27s_kangaroo_algorithm |
passwdis acommandonUnix,Plan 9,Inferno, and mostUnix-likeoperating systemsused to change a user'spassword. The password entered by the user is run through akey derivation functionto create ahashed versionof the new password, which is saved. Only the hashed version is stored; the entered password is not saved for securi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passwd |
TheSecure Hash Algorithmsare a family ofcryptographic hash functionspublished by theNational Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) as aU.S.Federal Information Processing Standard(FIPS), including:
The corresponding standards areFIPSPUB 180 (original SHA), FIPS PUB 180-1 (SHA-1), FIPS PUB 180-2 (SHA-1, SHA-256, S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Hash_Algorithms |
Couchbase Server, originally known asMembase, is asource-available,[2]distributed (shared-nothing architecture)multi-modelNoSQLdocument-oriented databasesoftware package optimized for interactive applications. These applications may serve manyconcurrent usersby creating, storing, retrieving, aggregating, manipulating a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchbase_Server |
Memcached(pronounced variously /mɛmkæʃˈdiː/mem-cash-deeor /ˈmɛmkæʃt/mem-cashed) is a general-purpose distributedmemory-cachingsystem. It is often used to speed up dynamicdatabase-driven websites by caching data andobjectsinRAMto reduce the number of times an external data source (such as a database or API) must be read... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcached |
Incryptographyandcomputer science, ahash treeorMerkle treeis atreein which every "leaf"nodeis labelled with thecryptographic hashof a data block, and every node that is not a leaf (called abranch,inner node, orinode) is labelled with the cryptographic hash of the labels of its child nodes. A hash tree allows efficient ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree |
Adistributed data storeis acomputer networkwhere information is stored on more than onenode, often in areplicatedfashion.[1]It is usually specifically used to refer to either adistributed databasewhere users store information on anumber of nodes, or acomputer networkin which users store information on anumber of peer n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_data_store |
Skip graphsare a kind of distributed data structure based onskip lists.
They were invented in 2003 by James Aspnes and Gauri Shah.
A nearly identical data structure called SkipNet was independently invented by Nicholas Harvey, Michael Jones, Stefan Saroiu, Marvin Theimer and Alec Wolman, also in 2003.[1]
Skip graphs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_graph |
In mathematics,discrepancy theorydescribes the deviation of a situation from the state one would like it to be in. It is also called thetheory of irregularities of distribution. This refers to the theme ofclassicaldiscrepancy theory, namely distributing points in some space such that they are evenly distributed with re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrepancy_theory |
Instatistics,Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) is a class ofalgorithmsused to draw samples from aprobability distribution. Given a probability distribution, one can construct aMarkov chainwhose elements' distribution approximates it – that is, the Markov chain'sequilibrium distributionmatches the target distribution. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain_Monte_Carlo |
Innumerical analysis, thequasi-Monte Carlo methodis a method fornumerical integrationand solving some other problems usinglow-discrepancy sequences(also called quasi-random sequences or sub-random sequences) to achievevariance reduction. This is in contrast to the regularMonte Carlo methodorMonte Carlo integration, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Monte_Carlo_method |
Sparse gridsare numerical techniques to represent, integrate or interpolate highdimensionalfunctions. They were originally developed by theRussianmathematicianSergey A. Smolyak, a student ofLazar Lyusternik, and are based on a sparse tensor product construction. Computer algorithms for efficient implementations of such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_grid |
Insurvey methodology, one-dimensionalsystematic samplingis astatistical methodinvolving the selection of elements from an orderedsampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is anequiprobabilitymethod.[1]This applies in particular when the sampled units are individuals, households or corporations. When a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_sampling |
Minimax(sometimesMinmax,MM[1]orsaddle point[2]) is a decision rule used inartificial intelligence,decision theory,game theory,statistics, andphilosophyforminimizingthe possiblelossfor aworst case (maximum loss) scenario. When dealing with gains, it is referred to as "maximin" – to maximize the minimum gain. Originally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax_algorithm |
Alpha–beta pruningis asearch algorithmthat seeks to decrease the number of nodes that are evaluated by theminimax algorithmin itssearch tree. It is an adversarial search algorithm used commonly for machine playing of two-playercombinatorial games(Tic-tac-toe,Chess,Connect 4, etc.). It stops evaluating a move when at le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-beta_pruning |
Zobrist hashing(also referred to asZobrist keysorZobrist signatures[1]) is ahash functionconstruction used incomputer programsthat playabstract board games, such aschessandGo, to implementtransposition tables, a special kind ofhash tablethat is indexed by a board position and used to avoid analyzing the same position m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zobrist_hashing |
Incryptography, theGeneralized DES Scheme(GDESorG-DES) is a variant of theDESsymmetric-keyblock cipherdesigned with the intention of speeding up theencryptionprocess while improving its security. The scheme was proposed by Ingrid Schaumuller-Bichl in 1981.
In 1990,Eli BihamandAdi Shamirshowed that GDES was vulnerable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-DES |
Thexor–encrypt–xor(XEX) is a (tweakable)mode of operation of a block cipher. In tweaked-codebook mode withciphertext stealing(XTS mode), it is one of the more popular modes of operation forwhole-disk encryption. XEX is also a common form ofkey whitening, and part of somesmart cardproposals.[1][2]
In 1984, to protect D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xor%E2%80%93encrypt%E2%80%93xor |
Horst Feistel(January 30, 1915[1]– November 14, 1990) was a German-Americancryptographerwho worked on the design ofciphersatIBM, initiating research that culminated in the development of theData Encryption Standard(DES) in the 1970s. The structure used in DES, called aFeistel network, is commonly used in manyblock ciph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Feistel |
Identity-based cryptographyis a type ofpublic-key cryptographyin which a publicly known string representing an individual or organization is used as apublic key. The public string could include an email address, domain name, or a physical IP address.
The first implementation of identity-based signatures and an email-a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity-based_cryptography |
Identity-based conditional proxy re-encryption(IBCPRE) is a type ofproxy re-encryption(PRE) scheme in theidentity-based public key cryptographic setting.[1]An IBCPRE scheme is a natural extension of proxy re-encryption on two aspects. The first aspect is to extend the proxy re-encryption notion to the identity-based pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity-based_conditional_proxy_re-encryption |
Attribute-based encryptionis a generalisation ofpublic-key encryptionwhich enables fine grained access control of encrypted data usingauthorisation policies. Thesecret keyof a user and the ciphertext are dependent upon attributes (e.g. their email address, the country in which they live, or the kind of subscription the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute-based_encryption |
Akeyincryptographyis a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographicalgorithm, canencodeor decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the strength of the encr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography) |
Incryptography, akey encapsulation mechanism(KEM) is apublic-key cryptosystemthat allows a sender to generate a short secret key and transmit it to a receiver securely, in spite ofeavesdroppingandinterceptingadversaries.[1][2][3]Modern standards forpublic-key encryptionof arbitrary messages are usually based on KEMs.[4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_encapsulation_mechanism |
Neural cryptographyis a branch ofcryptographydedicated to analyzing the application ofstochasticalgorithms, especiallyartificial neural networkalgorithms, for use inencryptionandcryptanalysis.
Artificial neural networksare well known for their ability to selectively explore the solution space of a given problem. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_cryptography#Neural_key_exchange_protocol |
Quantum key distribution(QKD) is asecure communicationmethod that implements acryptographic protocolinvolving components ofquantum mechanics. It enables two parties to produce a sharedrandomsecretkeyknown only to them, which then can be used to encrypt and decryptmessages. The process of quantum key distribution is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution |
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization[1]is a program and competition byNISTto update their standards to includepost-quantum cryptography.[2]It was announced at PQCrypto 2016.[3]23 signature schemes and 59 encryption/KEMschemes were submitted by the initial submission deadline at the end of 2017[4]of which 69 total ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization |
Crypto-shreddingor crypto erase (cryptographic erasure) is the practice of rendering encrypteddataunusable by deliberately deleting or overwriting theencryptionkeys: assuming the key is not later recovered and the encryption is not broken, the data should become irrecoverable, effectively permanently deleted or "shredd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-shredding |
Bernstein v. United Stateswas a series of court cases filed byDaniel J. Bernstein, then a mathematics Ph.D. student at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, challenging U.S. government restrictions on theexport of cryptographic software. In the early 1990s, the U.S. government classified encryption software as a "muni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_v._United_States |
Email encryptionisencryptionofemailmessages to protect the content from being read by entities other than the intended recipients. Email encryption may also includeauthentication.
Email is prone to the disclosure of information. Although many emails are encrypted during transmission, they are frequently stored in plai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_envelope |
Email encryptionisencryptionofemailmessages to protect the content from being read by entities other than the intended recipients. Email encryption may also includeauthentication.
Email is prone to the disclosure of information. Although many emails are encrypted during transmission, they are frequently stored in plai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_encryption |
Email privacy[1]is a broad topic dealing with issues of unauthorized access to, and inspection of,electronic mail, or unauthorized trackingwhen a user reads an email. This unauthorized access can happen while an email is in transit, as well as when it is stored onemail serversor on a user's computer, or when the user r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_privacy |
Gpg4winis an email and file encryption package for most versions ofMicrosoft WindowsandMicrosoft Outlook, which utilises theGnuPGframework forsymmetricandpublic-key cryptography, such as data encryption,digital signatures,hash calculationsetc.
The original creation of Gpg4win was initiated and funded by Germany'sFeder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gpg4win |
Incomputer security, akey serveris a computer that receives and then serves existing cryptographic keys to users or other programs. The users' programs can be running on the same network as the key server or on another networked computer.
The keys distributed by the key server are almost always provided as part of a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_server_(cryptographic) |
PGP Virtual Diskis adisk encryptionsystem that allows one to create a virtualencrypted diskwithin a file.
Older versions for Windows NT were freeware (for example, bundled withPGPv6.0.2i; and with some of the CKT builds of PGP). These are still available for download, but no longer maintained. Today, PGP Virtual Disk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGPDisk |
pretty Easy privacy(p≡porpEp) was a pluggabledata encryptionand verification system that provided automaticcryptographic keymanagement through a set of libraries for written digital communications.
It existed as apluginforMicrosoft Outlook[1]andMozilla Thunderbird[2]as well as a mobile app forAndroid[3][4]and iOS.[5]p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Easy_privacy |
S/MIME(Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a standard forpublic-key encryptionand signing ofMIMEdata. S/MIME is on an IETF standards track and defined in a number of documents, most importantlyRFC8551. It was originally developed by RSA Data Security, and the original specification used the IETF MIME speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/MIME |
ZRTP(composed of Z andReal-time Transport Protocol) is a cryptographickey-agreement protocolto negotiate thekeysforencryptionbetween two end points in aVoice over IP(VoIP) phone telephony call based on theReal-time Transport Protocol. It usesDiffie–Hellman key exchangeand theSecure Real-time Transport Protocol(SRTP) fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZRTP |
Analter ego(Latinfor "other I") means an alternateself, which is believed to be distinct from a person's normal or true originalpersonality. Finding one's alter ego will require finding one's other self, one with a different personality. Additionally, the altered states of the ego may themselves be referred to asaltera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego |
Anonymity[a]describes situations where the acting person's identity is unknown. Anonymity may be created unintentionally through the loss of identifying information due to the passage of time or a destructive event, or intentionally if a person chooses to withhold their identity.
There are various situations in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymity |
Ananonymous post, is an entry on atextboard, anonymousbulletin board system, or other discussion forums likeInternet forum, without ascreen nameor more commonly by using a non-identifiablepseudonym.
Some online forums such asSlashdotdo not allow such posts, requiring users to be registered either under theirreal nameor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_post |
Ananonymous remaileris aserverthat receives messages with embedded instructions on where to send them next, and that forwards them without revealing where they originally came from. There arecypherpunk anonymous remailers,mixmaster anonymous remailers, andnym servers, among others, which differ in how they work, in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_remailer |
Bugō(武号,Japanese:[bɯgoː])arenicknamesused in theJapanese martial arts. The word is composed of the symbols武(bu, meaning "martial") and号(gō, meaning "name"). In English, the term is sometimes translated as "martial name" or "warrior name"[1][2]with similar equivalents in other languages.[3]
AsJames George Frazerdemonst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%C5%8D |
Acourtesy name(Chinese:字;pinyin:zì;lit.'character'), also known as astyle name, is an additional name bestowed upon individuals at adulthood, complementing their given name.[1]This tradition is prevalent in theEast Asian cultural sphere, particularly inChina,Japan, andVietnam.[2]Courtesy names are a marker of adulthood... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name |
Acode name,codename,call sign, orcryptonymis acode wordor name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used inindustrial counter-espionageto protect secret projects and the like from business ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_name |
Adata haven, like acorporate havenortax haven, is arefugefor uninterrupted or unregulateddata.[1][2][3]Data havens are locations withlegal environmentsthat are friendly to the concept of acomputer networkfreely holding data and even protecting its content and associated information. They tend to fit into three categori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_haven |
Theliteraryconcept of theheteronymrefers to one or more imaginary character(s) created by a writer to write in different styles. Heteronyms differ frompen names(orpseudonyms, from the Greek words for "false" and "name") in that the latter are just false names, while the former are characters that have their own suppose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronym_(literature) |
Ahorse nameis a secondarynobletitle or a popularnamefor members ofEthiopianroyalty; in some cases the "horse names" are the only name known for a ruler. They take the form of "father of X", where "X" is the name of the person'swarhorse.
Some known horse names of Ethiopian nobility include:
This equine-related article... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_name |
Ahypocorism(/haɪˈpɒkərɪzəm/hy-POK-ər-iz-əmor/ˌhaɪpəˈkɒrɪzəm/HY-pə-KORR-iz-əm; fromAncient Greekὑποκόρισμαhypokórisma; sometimes alsohypocoristic), orpet name, is a name used to show affection for a person.[1][2]It may be adiminutiveform of a person's name, such asIzzyfor Isabel orBobfor Robert, or it may be unrelated.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocorism |
John Doe(male) andJane Doe(female) aremultiple-useplaceholder namesthat are used in the British, Canadian, and American legal system when the true name of a person is unknown or is being intentionally concealed.[1][2][3]In the context oflaw enforcement in the United States, such names are often used to refer to acorpse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe |
The Latinisation of names in thevernacularwas a procedure deemed necessary for the sake of conformity by scribes and authors when incorporating references to such persons in Latin texts. The procedure was used in the era of theRoman RepublicandEmpire. It was used continuously by thePapacyfrom the earliest times, in rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latinised_names |
This is alist ofpseudonyms, in various categories.
A pseudonym is a name adopted by a person for a particular purpose, which differs from their true name. A pseudonym may be used by socialactivistsorpoliticiansfor political purposes or by others forreligiouspurposes. It may be asoldier'snom de guerreor anauthor'snom d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms |
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