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During the debates over the design and ratification of theUnited States Constitution, in 1787 and 1788, a large number of writers in the popular press usedpseudonyms. This list shows some of the more important commentaries and the (known or presumed) authors responsible for them. Note: the identity of the person behin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms_used_in_the_American_Constitutional_debates |
Thislist of stage nameslists names used by those in the entertainment industry, alphabetically by theirstage name's surname followed by their birth name. Individuals who dropped their last name and substituted their middle name as their last name are listed. Those with a one-word stage name are listed in aseparate arti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stage_names |
Amononymis a name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is amononymous person.
A mononym may be the person's only name, given to them at birth. This was routine in most ancient societies, and remains common in modern societies such as inAfghanistan,[1]Bhutan, some parts ofInd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononymous_person |
Anickname, in some circumstances also known as asobriquet,or informally a "moniker", is an informal substitute for the proper name of a person, place, or thing,[1]used to express affection, playfulness, contempt, or a particular character trait. It is distinct from apseudonym,stage name, ortitle, although the concepts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname |
Apseudonymous remailerornym server, as opposed to ananonymous remailer, is anInternetsoftware program designed to allow people to writepseudonymousmessages onUsenetnewsgroups and send pseudonymousemail. Unlike purely anonymous remailers, it assigns its users a user name, and it keeps a database of instructions on how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nym_server |
Nymwarsis a series of conflicts over policies that mandate that all users of certain internet communications platforms identify themselves using theirlegal names. The term is mostly associated withGoogle's name policies onGoogle+andYouTube. Nymwars is ablend wordcomposed from(pseudo)nymandwars. The name appears to hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymwars |
Onion routingis a technique foranonymouscommunication over acomputer network. In anonion network, messages are encapsulated in layers ofencryption, analogous to the layers of anonion. Theencrypteddata is transmitted through a series ofnetwork nodescalled "onion routers," each of which "peels" away a single layer, revea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing |
ThePenet remailer(anon.penet.fi) was apseudonymous remaileroperated byJohan "Julf" Helsingiusof Finland from 1993 to 1996. Its initial creation stemmed from an argument in a Finnishnewsgroupover whether people should be required to tie their real name to their online communications. Julf believed that people should not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penet.fi |
Alice and Bobare fictional characters commonly used as placeholders in discussions aboutcryptographicsystems andprotocols,[1]and in other science and engineering literature where there are several participants in athought experiment. The Alice and Bob characters were created byRon Rivest,Adi Shamir, andLeonard Adlemani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placeholder_names_in_cryptography |
Apseudepigraph(alsoanglicizedas "pseudepigraphon") is afalsely attributedwork, a text whose claimedauthoris not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed is often prefixed with the particle "pseudo-",[1]such as for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha |
Pseudonymizationis adata managementandde-identificationprocedure by whichpersonally identifiable informationfields within adatarecord are replaced by one or more artificial identifiers, orpseudonyms.[1]A single pseudonym for each replaced field or collection of replaced fields makes the data record less identifiable wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymization |
Pseudonymous Bosch(/ˈsuːdənɪməsbɒʃ,bɔːʃ,bɔːs/) is thepen nameofRaphael Simon(born October 25, 1967), the author ofThe Secret SeriesandThe Bad Booksseries of fiction books, as well asThe Unbelievable Oliverchapter book mysteries and two stand-alone titles. He has written 12 books, each widely read.[1]
Simon was born on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymous_Bosch |
Apseudonymous remailerornym server, as opposed to ananonymous remailer, is anInternetsoftware program designed to allow people to writepseudonymousmessages onUsenetnewsgroups and send pseudonymousemail. Unlike purely anonymous remailers, it assigns its users a user name, and it keeps a database of instructions on how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymous_remailer |
Public-key cryptography, orasymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of apublic keyand a correspondingprivate key.[1][2]Key pairs are generated withcryptographicalgorithmsbased onmathematicalproblems termedone-way functions. Security of public-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_encryption |
Aring name[1]is a type ofstage nameornicknameused by an athlete such as aprofessional wrestler,mixed martial artist, orboxerwhose real name is considered unattractive, dull, difficult to pronounce or spell, amusing for the wrong reasons, or projecting the wrong image. Since the advent of theInternet, it is relatively e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_name |
Asecret identityis a person'scryptonym,incognito,coverand/oralter egowhich is not known to the general populace, most often used infiction. Brought intopopular culturebythe Scarlet Pimpernelin 1903, the concept was widespread in pulp heroes and is particularly prevalent in theAmerican comic bookgenre, and is a trope of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_identity |
InPersian,Turkic,HindustaniandPunjabi, the wordtakhallus(fromArabicتخلّص,lit.'to get liberated or to become secure';[1][2]Persian:تخلّص,romanized:takhallos;Azerbaijani:təxəllüs;Uzbek:taxallus;Urdu:تخلّص,Hindi:तख़ल्लुस) means apen name.[3]Pen names were widely adopted by Persian, Turkic, Urdu and Punjabi poets.[4]
Thet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhallus |
In computer science, afingerprinting algorithmis a procedure that maps an arbitrarily large data item (remove, as a computer file) to a much shorter bit string, itsfingerprint, that uniquely identifies the original data for all practical purposes just as human fingerprints uniquely identify people for practical purpose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint_(computing) |
Key/Config-authenticationis used to solve the problem of authenticating the keys of a person (say "person A") that some other person ("person B") is talking to or trying to talk to. In other words, it is the process of assuring that the key of "person A", held by "person B", does in fact belong to "person A" and vice v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_authentication |
TheRabin fingerprinting scheme(akaPolynomial fingerprinting) is a method for implementingfingerprintsusingpolynomialsover afinite field. It was proposed byMichael O. Rabin.[1]
Given ann-bit messagem0,...,mn-1, we view it as a polynomial of degreen-1 over thefinite fieldGF(2).
We then pick a randomirreducible polynomi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin_fingerprint |
AnSSH clientis a software program which uses thesecure shellprotocol to connect to aremote computer. This article compares a selection of notable clients.
Theoperating systemsorvirtual machinesthe SSH clients are designed to run on withoutemulationinclude several possibilities:
The list is not exhaustive, but rather ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_SSH_clients |
AnSSH serveris a software program which uses theSecure Shellprotocol to accept connections from remote computers.SFTP/SCPfile transfers and remote terminal connections are popular use cases for an SSH server.
Theoperating systemsorvirtual machinesthe SSH servers are designed to run on withoutemulation; there are sever... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_SSH_servers |
Corkscrewis a computer program, written by Patrick Padgett, that enables the user to tunnelSSHconnections through mostHTTPandHTTPSproxy servers.[1]Combined with features ofSSHsuch asport forwarding, this can allow many types of services to be run securely over the SSH via HTTP connections.
Supported proxy servers:
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corkscrew_(program) |
TheIdent Protocol(Identification Protocol,Ident), specified inRFC 1413, is anInternetprotocolthat helps identify the user of a particularTCPconnection. One populardaemon programfor providing the ident service isidentd.
The Ident Protocol is designed to work as a serverdaemon, on auser's computer, where it receives req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ident_protocol |
OpenSSH(also known asOpenBSD Secure Shell[a]) is a suite ofsecurenetworkingutilities based on theSecure Shell(SSH) protocol, which provides asecure channelover an unsecured network in aclient–serverarchitecture.[4][5]
OpenSSH started as aforkof thefreeSSH program developed by Tatu Ylönen; later versions of Ylönen's SS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSH |
Incomputer networks, atunneling protocolis acommunication protocolwhich allows for the movement of data from one network to another. They can, for example, allowprivate networkcommunications to be sent across a public network (such as theInternet), or for one network protocol to be carried over an incompatible network,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell_tunneling |
Web-based SSHis the provision ofSecure Shell(SSH) access through aweb browser. SSH is a secure network protocol that is commonly used to remotely control servers, network devices, and other devices. With web-based SSH, users can access and manage these devices using a standard web browser, without the need to install a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-based_SSH |
Broadcast encryptionis thecryptographicproblem of deliveringencryptedcontent (e.g. TV programs or data on DVDs) over abroadcast channelin such a way that only qualified users (e.g. subscribers who have paid their fees or DVD players conforming to a specification) can decrypt the content.[1][2][3]The challenge arises fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_encryption |
Distributed key generation(DKG) is a cryptographic process in which multiple parties contribute to the calculation of a shared public and private key set. Unlike mostpublic key encryptionmodels, distributed key generation does not rely onTrusted Third Parties.[1]Instead, the participation of athresholdof honest partie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_key_generation |
Secret sharing(also calledsecret splitting) refers to methods for distributing asecretamong a group, in such a way that no individual holds any intelligible information about the secret, but when a sufficient number of individuals combine their 'shares', the secret may be reconstructed. Whereasinsecuresecret sharing al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_sharing |
Shamir'ssecret sharing(SSS) is an efficientsecret sharingalgorithmfor distributingprivate information(the "secret") among a group. The secret cannot be revealed unless a minimum number of the group's members act together to pool their knowledge. To achieve this, the secret is mathematically divided into parts (the "sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing |
Thresholdmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_(disambiguation) |
Acryptosystemis a set ofcryptographicalgorithmsthat mapciphertextsandplaintextsto each other.[1]
Private-key cryptosystemsuse the samekeyforencryptionanddecryption.
Public-key cryptosystemsuse a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptosystems |
The vast majority of theNational Security Agency's work onencryptionisclassified, but from time to time NSA participates instandardsprocesses or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product types, and algorithms into two suites. The foll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_cryptography |
Attempts, unofficially dubbed the "Crypto Wars", have been made by theUnited States(US) and allied governments to limit the public's and foreign nations' access tocryptographystrong enough to thwartdecryptionby national intelligence agencies, especially theNational Security Agency(NSA).[1][2]
In the early days of theC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto_wars |
The export of cryptography from theUnited Statesto other countries has experienced various levels of restrictions over time.[2]World War IIillustrated thatcode-breakingandcryptographycan play an integral part innational securityand the ability to prosecute war. Changes in technology and the preservation of free speech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States |
A number of countries have attempted to restrict the import ofcryptographytools.
Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons:
TheElectronic Privacy Information Centerand Global Internet Liberty Campaign reports use a color code to indicate the level of restriction, with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions_on_the_import_of_cryptography |
IP address blockingorIP banningis a configuration of anetwork servicethat blocks requests fromhostswith certainIP addresses. IP address blocking is commonly used to protect againstbrute force attacksand to prevent access by a disruptive address. It can also be used to restrict access to or from a particular geographic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_blocking |
Internet censorshipis the legalcontrol or suppressionof what can be accessed, published, or viewed on theInternet.Censorshipis most often applied to specificinternet domains(such asWikipedia.org, for example) but exceptionally may extend to all Internet resources located outside thejurisdictionof the censoring state. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship |
Inbroadcasting, the termblackoutrefers to the non-airing oftelevisionorradioprogramming in a certainmedia market.[1]
It is particularly prevalent in thebroadcasting of sports events, although other television or radio programs may be blacked out as well. Most blackout policies serve to protect local broadcasters (prim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(broadcasting) |
Theblocking of YouTube videos in Germanywas part of a former dispute between the video sharing platformYouTubeand theGesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte(GEMA, or "Society for Musical Performance and Mechanical Reproduction Rights" in English), a performance rights organiza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany |
Incomputer networking,451 Unavailable For Legal Reasonsis anHTTP status codeused when the user requests a resource which cannot be served for legal reasons, such as a web page censored by a government. The number 451 is a reference toRay Bradbury's 1953dystopiannovelFahrenheit 451, in which books are outlawed.[2]451 pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_451 |
Incryptography,black-box obfuscationwas a proposedcryptographic primitivewhich would allow acomputer programto beobfuscatedin a way such that it was impossible to determine anything about it except its input and output behavior.[1]Black-box obfuscation has been proven to be impossible, even in principle.[2]
Barak et a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-box_obfuscation |
Conditional access(CA) is a term commonly used in relation tosoftwareand todigital televisionsystems. Conditional access is an evaluation to ensure the person who is seeking access to content is authorized to access the content. Access is managed by requiring certain criteria to be met before granting access to the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_access |
Pirate decryptionis thedecryption, or decoding, ofpay TVor pay radio signals without permission from the original broadcaster. The term "pirate" is used in the sense ofcopyright infringement. TheMPAAand other groups which lobby in favour ofintellectual property(specificallycopyrightand trademark) regulations have label... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_decryption |
Adaptive redactionis a form ofredactionwhereby sensitive parts of a document are automatically removed based onpolicy. It is primarily used in next generationData Loss Prevention(DLP) solutions.[1]
The policy is a set of rules based on content and context. Context can include:
The content can be 'visible' information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_redaction |
PAN truncationis an anti-fraud measure available on some credit-card-processingpoint of sale(POS) terminals as part of amerchant accountservice.
"PAN" is an acronym forprimary account number, i.e., the "card number" on either adebitor acredit card.PAN truncationsimply replaces the card number printed on a customer rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAN_truncation |
Computer security(alsocybersecurity,digital security, orinformation technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field ofinformation security. It consists of the protection ofcomputer software,systemsandnetworksfromthreatsthat can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft or damage tohardware,softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security#U.S._NRC,_10_CFR_73.54_Cybersecurity |
Computer security compromised by hardware failureis a branch ofcomputer securityapplied to hardware.
The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, ornatural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its inten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security_compromised_by_hardware_failure |
A family ofcomputermodels is said to becompatibleif certainsoftwarethat runs on one of the models can also be run on all other models of the family. The computer models may differ inperformance,reliabilityor some other characteristic. These differences may affect the outcome of the running of the software.
Software co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_compatibility |
Proprietary softwareissoftwarethat grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by moderncopyrightandintellectual property lawto exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered andEULA-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software |
Free and open-source software(FOSS) issoftwareavailable under alicensethat grants users the right to use, modify, and distribute the software – modified or not – to everyone free of charge. FOSS is an inclusiveumbrella termencompassingfree softwareandopen-source software.[a][1]The rights guaranteed by FOSS originate fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software |
These tables comparefree software/open-sourceoperating systems. Where not all of the versions support a feature, the first version which supports it is listed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems |
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface(UEFI,/ˈjuːɪfaɪ/or as an acronym)[c]is aspecificationfor the firmwarearchitectureof acomputing platform. When a computeris powered on, the UEFI-implementation is typically the first that runs, before starting theoperating system. Examples includeAMI Aptio,Phoenix SecureCore,TianoCor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#Secure_Boot_criticism |
Trusted Computing(TC) is a technology developed and promoted by theTrusted Computing Group.[1]The term is taken from the field oftrusted systemsand has a specialized meaning that is distinct from the field ofconfidential computing.[2]With Trusted Computing, the computer will consistently behave in expected ways, and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computing |
Ininformation security,computational trustis the generation of trusted authorities or user trust throughcryptography. In centralised systems, security is typically based on the authenticated identity of external parties. Rigid authentication mechanisms, such aspublic key infrastructures(PKIs)[1]orKerberos,[2]have allow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_trust |
Power analysisis a form ofside channel attackin which the attacker studies the power consumption of a cryptographic hardware device. These attacks rely on basic physical properties of the device: semiconductor devices are governed by the laws of physics, which dictate that changes in voltages within the device require ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_analysis |
Incryptography,electromagnetic attacksareside-channel attacksperformed by measuring theelectromagnetic radiationemitted from adeviceand performingsignal analysison it. These attacks are a more specific type of what is sometimes referred to asVan Eck phreaking, with the intention to captureencryptionkeys. Electromagneti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_attack |
Acoustic cryptanalysisis a type ofside-channel attackthat exploitssoundsemitted by computers or other devices.
Most of the modern acoustic cryptanalysis focuses on the sounds produced bycomputer keyboardsand internalcomputercomponents, but historically it has also been applied toimpact printers, andelectromechanicalde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_cryptanalysis |
Incryptography, atiming attackis aside-channel attackin which the attacker attempts to compromise acryptosystemby analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Every logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and the time can differ based on the input; with precise measurements of the time f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_attack |
Supply chain security(also "supply-chain security") activities aim to enhance thesecurityof thesupply chainorvalue chain, the transport andlogisticssystems for the world'scargoand to "facilitate legitimate trade".[1]Their objective is to combine traditional practices ofsupply-chain managementwith the security requireme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_security |
Current notablecomputer hardwaremanufacturers:
List ofcomputer casemanufacturers:
Topmotherboardmanufacturers:
List of motherboard manufacturers:
Defunct:
Note: most of these companies only make designs, and do not manufacture their own designs.
Top x86CPUmanufacturers:
List of CPU manufacturers (most of the com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers |
Consumer protectionis the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in themarketplace.Consumerprotection measures are often established by law. Such laws are intended to prevent businesses from engaging infraudor specifiedunfair practicesto gain an advantage over co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection |
Asecurity switchis a hardware device designed to protectcomputers,laptops,smartphonesand similar devices from unauthorized access or operation, distinct from avirtual security switchwhich offerssoftwareprotection. Security switches should be operated by anauthorizeduser only; for this reason, it should be isolated from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_switch |
Incomputability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as amodel of computation, a computer'sinstruction set, aprogramming language, or acellular automaton) is said to beTuring-completeorcomputationally universalif it can be used to simulate anyTuring machine[1][2](devised by English mathematician and comput... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness |
Incomputer science, auniversal Turing machine(UTM) is aTuring machinecapable of computing any computable sequence,[1]as described byAlan Turingin his seminal paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to theEntscheidungsproblem". Common sense might say that a universal machine is impossible, but Turing proves th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine |
Automata theoryis the study ofabstract machinesandautomata, as well as thecomputational problemsthat can be solved using them. It is a theory intheoretical computer sciencewith close connections tocognitive scienceandmathematical logic. The wordautomatacomes from theGreekword αὐτόματος, which means "self-acting, self-w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata_theory |
Incryptography,key wrapconstructions are a class ofsymmetric encryptionalgorithms designed toencapsulate(encrypt) cryptographic key material.[1]The Key Wrap algorithms are intended for applications such as protecting keys while in untrusted storage or transmitting keys over untrusted communications networks. The cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Wrap |
Incryptography,Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding(OAEP) is apadding schemeoften used together withRSA encryption. OAEP was introduced byBellareandRogaway,[1]and subsequently standardized inPKCS#1 v2and RFC 2437.
The OAEP algorithm is a form ofFeistel networkwhich uses a pair ofrandom oraclesG and H to process the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_Asymmetric_Encryption_Padding |
Incryptography, ahybrid cryptosystemis one which combines the convenience of apublic-key cryptosystemwith the efficiency of asymmetric-key cryptosystem.[1]Public-key cryptosystems are convenient in that they do not require the sender and receiver to share acommon secretin order to communicate securely.[2]However, they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_cryptosystem |
The termdoor securityor door security gate may refer to any of a range of measures used to strengthen doors againstdoor breaching,ram-raidingandlock picking, and prevent crimes such asburglaryandhome invasions. Door security is used in commercial and government buildings, as well as in residential settings.
Some stren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door_security |
Anexit control lock(also known as anexit control device,exit lock, or simply anexit control) prevents or deters unauthorized exit.
Many exit control locks incorporatemagnetic locks. One type, called "delayed egress magnetic locks", will not allow the door to open immediately. This delay reserves time for security pers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_control_lock |
In masterlocksmithing,key relevanceis the measurable difference between an originalkeyand a copy made of that key, either from a wax impression or directly from the original, and how similar the two keys are in size and shape.[1]It can also refer to the measurable difference between a key and the size required to fit a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_relevance |
Physical securitydescribessecuritymeasures that are designed to deny unauthorized access to facilities, equipment, and resources and to protect personnel and property from damage or harm (such asespionage,theft, orterroristattacks).[1]Physical security involves the use of multiple layers of interdependent systems that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_security |
Incomputing, theJava Secure Socket Extension(JSSE) is a Java API and a provider implementation named SunJSSE that enable secureInternetcommunications in theJava Runtime Environment. It implements aJavatechnology version of theSecure Sockets Layer(SSL) and theTransport Layer Security(TLS)protocols. It includes functiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Secure_Socket_Extension |
Incryptography, akeyringstores knownencryption keys(and, in some cases, passwords). For example,GNU Privacy Guardmakes use of keyrings.[1]
This cryptography-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyring_(cryptography) |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) standardization project for encryption of stored data, but more generically refers to the Security in Storage Working Group (SISWG), which includes a family of standards for protection of stored data and for the corresponding cryptographic key management.
SISWG o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1619 |
BATONis aType 1block cipherin use since at least 1995 by theUnited States governmentto secureclassified information.
While the BATON algorithm itself is secret (as is the case with all algorithms in the NSA'sSuite A), the public PKCS#11 standard includes some general information about how it is used. It has a 320-bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BATON |
Incryptography, apseudorandom permutation (PRP)is a function that cannot be distinguished from arandom permutation(that is, a permutation selected at random with uniform probability, from the family of all permutations on the function's domain) with practical effort.
LetFbe a mapping{0,1}n×{0,1}s→{0,1}n{\displaystyle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_permutation |
Innumber theory, aWilson primeis aprime numberp{\displaystyle p}such thatp2{\displaystyle p^{2}}divides(p−1)!+1{\displaystyle (p-1)!+1}, where "!{\displaystyle !}" denotes thefactorial function; compare this withWilson's theorem, which states that every primep{\displaystyle p}divides(p−1)!+1{\displaystyle (p-1)!+1}. Bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_prime |
Innumber theorytheAgoh–Giuga conjectureon theBernoulli numbersBkpostulates thatpis aprime numberif and only if
It is named afterTakashi AgohandGiuseppe Giuga.
The conjecture as stated above is due toTakashi Agoh(1990); an equivalent formulation is due toGiuseppe Giuga, from 1950, to the effect thatpis prime if and on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoh%E2%80%93Giuga_conjecture |
Inalgebra, more specificallygroup theory, ap-elementary groupis adirect productof afinitecyclic groupoforderrelatively prime topand ap-group. A finite group is an elementary group if it isp-elementary for someprime numberp. An elementary group isnilpotent.
Brauer's theorem on induced charactersstates that a character ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_group |
Inmathematics, atrivial semigroup(asemigroup with one element) is asemigroupfor which thecardinalityof theunderlying setisone. The number ofdistinctnonisomorphicsemigroups with one element is one. IfS= {a} is a semigroup with one element, then theCayley tableofSis
The only element inSis thezero element0 ofSand is also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigroup_with_one_element |
Zech logarithmsare used to implement addition infinite fieldswhen elements are represented as powers of a generatorα{\displaystyle \alpha }.
Zech logarithms are named afterJulius Zech,[1][2][3][4]and are also calledJacobi logarithms,[5]afterCarl G. J. Jacobiwho used them fornumber theoreticinvestigations.[6]
Given ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zech%27s_logarithm |
Inmathematics, theprojective line over a ringis an extension of the concept ofprojective lineover afield. Given aringA(with 1), the projective line P1(A) overAconsists of points identified byprojective coordinates. LetA×be thegroup of unitsofA; pairs(a,b)and(c,d)fromA×Aare related when there is auinA×such thatua=candu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_line_over_a_ring#Over_discrete_rings |
In mathematics, apseudo-finite fieldFis an infinite model of thefirst-ordertheoryoffinite fields. This is equivalent to the condition thatFisquasi-finite(perfect with a uniqueextensionof every positive degree) andpseudo algebraically closed(every absolutelyirreducible varietyoverFhas a point defined overF). Everyhyper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-finite_field |
In algebra,Hua's identity[1]named afterHua Luogeng, states that for any elementsa,bin adivision ring,a−(a−1+(b−1−a)−1)−1=aba{\displaystyle a-\left(a^{-1}+\left(b^{-1}-a\right)^{-1}\right)^{-1}=aba}wheneverab≠0,1{\displaystyle ab\neq 0,1}. Replacingb{\displaystyle b}with−b−1{\displaystyle -b^{-1}}gives another equivalen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%27s_identity |
Inmathematics, analgebraic structure(R,T){\displaystyle (R,T)}consisting of a non-empty setR{\displaystyle R}and a ternary mappingT:R3→R{\displaystyle T\colon R^{3}\to R\,}may be called aternary system. Aplanar ternary ring(PTR) orternary fieldis special type of ternary system used byMarshall Hall[1]to constructprojec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_ternary_ring |
Inmathematics, especiallyabstract algebra,looptheory andquasigrouptheory are active research areas with manyopen problems. As in other areas of mathematics, such problems are often made public at professional conferences and meetings. Many of the problems posed here first appeared in theLoops (Prague)conferences and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problems_in_loop_theory_and_quasigroup_theory |
PAdES(PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures) is a set of restrictions and extensions toPDFand ISO 32000-1[1]making it suitable foradvanced electronic signatures(AdES). This is published byETSIas EN 319 142.[2]
WhilePDF and ISO 32000-1provide a framework for digitally signing their documents, PAdES specifies precise prof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_validation |
TheUNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records(“MLETR”) is auniform model lawthat has been adopted by theUnited Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL) in 2017.[1]Its scope is to allow the use of transferable documents and instruments in electronic form. Transferable documents and instruments ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_Electronic_Signatures |
TheUNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records(“MLETR”) is auniform model lawthat has been adopted by theUnited Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL) in 2017.[1]Its scope is to allow the use of transferable documents and instruments in electronic form. Transferable documents and instruments ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLES |
Inphysical securityandinformation security,access control(AC) is the action of deciding whether a subject should be granted or denied access to an object (for example, a place or a resource). The act ofaccessingmay mean consuming, entering, or using. It is often used interchangeably withauthorization, although the auth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control |
Authorization hold(alsocard authorization,preauthorization, orpreauth) is a service offered bycreditanddebit cardproviders whereby the provider puts a hold of the amount approved by the cardholder, reducing the balance of available funds until the merchant clears the transaction (also calledsettlement), after the trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization_hold |
Anopen service interface definition(OSID) is a programmatic interface specification describing a service. These interfaces are specified by theOpen Knowledge Initiative(OKI) to implement aservice-oriented architecture(SOA) to achieveinteroperabilityamong applications across a varied base of underlying and changing tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization_OSID |
Multi-party authorization(MPA) is a process to protect atelecommunications network,data centerorindustrial control systemfrom undesirable acts by a malicious insider or inexperienced technician acting alone. MPA requires that a second authorized user approve an action before it is allowed to take place. This pro-active... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_authorization |
OAuth(short foropen authorization[1][2]) is an open standard for accessdelegation, commonly used as a way for internet users to grant websites or applications access to their information on other websites but without giving them the passwords.[3][4]This mechanism is used by companies such asAmazon,[5]Google,Meta Platfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth |
OpenIDis anopen standardanddecentralizedauthenticationprotocolpromoted by the non-profitOpenID Foundation. It allows users to be authenticated by co-operating sites (known asrelying parties, or RP) using a third-party identity provider (IDP) service, eliminating the need forwebmastersto provide their ownad hoclogin sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID_Connect |
WebFingeris aprotocolspecified by the Internet Engineering Task ForceIETFinRFC 7033that allows for discovery of information about people and things identified by aURI.[1]Information about a person might be discovered via anacct:URI, for example, which is a URI that looks like anemail address.
WebFinger is specified as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebFinger |
WebIDis a method for internet services and members to know who they are communicating with. The WebID specifications define a set ofeditor's draftsto prepare the process of standardization foridentity, identification andauthenticationonHTTP-based networks. WebID-based protocols (Solid OIDC,WebID-TLS,WebID-TLS+Delegatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebID |
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