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Inmathematics, thediscrete Fourier transform over a ringgeneralizes thediscrete Fourier transform(DFT), of a function whose values are commonlycomplex numbers, over an arbitraryring.
LetRbe anyring, letn≥1{\displaystyle n\geq 1}be an integer, and letα∈R{\displaystyle \alpha \in R}be aprincipalnth root of unity, define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number-theoretic_transform |
Prosthaphaeresis(from the Greekπροσθαφαίρεσις) was analgorithmused in the late 16th century and early 17th century for approximatemultiplicationanddivisionusing formulas fromtrigonometry. For the 25 years preceding the invention of thelogarithmin 1614, it was the only known generally applicable way of approximating pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthaphaeresis |
TheTrachtenberg systemis a system of rapidmental calculation. The system consists of a number of readily memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations very quickly. It was developed by the Russian engineerJakow Trachtenbergin order to keep his mind occupied while being held prisoner in aNazi co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system |
Aresidue number systemorresidue numeral system(RNS) is anumeral systemrepresentingintegersby their valuesmoduloseveralpairwise coprimeintegers called the moduli. This representation is allowed by theChinese remainder theorem, which asserts that, ifMis the product of the moduli, there is, in an interval of lengthM, exac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_number_system#Multiplication |
TheIBM 1620was a model of scientificminicomputerproduced byIBM. It was announced on October 21, 1959,[1]and was then marketed as an inexpensive scientific computer.[2]After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. Modified versions of the 1620 were used as the CPU of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1620 |
TheBKM algorithmis ashift-and-add algorithmfor computingelementary functions, first published in 1994 by Jean-Claude Bajard, Sylvanus Kla, and Jean-Michel Muller. BKM is based on computing complexlogarithms(L-mode) andexponentials(E-mode) using a method similar to the algorithmHenry Briggsused to compute logarithms. By... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKM_algorithm |
Incomputer science, alogical shiftis abitwise operationthat shifts all the bits of its operand. The two base variants are thelogical left shiftand thelogical right shift. This is further modulated by the number of bit positions a given value shall be shifted, such asshift left by 1orshift right by n. Unlike anarithmeti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_shift_left |
Thenon-adjacent form(NAF) of a number is a uniquesigned-digit representation, in which non-zero values cannot be adjacent. For example:
All are valid signed-digit representations of 7, but only the final representation, (1 0 0 −1)2, is in non-adjacent form.
The non-adjacent form is also known as "canonical signed di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-adjacent_form |
Aredundant binary representation (RBR)is anumeral systemthat uses more bits than needed to represent a single binarydigitso that most numbers have several representations. An RBR is unlike usualbinary numeral systems, includingtwo's complement, which use a single bit for each digit. Many of an RBR's properties differ f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundant_binary_representation |
Incomputer science,arbitrary-precision arithmetic, also calledbignum arithmetic,multiple-precision arithmetic, or sometimesinfinite-precision arithmetic, indicates thatcalculationsare performed on numbers whosedigitsofprecisionare potentially limited only by the availablememoryof the host system. This contrasts with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic |
C99(previouslyC9X, formallyISO/IEC 9899:1999) is a past version of theCprogramming languageopen standard.[1]It extends the previous version (C90) with new features for the language and thestandard library, and helps implementations make better use of available computer hardware, such asIEEE 754-1985floating-point arith... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C99#IEEE_754_floating-point_support |
Inmathematics,computable numbersare thereal numbersthat can be computed to within any desired precision by a finite, terminatingalgorithm. They are also known as therecursive numbers,[1]effective numbers,[2]computable reals,[3]orrecursive reals.[4]The concept of a computable real number was introduced byÉmile Borelin 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable_number |
Acoprocessoris acomputer processorused to supplement the functions of the primary processor (theCPU). Operations performed by the coprocessor may befloating-point arithmetic,graphics,signal processing,string processing,cryptographyorI/O interfacingwith peripheral devices. By offloading processor-intensive tasks from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor |
Decimal floating-point(DFP) arithmetic refers to both a representation and operations ondecimalfloating-pointnumbers. Working directly with decimal (base-10) fractions can avoid the rounding errors that otherwise typically occur when converting between decimal fractions (common in human-entered data, such as measuremen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_floating_point |
Double-precision floating-point format(sometimes calledFP64orfloat64) is afloating-pointnumber format, usually occupying 64bitsin computer memory; it represents a wide range of numeric values by using a floatingradix point.
Double precision may be chosen when the range or precision ofsingle precisionwould be insuffici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format |
Experimental mathematicsis an approach tomathematicsin which computation is used to investigate mathematical objects and identify properties and patterns.[1]It has been defined as "that branch of mathematics that concerns itself ultimately with the codification and transmission of insights within the mathematical commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_mathematics |
Incomputing,fixed-pointis a method of representingfractional(non-integer) numbers by storing a fixed number of digits of their fractional part.Dollaramounts, for example, are often stored with exactly two fractional digits, representing thecents(1/100 of dollar). More generally, the term may refer to representing fract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic |
Floating-point error mitigationis the minimization of errors caused by the fact that real numbers cannot, in general, be accurately represented in a fixed space. By definition,floating-point errorcannot be eliminated, and, at best, can only be managed.
Huberto M. Sierra noted in his 1956 patent "Floating Decimal Poin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_error_mitigation |
Floating point operations per second(FLOPS,flopsorflop/s) is a measure ofcomputer performanceincomputing, useful in fields of scientific computations that requirefloating-pointcalculations.[1]
For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuringinstructions per second.[citation needed]
Floating-point arithmet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS |
Gal's accurate tablesis a method devised byShmuel Galto provide accurate values ofspecial functionsusing alookup tableandinterpolation. It is a fast and efficient method for generating values of functions like theexponentialor thetrigonometric functionsto within last-bit
accuracy for almost all argument values without... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%27s_accurate_tables |
TheGNU Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliable Library(GNU MPFR) is aGNUportableClibraryforarbitrary-precisionbinaryfloating-pointcomputation withcorrect rounding, based onGNU Multi-Precision Library.[1][2]
MPFR's computation is both efficient and has a well-defined semantics: the functions are completely specified... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_MPFR |
Incomputing,half precision(sometimes calledFP16orfloat16) is abinaryfloating-pointcomputer number formatthat occupies16 bits(two bytes in modern computers) incomputer memory. It is intended for storage of floating-point values in applications where higher precision is not essential, in particularimage processingandneur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format |
TheIEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic(IEEE 754) is atechnical standardforfloating-point arithmeticoriginally established in 1985 by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE). The standardaddressed many problemsfound in the diverse floating-point implementations that made them difficult to use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754 |
Innumerical analysis, theKahan summation algorithm, also known ascompensated summation,[1]significantly reduces thenumerical errorin the total obtained by adding asequenceof finite-precisionfloating-point numbers, compared to the naive approach. This is done by keeping a separaterunning compensation(a variable to accum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_summation_algorithm |
Incomputing,Microsoft Binary Format(MBF) is a format forfloating-pointnumbers which was used inMicrosoft'sBASIClanguages, includingMBASIC,GW-BASICandQuickBASICprior to version 4.00.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
There are two main versions of the format. The original version was designed for memory-constrained systems and stor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Binary_Format |
Incomputing,minifloatsarefloating-pointvalues represented with very fewbits. This reduced precision makes them ill-suited for general-purpose numerical calculations, but they are useful for special purposes such as:
Additionally, they are frequently encountered as a pedagogical tool in computer-science courses to demo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minifloat |
TheQ notationis a way to specify the parameters of a binaryfixed pointnumber format. Specifically, how many bits are allocated for the integer portion, how many for the fractional portion, and whether there is a sign-bit.
For example, in Q notation,Q7.8means that the signed fixed point numbers in this format have 7 bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(number_format) |
Incomputing,quadruple precision(orquad precision) is a binaryfloating-point–basedcomputer number formatthat occupies 16 bytes (128 bits) with precision at least twice the 53-bitdouble precision.
This 128-bit quadruple precision is designed not only for applications requiring results in higher than double precision,[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format |
Single-precision floating-point format(sometimes calledFP32orfloat32) is acomputer number format, usually occupying32 bitsincomputer memory; it represents a widedynamic rangeof numeric values by using afloating radix point.
A floating-point variable can represent a wider range of numbers than afixed-pointvariable of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format |
Standard Apple Numerics Environment(SANE) wasApple Computer's software implementation ofIEEE 754floating-point arithmetic. It was available for the6502-basedApple IIandApple IIImodels and came standard with the65816basedApple IIGSand680x0basedMacintoshandLisamodels. Later Macintosh models had hardware floating point ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Apple_Numerics_Environment |
Incomputer programming, anoperatoris aprogramming languageconstruct that provides functionality that may not be possible to define as a user-definedfunction(i.e.sizeofinC) or hassyntaxdifferent than a function (i.e.infixaddition as ina+b). Like other programming language concepts,operatorhas a generally accepted, altho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_operator_(computing) |
TheDadda multiplieris a hardwarebinary multiplierdesign invented by computer scientistLuigi Daddain 1965.[1]It uses a selection offull and half addersto sum the partial products in stages (theDadda treeorDadda reduction) until two numbers are left. The design is similar to theWallace multiplier, but the different reduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadda_tree |
Inidempotent analysis, thetropical semiringis asemiringofextended real numberswith the operations ofminimum(ormaximum) and addition replacing the usual ("classical") operations of addition and multiplication, respectively.
The tropical semiring has various applications (seetropical analysis), and forms the basis oftro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_arithmetic |
Aslide calculator, also known as anAddiatorafter the best-known brand, is amechanical calculatorcapable of addition and subtraction, once made byAddiator GesellschaftofBerlin,Germany. Variants of it were manufactured from 1920 until 1982. The devices were made obsolete by theelectronic calculator.
The Addiator is comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_calculator |
The pascaline(also known as thearithmetic machineorPascal's calculator) is amechanical calculatorinvented byBlaise Pascalin 1642. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as the supervisor of taxes inRouen, France.[2]He designed the machine to add a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_calculator |
AnEgyptian fractionis a finite sum of distinctunit fractions, such as12+13+116.{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{16}}.}That is, eachfractionin the expression has anumeratorequal to 1 and adenominatorthat is a positiveinteger, and all the denominators differ from each other. The value of an express... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_fraction |
Ancient Egyptian mathematicsis themathematicsthat was developed and used inAncient Egyptc.3000 to c. 300BCE, from theOld Kingdom of Egyptuntil roughly the beginning ofHellenistic Egypt. The ancient Egyptians utilizeda numeral systemfor counting and solving written mathematical problems, often involvingmultiplicationand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mathematics |
Abinary numberis anumberexpressed in thebase-2numeral systemorbinary numeral system, a method for representingnumbersthat uses only two symbols for thenatural numbers: typically "0" (zero) and "1" (one). Abinary numbermay also refer to arational numberthat has a finite representation in the binary numeral system, that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system |
Pierre René, Viscount Deligne(French:[dəliɲ]; born 3 October 1944) is a Belgian mathematician. He is best known for work on theWeil conjectures, leading to a complete proof in 1973. He is the winner of the 2013Abel Prize, 2008Wolf Prize, 1988Crafoord Prize, and 1978Fields Medal.
Deligne was born inEtterbeek, attended ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deligne_tensor_product_of_abelian_categories |
Inmathematics, theindefinite productoperator is the inverse operator ofQ(f(x))=f(x+1)f(x){\textstyle Q(f(x))={\frac {f(x+1)}{f(x)}}}. It is a discrete version of the geometric integral of geometric calculus, one of the non-Newtonian calculi.
Thus
More explicitly, if∏xf(x)=F(x){\textstyle \prod _{x}f(x)=F(x)}, then
I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_product |
Anabacus(pl.abaciorabacuses), also called acounting frame, is ahand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in theancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of theHindu–Arabic numeral system.[1]An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array ofslidablebeads(or similar objects). I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus |
The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613),[1]meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematicalcalculations, beforeelectronic calculatorsbecame available.Alan Turingdescribed the "human computer" as someone who is "supposed to be following fixed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_(occupation) |
TheCurtais a hand-heldmechanical calculatordesigned byCurt Herzstark.[1]It is known for its extremely compact design: a small cylinder that fits in the palm of the hand. It was affectionately known as the "pepper grinder" or "peppermill" due to its shape and means of operation; its superficial resemblance to a certain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curta |
Aflight computeris a form ofslide ruleused inaviationand one of a very fewanalog computersin widespread use in the 21st century. Sometimes it is called by the make or model name likeE6B, CR, CRP-5 or in German, as theDreieckrechner.[1]
They are mostly used inflight training, but many professional pilots still carry an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_computer |
Incomputing,floating-point arithmetic(FP) isarithmeticon subsets ofreal numbersformed by asignificand(asignedsequence of a fixed number of digits in somebase) multiplied by aninteger powerof that base.
Numbers of this form are calledfloating-point numbers.[1]: 3[2]: 10
For example, the number 2469/200 is a floating-po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point |
Hans Peter Luhn(July 1, 1896 – August 19, 1964) was a German-American[2]researcher in the field of computer science and Library & Information Science forIBM, and creator of theLuhn algorithm,KWIC(KeyWordsInContext) indexing, andselective dissemination of information ("SDI"). His inventions have found applications in di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Peter_Luhn |
Anomogram(fromGreekνόμος(nomos)'law'andγράμμα(gramma)'that which is drawn'), also called anomograph,alignment chart, orabac, is a graphicalcalculating device, a two-dimensional diagram designed to allow the approximate graphical computation of amathematical function. The field of nomography was invented in 1884 by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomogram |
Thesector, also known as asector rule,proportional compass, ormilitary compass, is a majorcalculating instrumentthat was in use from the end of the sixteenth century until the nineteenth century. It is an instrument consisting of two rulers of equal length joined by a hinge. A number of scales are inscribed upon the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_(instrument) |
Aslide chartis a hand-held device, usually of paper, cardboard, or plastic, for conducting simple calculations or looking up information.
A circular slide chart is sometimes referred to as a wheel chart orvolvelle.
Unlike other hand-held mechanical calculating devices such asslide rulesandaddiators, which have been re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_chart |
Timeline of computingpresents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use and inventions, hardware systems and processors, operating systems, programming languages, and new application areas.
Detailed computing timelines:before 1950,1950–19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing |
Avernier scale(/vərˈniːˈər/ver-NEE-er), named afterPierre Vernier, is a visual aid to take an accurate measurement reading between twograduationmarkings on a linear scale by using mechanicalinterpolation, which increasesresolutionand reducesmeasurement uncertaintyby usingvernier acuity. It may be found on many types of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Avolvelleorwheel chartis a type ofslide chart, apaperconstruction with rotating parts. It is considered an early example of a paperanalog computer.[1]Volvelles have been produced to accommodate organization and calculation in many diverse subjects. Early examples of volvelles are found in the pages ofastronomybooks.
I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvelle |
This article lists thecompaniesworldwideengaged in the development of quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing.Quantum computingand communication are two sub-fields ofquantum information science, which describes and theorizesinformation sciencein terms ofquantum physics. While the fundamental unit o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing_or_communication |
Ananalog computeroranalogue computeris a type ofcomputationmachine (computer) that uses physical phenomena such aselectrical,mechanical, orhydraulicquantities behaving according to the mathematical principles in question (analog signals) tomodelthe problem being solved. In contrast,digital computersrepresent varying qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer |
AQUA@homewas avolunteer computingproject operated byD-Wave Systemsthat ran on theBerkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing(BOINC)software platform. It ceased functioning in August 2011. Its goal was to predict the performance ofsuperconductingadiabatic quantum computerson a variety of problems arising in field... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home |
Inquantum computing, more specifically insuperconducting quantum computing,flux qubits(also known aspersistent current qubits) are micrometer sized loops of superconducting metal that is interrupted by a number ofJosephson junctions. These devices function asquantum bits. The flux qubit was first proposed by Terry P. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_qubit |
Superconducting quantum computingis a branch ofsolid statephysics and quantum computing that implementssuperconductingelectronic circuitsusing superconducting qubits as artificial atoms, orquantum dots. For superconducting qubits, the two logic states are theground stateand theexcited state, denoted|g⟩and|e⟩{\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing |
IBM Quantum System Oneis the firstcircuit-based commercialquantum computer, introduced byIBMin January 2019.[1][2][3]
This integrated quantum computing system is housed in an airtight borosilicate glass cube that maintains a controlled physical environment.[2][4]Each face of the cube is 9 feet (2.7 m) wide and tall.[2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One |
TheDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) is aresearch and developmentagency of theUnited States Department of Defenseresponsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.[3][4]Originally known as theAdvanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA), the agency was created on February 7, 195... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA |
ARPA-E, orAdvanced Research Projects Agency–Energyis an agency within theUnited States Department of Energytasked with funding the research and development of advanced energy technologies.[1]The goal of the agency is to improve U.S. economic prosperity, national security, and environmental well being. ARPA-E typically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency%E2%80%93Energy |
Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency(HSARPA) is a part of the Science and Technology Directorate at theUnited States Department of Homeland Security. Much likeDARPAin the Department of Defense, HSARPA is tasked with advanced projects to advance the technology needed to protect the US. Some of the chief... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Security_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency |
TheAdvanced Research Projects Agency for Health(ARPA-H) is an agency within theDepartment of Health and Human Services.[1]Its mission is to "make pivotal investments in break-through technologies and broadly applicable platforms, capabilities, resources, and solutions that have the potential to transform important area... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health |
TheInfrastructure Investment and Jobs Act(IIJA), also known as theBipartisan Infrastructure Law(BIL), (H.R. 3684) is aUnited States federal statuteenacted by the117th United States Congressand signed into law by PresidentJoe Bidenon November 15, 2021. It was introduced in the House as theINVEST in America Actand nickna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act#Overview |
Quantum programmingis the process of designing orassemblingsequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment.Quantum circuit algorithmscan be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted with in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
This is atimeline ofquantum computing.
Stephen Wiesnerinventsconjugate coding[1][a]
13 June –James L. Park(Washington State University,Pullman)'s paper is received byFoundations of Physics[6]in which he describes the non possibility of disturbance in a quantumtransition statein the context of a disproof ofquantum jum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication |
Collective intelligenceCollective actionSelf-organized criticalityHerd mentalityPhase transitionAgent-based modellingSynchronizationAnt colony optimizationParticle swarm optimizationSwarm behaviour
Social network analysisSmall-world networksCentralityMotifsGraph theoryScalingRobustnessSystems biologyDynamic networks
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system |
Acomputeris amachinethat can beprogrammedto automaticallycarry outsequences ofarithmeticorlogical operations(computation). Moderndigital electroniccomputers can perform generic sets of operations known asprograms, which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The termcomputer systemmay refer to a nominally c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer |
High-performance computing(HPC) is the use ofsupercomputersandcomputer clustersto solve advanced computation problems.
HPC integratessystems administration(including network and security knowledge) andparallel programminginto a multidisciplinary field that combinesdigital electronics,computer architecture,system softw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computing |
Meta(from theμετά,meta, meaning 'after' or 'beyond') is an adjective meaning 'more comprehensive' or 'transcending'.[1]
In modern nomenclature, the prefix
meta can also serve as a prefix meaning self-referential, as a field of study or endeavor (metatheory: theory about a theory;metamathematics: mathematical theories... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_(prefix) |
Metaknowledgeormeta-knowledgeisknowledgeabout knowledge.[1]
Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders:
Other authors call zero order meta-knowledgefirst order knowledge, and call first order meta-knowledgesecond order knowledge; meta-knowledge is also known ashigher order knowledge.[3]
Meta-knowledge is a funda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-knowledge |
Metamathematicsis the study ofmathematicsitself using mathematical methods. This study producesmetatheories, which aremathematical theoriesabout other mathematical theories. Emphasis on metamathematics (and perhaps the creation of the term itself) owes itself toDavid Hilbert'sattemptto secure thefoundations of mathemat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-mathematics |
Middlewarein the context ofdistributed applicationsissoftwarethat provides services beyond those provided by theoperating systemto enable the various components of a distributed system to communicate and manage data. Middleware supports and simplifies complexdistributed applications. It includesweb servers,application ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomputing_software |
Metaprogrammingis acomputer programmingtechnique in whichcomputer programshave the ability to treat other programs as theirdata. It means that a program can be designed to read, generate, analyse, or transform other programs, and even modify itself, while running.[1][2]In some cases, this allows programmers to minimize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaprogramming |
Asupercomputeris a type ofcomputerwith a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured infloating-pointoperations per second (FLOPS) instead ofmillion instructions per second(MIPS). Since 2022, supercomputers have existed which can perform o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputing |
Incomputer science,computational intelligence(CI) refers toconcepts,paradigms,algorithmsandimplementationsofsystemsthat are designed to show "intelligent" behavior in complex and changing environments.[1]These systems are aimed at mastering complex tasks in a wide variety of technical or commercial areas and offer solu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_intelligence |
DNA computingis an emerging branch ofunconventional computingwhich usesDNA,biochemistry, andmolecular biologyhardware, instead of the traditionalelectronic computing. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing. Although the field originally started with the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing |
Natural Computingis ascientific journalcoveringnatural computingresearch. It has been published quarterly bySpringer Verlag(Springer Netherlands) in print (ISSN1567-7818) and online (ISSN1572-9796) since 2002.[1]
"Natural Computing refers to computational processes observed in nature, and human-designed computing insp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Computing_(journal) |
Synthetic biology(SynBio) is a multidisciplinary field of science that focuses on living systems and organisms. It appliesengineeringprinciples to develop new biological parts, devices, and systems or to redesign existing systems found in nature.[1]
It is a branch of science that encompasses a broad range of methodolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology |
Linear optical quantum computingorlinear optics quantum computation(LOQC), alsophotonic quantum computing (PQC), is a paradigm ofquantum computation, allowing (under certain conditions, described below)universal quantum computation. LOQC usesphotonsas information carriers, mainly useslinear opticalelements, oroptical i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_optical_quantum_computing |
Inintegrated circuits,optical interconnectsrefers to any system of transmitting signals from one part of an integrated circuit to another using light. Optical interconnects have been the topic of study due to the high latency and power consumption incurred by conventional metalinterconnectsin transmitting electrical si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_interconnect |
Aphotonic crystalis anopticalnanostructurein which therefractive indexchanges periodically. This affects the propagation of light in the same way that the structure ofnatural crystalsgives rise toX-ray diffractionand that the atomic lattices (crystal structure) ofsemiconductorsaffect their conductivity ofelectrons. Pho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal#Applications |
Aphotonic integrated circuit(PIC) orintegrated optical circuitis a microchip containing two or more photonic components that form a functioning circuit. This technology detects, generates, transports, and processes light. Photonic integrated circuits usephotons(or particles of light) as opposed toelectronsthat are used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_integrated_circuit |
Photonic moleculesare a form of matter in whichphotonsbind together to form "molecules".[1][2][3]They were first predicted in 2007. Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass".[4]In an alternative definition (which is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_molecule |
Anoptical transistor, also known as an optical switch or alight valve, is a device that switches or amplifiesoptical signals. Light occurring on an optical transistor's input changes the intensity of light emitted from the transistor's output while output power is supplied by an additional optical source. Since the inp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_transistor |
Programmable photonicsis a subfield ofphotonicsandoptical computingthat studies the development ofphotonic integrated circuits(PICs) for computation whose circuits can be altered at runtime to run different programs, rather than manufacturing each PIC for a specific program. Almost all modern electronicintegrated circu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_photonics |
Silicon photonicsis the study and application ofphotonicsystems which usesiliconas anoptical medium.[1][2][3][4][5]The silicon is usually patterned withsub-micrometreprecision, intomicrophotoniccomponents.[4]These operate in theinfrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometrewavelengthused by mostfiber optic telecommunic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_photonics |
Bayesian approaches to brain functioninvestigate the capacity of the nervous system to operate in situations of uncertainty in a fashion that is close to the optimal prescribed byBayesian statistics.[1][2]This term is used inbehavioural sciencesandneuroscienceand studies associated with this term often strive to explai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_approaches_to_brain_function |
Inphysicsand thephilosophy of physics,quantum Bayesianismis a collection of related approaches to theinterpretation of quantum mechanics, the most prominent of which isQBism(pronounced "cubism"). QBism is an interpretation that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central concerns of the theory. QBism deals ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism |
The current state ofquantum computing[1]is referred to as thenoisy intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ)era,[2][3]characterized by quantum processors containing up to 1,000qubitswhich are not advanced enough yet forfault-toleranceor large enough to achievequantum advantage.[4][5]These processors, which are sensitive to thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era |
Inquantum mechanics, notably inquantum information theory,fidelityquantifies the "closeness" between twodensity matrices. It expresses the probability that one state will pass a test to identify as the other. It is not ametricon the space of density matrices, but it can be used to define theBures metricon this space.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fidelity |
Bell's theoremis a term encompassing a number of closely related results inphysics, all of which determine thatquantum mechanicsis incompatible withlocal hidden-variable theories, given some basic assumptions about the nature of measurement. The first such result was introduced byJohn Stewart Bellin 1964, building upon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem |
Aninterpretation of quantum mechanicsis an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory ofquantum mechanicsmight correspond to experiencedreality. Quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments. However, there exist a number of contending schools... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics |
In physics,quantum tunnelling,barrier penetration, or simplytunnellingis aquantum mechanicalphenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through apotential energy barrierthat, according toclassical mechanics, should not be passable due to the object not having sufficient energy to pass or surmount t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunneling |
Inquantum mechanics, theRenninger negative-result experimentis athought experimentthat illustrates some of the difficulties of understanding the nature ofwave function collapseandmeasurementin quantum mechanics. The statement is that a particle need not be detected in order for a quantum measurement to occur, and that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renninger_negative-result_experiment |
Wheeler's delayed-choice experimentdescribes a family ofthought experimentsinquantum physicsproposed byJohn Archibald Wheeler, with the most prominent among them appearing in 1978 and 1984.[1]These experiments illustrate the central point ofquantum theory: "It is wrong to attribute a tangibility to the photon in all it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment |
SC(formerlySupercomputing), theInternational Conference for High Performance Computing,Networking,Storage and Analysis, is the annual conference established in 1988 by theAssociation for Computing Machineryand theIEEE Computer Society. In 2019, about 13,950 people participated overall;[1]by 2022 attendance had rebounde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM/IEEE_Supercomputing_Conference |
ACM SIGHPCis theAssociation for Computing Machinery'sSpecial Interest GrouponHigh Performance Computing, an international community of students, faculty, researchers, and practitioners working onresearchand inprofessionalpractice related tosupercomputing, high-endcomputers, andcluster computing.[1]The organization co-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_SIGHPC |
High-performance technical computing(HPTC) is the application ofhigh performance computing(HPC) to technical, as opposed to business or scientific, problems (although the lines between the various disciplines are necessarily vague). HPTC often refers to the application of HPC toengineeringproblems and includescomputati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_technical_computing |
Jungle computingis a form ofhigh performance computingthatdistributescomputational work acrosscluster,gridandcloud computing.[1][2]
The increasing complexity of the high performance computing environment has provided a range of choices beside traditional supercomputers andclusters. Scientists can now usegridandcloudin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_computing |
TheTesla Personal Supercomputeris adesktop computer(personal supercomputer) that is backed byNvidiaand built by various hardware vendors.[1]It is meant to be a demonstration of the capabilities of Nvidia'sTeslaGPGPUbrand; it utilizes Nvidia'sCUDAparallel computingarchitecture and is powered by up to 2688 parallel proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla_Personal_Supercomputer |
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