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Animaginary numberis the product of areal numberand theimaginary uniti,[note 1]which is defined by its propertyi2= −1.[1][2]Thesquareof an imaginary numberbiis−b2. For example,5iis an imaginary number, and its square is−25. The numberzerois considered to be both real and imaginary.[3]
Originally coined in the 17th cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_number |
Inmathematics education, anumber sentenceis anequationorinequalityexpressed usingnumbersand mathematical symbols. The term is used inprimary levelmathematics teaching in the US,[1]Canada, UK,[2]Australia, New Zealand[3]and South Africa.[4]
The term is used as means of asking students to write down equations using simp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_sentence |
Signed zeroiszerowith an associatedsign. In ordinary arithmetic, the number 0 does not have a sign, so that −0, +0 and 0 are equivalent. However, incomputing, some number representations allow for the existence of two zeros, often denoted by−0(negative zero) and+0(positive zero), regarded as equal by the numerical comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_zero |
0(zero) is anumberrepresenting an emptyquantity. Adding (or subtracting) 0 to any number leaves that number unchanged; in mathematical terminology, 0 is theadditive identityof theintegers,rational numbers,real numbers, andcomplex numbers, as well as otheralgebraic structures. Multiplying any number by 0 results in 0, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zero |
Anintegeris thenumberzero (0), a positivenatural number(1, 2, 3, ...), or the negation of a positive natural number (−1, −2, −3, ...).[1]The negations oradditive inversesof the positive natural numbers are referred to asnegative integers.[2]Thesetof all integers is often denoted by theboldfaceZorblackboard boldZ{\displ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integers |
Inmathematics, thepositive partof arealorextended real-valuedfunctionis defined by the formulaf+(x)=max(f(x),0)={f(x)iff(x)>00otherwise.{\displaystyle f^{+}(x)=\max(f(x),0)={\begin{cases}f(x)&{\text{ if }}f(x)>0\\0&{\text{ otherwise.}}\end{cases}}}
Intuitively, thegraphoff+{\displaystyle f^{+}}is obtained by taking th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_parts |
Inmathematics, arational numberis anumberthat can be expressed as thequotientorfractionpq{\displaystyle {\tfrac {p}{q}}}of twointegers, anumeratorpand a non-zerodenominatorq.[1]For example,37{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{7}}}is a rational number, as is every integer (for example,−5=−51{\displaystyle -5={\tfrac {-5}{1}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_numbers |
Inmathematics, areal numberis anumberthat can be used tomeasureacontinuousone-dimensionalquantitysuch as adurationortemperature. Here,continuousmeans that pairs of values can have arbitrarily small differences.[a]Every real number can be almost uniquely represented by an infinitedecimal expansion.[b][1]
The real numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers |
Inmathematics, thesign functionorsignum function(fromsignum,Latinfor "sign") is afunctionthat has the value−1,+1or0according to whether thesignof a givenreal numberis positive or negative, or the given number is itself zero. Inmathematical notationthe sign function is often represented assgnx{\displaystyle \operatorna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_function |
Inmathematics, thesignof areal numberis its property of being either positive,negative, or0. Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as having its own unique sign, having no sign, or having both positive and negative sign. In some contexts, it makes sense to distinguish betweena positive and a negative z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(mathematics) |
Incomputing,signed number representationsare required to encodenegative numbersin binary number systems.
Inmathematics, negative numbers in any base are represented by prefixing them with a minus sign ("−"). However, inRAMor CPUregisters, numbers are represented only as sequences ofbits, without extra symbols. The fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations |
Thedashis apunctuationmark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in appearance to thehyphenbut is longer and sometimes higher from thebaseline. The most common versions are theendash–, generally longer than the hyphen but shorter than theminus sign; theemdash—, longer than either the en dash or the minus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_dash |
Amathematical symbolis a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent amathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in aformula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various types, many sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols |
Circled plus(⊕) orn-ary circled plus(⨁) (in Unicode,U+2295⊕CIRCLED PLUS,U+2A01⨁N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR) may refer to:
Inmathematics and computing:
Inlanguages:
Other uses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%8A%95_(disambiguation) |
Inlogic, aconditional quantifieris a kind ofLindström quantifier(orgeneralized quantifier)QAthat, relative to a classical modelA, satisfies some or all of the following conditions ("X" and "Y" range over arbitrary formulas in onefree variable):
(The implication arrow denotes material implication in the metalanguage.) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_quantifier |
Inmathematical logic, theimplicational propositional calculusis a version ofclassicalpropositional calculusthat uses only oneconnective, calledimplication or conditional. Informulas, thisbinary operationis indicated by "implies", "if ..., then ...", "→", "→{\displaystyle \rightarrow }", etc..
Implication alone is notf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicational_propositional_calculus |
Laws of Form(hereinafterLoF) is a book byG. Spencer-Brown, published in 1969, that straddles the boundary betweenmathematicsandphilosophy.LoFdescribes three distinctlogical systems:
"Boundary algebra" is aMeguire (2011)term for the union of the primary algebra and the primary arithmetic.Laws of Formsometimes loosely r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Form |
Inlogicandmathematics, statementsp{\displaystyle p}andq{\displaystyle q}are said to belogically equivalentif they have the sametruth valuein everymodel.[1]The logical equivalence ofp{\displaystyle p}andq{\displaystyle q}is sometimes expressed asp≡q{\displaystyle p\equiv q},p::q{\displaystyle p::q},Epq{\displaystyle {\t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_equivalence |
Inclassicalpropositional logic,material implication[1][2]is avalidrule of replacementthat allows aconditional statementto be replaced by adisjunctionin which theantecedentisnegated. The rule states thatP implies Qislogically equivalenttonot-P{\displaystyle P}orQ{\displaystyle Q}and that either form can replace the othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_implication_(rule_of_inference) |
Connexive logicis a class ofnon-classical logicsdesigned to exclude theparadoxes of material implication. The characteristic that separates connexive logic from other non-classical logics is its acceptance ofAristotle's thesis, i.e. the formula,¬(¬p→p){\displaystyle \lnot (\lnot p\rightarrow p)}as alogical truth. Arist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexive_logic |
The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce acause-and-effectrelationship between two events orvariablessolely on the basis of an observed association orcorrelationbetween them.[1][2]The idea that "correlation implies causation" is an example of aquestionable-causelo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation |
Counterfactual conditionals(alsocontrafactual,subjunctiveorX-marked) areconditional sentenceswhich discuss what would have been true under different circumstances, e.g. "If Peter believed in ghosts, he would be afraid to be here." Counterfactuals are contrasted withindicatives, which are generally restricted to discus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactuals |
Afalse dilemma, also referred to asfalse dichotomyorfalse binary, is aninformal fallacybased on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid form of inference but in a false premise. This premise has the form of adisjunctive claim: it asserts that one am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma |
Inpropositional logic,import-exportis a name given to the propositional form ofExportation:
This already holds inminimal logic, and thus also inclassical logic, where the conditional operator "→{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" is taken asmaterial implication.
In theCurry-Howard correspondencefor intuitionistic logics, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import-Export_(logic) |
Inpropositional logic,modus ponens(/ˈmoʊdəsˈpoʊnɛnz/;MP), also known asmodus ponendo ponens(fromLatin'mode that by affirming affirms'),[1]implication elimination, oraffirming the antecedent,[2]is adeductiveargument formandrule of inference.[3]It can be summarized as "PimpliesQ.Pis true. Therefore,Qmust also be true."
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_ponens |
"The Moon is made of green cheese" is a statement referring to a fanciful belief that theMoonis composed ofcheese. In its original formulation as aproverbandmetaphorforcredulitywith roots in fable, this refers to the perception of asimpletonwho sees a reflection of the Moon in water and mistakes it for a round cheese w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese |
Relevance logic, also calledrelevant logic, is a kind ofnon-classical logicrequiring theantecedentandconsequentofimplicationsto be relevantly related. They may be viewed as a family ofsubstructuralormodallogics. It is generally, but not universally, calledrelevant logicby British and, especially, Australianlogicians, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_logic |
Inmathematicsandlogic, avacuous truthis aconditionaloruniversalstatement(a universal statement that can be converted to a conditional statement) that is true because theantecedentcannot besatisfied.[1]It is sometimes said that a statement is vacuously true because it does not really say anything.[2]For example, the sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuous_truth |
Exclusive or,exclusive disjunction,exclusive alternation,logical non-equivalence, orlogical inequalityis alogical operatorwhose negation is thelogical biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only if the number of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction |
Inlogic,disjunction(also known aslogical disjunction,logical or,logical addition, orinclusive disjunction) is alogical connectivetypically notated as∨{\displaystyle \lor }and read aloud as "or". For instance, theEnglishlanguage sentence "it is sunny or it is warm" can be represented in logic using the disjunctive formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction |
Asyllogism(Ancient Greek:συλλογισμός,syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind oflogical argumentthat appliesdeductive reasoningto arrive at aconclusionbased on twopropositionsthat are asserted or assumed to be true.
In its earliest form (defined byAristotlein his 350 BC bookPrior Analytics), a deductive syllogi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogistic_fallacy |
Incomputer programming, abitwise operationoperates on abit string, abit arrayor abinary numeral(considered as a bit string) at the level of its individualbits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by theprocessor. Most bitwise operations are presented as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_NOR |
Inlogic, afunctionally completeset oflogical connectivesorBoolean operatorsis one that can be used to express all possibletruth tablesby combining members of thesetinto aBoolean expression.[1][2]A well-known complete set of connectives is{AND,NOT}. Each of thesingletonsets{NAND}and{NOR}is functionally complete. However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness |
Thepropositional calculus[a]is a branch oflogic.[1]It is also calledpropositional logic,[2]statement logic,[1]sentential calculus,[3]sentential logic,[4][1]or sometimeszeroth-order logic.[b][6][7][8]Sometimes, it is calledfirst-orderpropositional logic[9]to contrast it withSystem F, but it should not be confused withfi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_logic |
InBoolean functionsandpropositional calculus, theSheffer strokedenotes alogical operationthat is equivalent to thenegationof theconjunctionoperation, expressed in ordinary language as "not both". It is also callednon-conjunction,alternative denial(since it says in effect that at least one of its operands is false), orN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffer_stroke |
Inlogic circuits, theToffoli gate, also known as theCCNOT gate(“controlled-controlled-not”), invented byTommaso Toffoliin 1980[1]is aCNOTgate with two control bits and one target bit. That is, the target bit (third bit) will be inverted if the first and second bits are both 1. It is a universal reversible logic gate, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffoli_gate |
Stoic logicis the system ofpropositional logicdeveloped by theStoicphilosophers inancient Greece.
It was one of the two great systems of logic in the classical world. It was largely built and shaped byChrysippus, the third head of the Stoic school in the 3rd century BCE. Chrysippus's logic differed from Aristotle'ster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoic_logic |
Asyllogism(Ancient Greek:συλλογισμός,syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind oflogical argumentthat appliesdeductive reasoningto arrive at aconclusionbased on twopropositionsthat are asserted or assumed to be true.
In its earliest form (defined byAristotlein his 350 BC bookPrior Analytics), a deductive syllogi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism#Other_types |
This is a list of topics aroundBoolean algebraandpropositional logic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_topics |
ABoolean-valued function(sometimes called apredicateor aproposition) is afunctionof the type f : X →B, where X is an arbitrarysetand whereBis aBoolean domain, i.e. a generic two-element set, (for exampleB= {0, 1}), whose elements are interpreted aslogical values, for example, 0 =falseand 1 =true, i.e., a singlebitofinf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean-valued_function |
Inpropositional logicandBoolean algebra, there is aduality betweenconjunctionanddisjunction,[1][2][3]also called theduality principle.[4][5][6]It is the most widely known example of duality in logic.[1]The duality consists in thesemetalogicaltheorems:
The connectives may be defined in terms of each other as follows:
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction/disjunction_duality |
Inprobabilistic logic, theFréchet inequalities, also known as theBoole–Fréchet inequalities, are rules implicit in the work ofGeorge Boole[1][2]and explicitly derived byMaurice Fréchet[3][4]that govern the combination of probabilities aboutlogical propositionsoreventslogically linked together inconjunctions(ANDoperatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_inequalities |
Free choiceis a phenomenon in natural language where a linguisticdisjunctionappears to receive a logicalconjunctiveinterpretation when it interacts with amodaloperator. For example, the following English sentences can be interpreted to mean that the addressee can watch a movieandthat they can also play video games, dep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_choice_inference |
Informal semantics, aHurford disjunctionis adisjunctionin which one of the disjunctsentailsthe other. The concept was first identified by British linguistJames Hurford.[1]The sentence "Mary is in the Netherlands or she is in Amsterdam" is an example of a Hurford disjunction since one cannot be in Amsterdam without bein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurford_disjunction |
Informal semanticsandphilosophical logic,simplification of disjunctive antecedents(SDA) is the phenomenon whereby adisjunctionin the antecedent of aconditionalappears todistributeover the conditional as a whole. This inference is shown schematically below:[1][2]
This inference has been argued to bevalidon the basis of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplification_of_disjunctive_antecedents |
Atbash(Hebrew:אתבש; also transliteratedAtbaš) is a monoalphabeticsubstitution cipheroriginally used toencrypttheHebrew alphabet. It can be modified for use with any knownwriting systemwith a standardcollating order.
The Atbash cipher is a particular type ofmonoalphabetic cipherformed by taking thealphabet(orabjad,syll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbash |
Inmathematics, anautomorphismis anisomorphismfrom amathematical objectto itself. It is, in some sense, asymmetryof the object, and a way ofmappingthe object to itself while preserving all of its structure. Thesetof all automorphisms of an object forms agroup, called theautomorphism group. It is, loosely speaking, thesy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism |
Idempotence(UK:/ˌɪdɛmˈpoʊtəns/,[1]US:/ˈaɪdəm-/)[2]is the property of certainoperationsinmathematicsandcomputer sciencewhereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application. The concept of idempotence arises in a number of places inabstract algebra(in particular, in the th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence |
ROT13is a simple lettersubstitution cipherthat replaces a letter with the 13th letter after it in theLatin alphabet.
ROT13 is a special case of theCaesar cipherwhich was developed in ancient Rome, used byJulius Caesarin the 1st century BC.[1]An early entry on theTimeline of cryptography.
ROT13 can be referred by "Rot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13 |
InBoolean logic,logical NOR,[1]non-disjunction, orjoint denial[1]is a truth-functional operator which produces a result that is the negation oflogical or. That is, a sentence of the form (pNORq) is true precisely when neitherpnorqis true—i.e. when bothpandqarefalse. It is logically equivalent to¬(p∨q){\displaystyle \ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_NOR |
Aconceptual graph(CG) is a formalism forknowledge representation. In the first published paper on CGs,John F. Sowaused them to represent theconceptual schemasused indatabase systems.[1]The first book on CGs applied them to a wide range of topics inartificial intelligence,computer science, andcognitive science.[2]
Sinc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_graph |
Charles Sanders Peirce(/pɜːrs/[a][8]PURSS; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician,logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father ofpragmatism".[9][10]According to philosopherPaul Weiss, Peirce was "the most original and versatile of America's philosophers and Amer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce |
Rule 30is anelementary cellular automatonintroduced byStephen Wolframin 1983.[2]UsingWolfram's classification scheme, Rule 30 is a Class III rule, displaying aperiodic,chaoticbehaviour.
This rule is of particular interest because it produces complex, seemingly random patterns from simple, well-defined rules. Because o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_30 |
TheRule 110 cellular automaton(often called simplyRule 110)[a]is anelementary cellular automatonwith interesting behavior on the boundary between stability and chaos. In this respect, it is similar toConway's Game of Life. Like Life, Rule 110 with a particular repeating background pattern is known to beTuring complete.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_110 |
Rule 184is a one-dimensional binarycellular automatonrule, notable for solving themajority problemas well as for its ability to simultaneously describe several, seemingly quite different,particle systems:
The apparent contradiction between these descriptions is resolved by different ways of associating features of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_184 |
Incomputer programming, theexclusive or swap(sometimes shortened toXOR swap) is analgorithmthat uses theexclusive orbitwise operationtoswapthe values of twovariableswithout using the temporary variable which is normally required.
The algorithm is primarily a novelty and a way of demonstrating properties of theexclusiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_swap_algorithm |
KabbalahorQabalah(/kəˈbɑːlə,ˈkæbələ/kə-BAH-lə,KAB-ə-lə;Hebrew:קַבָּלָה,romanized:Qabbālā,lit.'reception, tradition')[1][a]is anesotericmethod, discipline andschool of thoughtinJewish mysticism.[2]It forms the foundation ofmysticalreligious interpretations within Judaism.[2][3]A traditional Kabbalist is called aMekubba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah |
Inreligion,mythology, andfiction, aprophecyis a message that has been communicated to a person (typically called aprophet) by asupernaturalentity. Prophecies are a feature of manyculturesandbelief systemsand usually containdivine willorlaw, orpreternaturalknowledge, for example of future events. They can be revealed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy |
TheVaticinia Michaelis Nostradami de Futuri Christi Vicarii ad Cesarem Filium D. I. A. Interprete(The Prophecies of Michel Nostradamus on The FutureVicars of Christto Cesar His Son, As Expounded by Lord Abbot Joachim), orVaticinia Nostradami(The Prophecies of Nostradamus) for short, is a collection of eightywatercolori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaticinia_Nostradami |
TheVigenère cipher(French pronunciation:[viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method ofencryptingalphabetictext where each letter of theplaintextis encoded with a differentCaesar cipher, whose increment is determined by the corresponding letter of another text, thekey.
For example, if the plaintext isattacking tonightand the key isoculorhi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cypher |
Anelectronic health record(EHR) is the systematized collection of electronically stored patient and population health information in a digital format.[1]These records can be shared across differenthealth caresettings. Records are shared through network-connected, enterprise-wideinformation systemsor other information n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_medical_record |
TheElectronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act(ESIGN,Pub. L.106–229 (text)(PDF), 114Stat.464, enactedJune 30, 2000,15 U.S.C.ch. 96) is aUnited States federal law, passed by theU.S. Congressto facilitate the use ofelectronic recordsandelectronic signaturesininterstateand foreign commerce. This is done by e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Signatures_in_Global_and_National_Commerce_Act |
TheUnited States of America(USA), also known as theUnited States(U.S.) orAmerica, is a country located primarily inNorth America. It is afederal republicof 50statesandthe federal capital districtofWashington, D.C.The 48contiguous statesborderCanadato the north andMexicoto the south, with the state ofAlaskaforming asemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States |
Abstract Syntax Notation One(ASN.1) is a standardinterface description language(IDL) for definingdata structuresthat can beserialized and deserializedin a cross-platform way. It is broadly used intelecommunicationsandcomputer networking, and especially incryptography.[1]
Protocol developers define data structures in A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_One |
Acertificate policy(CP) is a document which aims to state what are the different entities of apublic key infrastructure(PKI), their roles and their duties. This document is published in the PKI perimeter.
When in use withX.509certificates, a specific field can be set to include a link to the associated certificate pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_policy |
Code Access Security(CAS), in theMicrosoft .NETframework, isMicrosoft's solution to prevent untrusted code from performing privileged actions. When theCLRloads anassemblyit will obtainevidencefor the assembly and use this to identify thecode groupthat the assembly belongs to. A code group contains a permission set (one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Access_Security |
Communicationssecurityis the discipline of preventing unauthorized interceptors from accessingtelecommunications[1]in an intelligible form, while still delivering content to the intended recipients.
In theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organizationculture, including United States Department of Defense culture, it is often refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_security |
ISO/IEC JTC 1, entitled "Information technology", is a joint technical committee (JTC) of theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) and theInternational Electrotechnical Commission(IEC). Its purpose is to develop, maintain and promote standards in the fields ofinformation and communications technology(ICT)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1 |
PKI Resource Query Protocol(PRQP) is anInternet protocolused for obtaining information about services associated with anX.509Certificate Authority. It is described byRFC7030published on October 23, 2013. PRQP aims to improve Interoperability and Usabilities issues among PKIs, helping finding services and data repositor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKI_Resource_Query_Protocol |
Apublic key infrastructure(PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revokedigital certificatesand managepublic-key encryption.
The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Key_Infrastructure |
TheTime-Stamp Protocol, orTSPis acryptographicprotocolfor certifyingtimestampsusingX.509certificates andpublic key infrastructure. The timestamp is the signer's assertion that a piece of electronic data existed at or before a particular time. The protocol is defined inRFC3161. One application of the protocol is to sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_stamp_protocol |
Aqualified electronic signatureis anelectronic signaturethat is compliant with EU Regulation No 910/2014 (eIDASRegulation) for electronic transactions within theinternal European market.[1]It enables to verify the authorship of a declaration in electronic data exchange over long periods of time. Qualified electronic si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_electronic_signature |
In cryptography, thedining cryptographers problemstudies how to perform asecure multi-party computationof the boolean-XOR function.David Chaumfirst proposed this problem in the early 1980s and used it as an illustrative example to show that it was possible to send anonymous messages with unconditional sender and recipi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_cryptographers_protocol |
Digital currency(digital money,electronic moneyorelectronic currency) is anycurrency,money, or money-like asset that is primarily managed, stored or exchanged on digital computer systems, especially over theinternet. Types of digital currencies includecryptocurrency,virtual currencyandcentral bank digital currency. Dig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_money |
XML Signature(also calledXMLDSig,XML-DSig,XML-Sig) defines anXMLsyntax fordigital signaturesand is defined in theW3C recommendationXML Signature Syntax and Processing. Functionally, it has much in common withPKCS #7but is more extensible and geared towards signing XML documents. It is used by variousWebtechnologies suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Signature |
DigiDoc(Digital Document) is a family ofdigital signature- andcryptographiccomputing file formats utilizing apublic key infrastructure. It currently has three generations of sub formats,DDOC- , a later binary basedBDOCand currently usedASiC-Eformat that is supposed to replace the previous generation formats. DigiDoc wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiDoc |
Anelectronic lab notebook(also known aselectronic laboratory notebook, orELN) is acomputer programdesigned to replace paperlaboratory notebooks. Lab notebooks in general are used byscientists,engineers, andtechniciansto documentresearch,experiments, and procedures performed in a laboratory. A lab notebook is often ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ELN_software_packages |
Data managementcomprises alldisciplinesrelated to handlingdataas a valuable resource, it is the practice of managing an organization's data so it can be analyzed fordecision making.[1]
The concept of data management emerged alongside the evolution of computing technology. In the 1950s, as computers became more preval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_management |
Laboratory informaticsis the specialized application of information technology aimed at optimizing and extending laboratory operations.[1]It encompassesdata acquisition(e.g. through sensors and hardware[2]or voice[3][4][5]), instrument interfacing, laboratory networking,data processing, specialized data management syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_informatics |
Project Jupyter(pronounced "Jupiter") is a project to developopen-source software,open standards, and services forinteractive computingacross multipleprogramming languages.
It was spun off fromIPythonin 2014 byFernando Pérezand Brian Granger. Project Jupyter's name is a reference to the three core programming language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupyter |
DigiLockeris an Indianstate-ownedsecurecloudbaseddigitizationserviceprovided by theIndianMinistry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)under itsDigital Indiainitiative. DigiLocker allows access to digital versions of various documents including driver's licenses, vehicle registration certificates and academ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiLocker |
CAdES(CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures) is a set of extensions toCryptographic Message Syntax(CMS) signed data making it suitable foradvanced electronic signatures.[1]
CMSis a general framework forelectronic signaturesfor various kinds of transactions like purchase requisition, contracts or invoices.[2]CAdES specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAdES_(computing) |
Incryptography,PKCS #7("PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax", "CMS") is a standard syntax for storing signed and/or encrypted data. PKCS #7 is one of the family of standards called Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) created byRSA Laboratories.
The latest version, 1.5, is available as RFC 2315.[1]
An update to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_7 |
Communications interceptioncan mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_interception_(disambiguation) |
Indiscriminate monitoringis the mass monitoring of individuals or groups without the careful judgement of wrong-doing.[1]This form of monitoring could be done by government agencies, employers, and retailers. Indiscriminate monitoring uses tools such asemail monitoring,telephone tapping, geo-locations, health monitorin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiscriminate_monitoring |
Thebitis the most basicunit of informationincomputingand digitalcommunication. The name is aportmanteauofbinary digit.[1]The bit represents alogical statewith one of two possiblevalues. These values are most commonly represented as either"1" or "0", but other representations such astrue/false,yes/no,on/off, or+/−are al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit |
Thedecibel(symbol:dB) is a relativeunit of measurementequal to one tenth of abel(B). It expresses the ratio of two values of apower or root-power quantityon alogarithmic scale. Two signals whoselevelsdiffer by one decibel have a power ratio of 101/10(approximately1.26) or root-power ratio of 101/20(approximately1.12).[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel |
TheVoynich manuscriptis an illustratedcodex, hand-written in an unknown script referred to asVoynichese.[18]Thevellumon which it is written has beencarbon-datedto the early 15th century (1404–1438). Stylistic analysis has indicated the manuscript may have been composed in Italy during theItalian Renaissance.[1][2]The o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voynich_manuscript |
Grammar-based codesorgrammar-based compressionarecompressionalgorithms based on the idea of constructing acontext-free grammar(CFG) for the string to be compressed. Examples include universallossless data compressionalgorithms.[1]To compress a data sequencex=x1⋯xn{\displaystyle x=x_{1}\cdots x_{n}}, a grammar-based cod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar-based_code |
Ininformation theory, anentropy coding(orentropy encoding) is anylossless data compressionmethod that attempts to approach the lower bound declared byShannon'ssource coding theorem, which states that any lossless data compression method must have an expected code length greater than or equal to the entropy of the sourc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_encoding |
Incryptanalysis,Kasiski examination(also known asKasiski's testorKasiski's method) is a method of attackingpolyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as theVigenère cipher.[1][2]It was first published byFriedrich Kasiskiin 1863,[3]but seems to have been independently discovered byCharles Babbageas early as 1846.[4][5]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination |
TheRiverbank Publicationsis a series of pamphlets written by the people who worked for millionaireGeorge Fabyanin the multi-discipline research facility he built in the early 20th century near Chicago. They were published by Fabyan, often without author credit. The publications oncryptanalysis,[1]mostly written byWilli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverbank_Publications |
InInternet culture, the1% ruleis a generalrule of thumbpertaining to participation in anInternet community, stating that only 1% of the users of a website actively create new content, while the other 99% of the participants onlylurk. Variants include the1–9–90 rule(sometimes90–9–1 principleor the89:10:1 ratio),[1]which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%25_rule_(Internet_culture) |
Benford's law, also known as theNewcomb–Benford law, thelaw of anomalous numbers, or thefirst-digit law, is an observation that in many real-life sets of numericaldata, theleading digitis likely to be small.[1]In sets that obey the law, the number 1 appears as the leading significant digit about 30% of the time, while ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_law |
Bradford's lawis a pattern first described bySamuel C. Bradfordin 1934 that estimates theexponentiallydiminishing returnsof searching for references inscience journals. One formulation is that if journals in a field are sorted by number of articles into three groups, each with about one-third of all articles, then the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford%27s_law |
Inlinguistics, thebrevity law(also calledZipf's law of abbreviation) is a linguistic law that qualitatively states that the more frequently a word is used, the shorter that word tends to be, and vice versa; the less frequently a word is used, the longer it tends to be.[1]This is astatistical regularitythat can be found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevity_law |
Demographic gravitationis a concept of "social physics",[1]introduced byPrinceton UniversityastrophysicistJohn Quincy Stewart[2]in 1947.[3]It is an attempt to use equations and notions ofclassical physics, such asgravity, to seek simplified insights and even laws ofdemographicbehaviour for large numbers of human beings... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_gravitation |
Aword listis a list of words in alexicon, generally sorted by frequency of occurrence (either bygraded levels, or as a ranked list). A word list is compiled bylexical frequency analysiswithin a giventext corpus, and is used incorpus linguisticsto investigate genealogies and evolution of languages and texts. A word whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_list |
Gibrat's law, sometimes calledGibrat's rule of proportionate growthor thelaw of proportionate effect,[1]is a rule defined byRobert Gibrat(1904–1980) in 1931 stating that the proportionalrate of growthof a firm is independent of its absolute size.[2][3]The law of proportionate growth gives rise to a firm size distributi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibrat%27s_law |
Inlinguistics,Heaps' law(also calledHerdan's law) is anempirical lawwhich describes the number of distinct words in a document (or set of documents) as a function of the document length (so called type-token relation). It can be formulated as
whereVRis the number of distinct words in an instance text of sizen.Kand β a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaps%27_law |
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