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Documentationis any communicable material that is used to describe, explain or instruct regarding some attributes of an object, system or procedure, such as its parts, assembly, installation, maintenance, and use.[1]As a form ofknowledge managementandknowledge organization, documentation can be provided on paper, onlin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentation |
Literate programmingis aprogramming paradigmintroduced in 1984 byDonald Knuthin which acomputer programis given as an explanation of how it works in anatural language, such as English, interspersed (embedded) withsnippetsofmacrosand traditionalsource code, from whichcompilablesource code can be generated.[1]The approac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
In software distribution andsoftware development, aREADMEfilecontains information about the other files in adirectoryorarchiveof computersoftware. A form ofdocumentation, it is usually a simpleplain textfile calledREADME,Read Me,READ.ME,README.txt,[1]orREADME.md(to indicate the use ofMarkdown)
The file's name is gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/README |
User assistanceis a general term for guided assistance to a user of asoftwareproduct. The phrase incorporates all forms of help available to a user. Assistance can also automatically perform procedures or step users through the procedure, depending on the question that the user asked. The term is broader thanonline hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Assistance |
TheUnified Modeling Language(UML) is a general-purpose visualmodeling languagethat is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.[1]
UML provides a standard notation for many types of diagrams which can be roughly divided into three main groups: behavior diagrams, interaction diagrams, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language |
Incomputer science,pseudocodeis a description of the steps in analgorithmusing a mix of conventions ofprogramming languages(likeassignment operator,conditional operator,loop) with informal, usually self-explanatory, notation of actions and conditions.[1][2]Although pseudocode shares features with regularprogramming lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocode |
The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary(abbreviatedCatB) is an essay, and later a book, byEric S. Raymondonsoftware engineeringmethods, based on his observations of theLinux kerneldevelopment process and his experiences managing anopen sourceproject,fetchmail. It ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar |
A number of computeroperating systemsemploy security features to help preventmalicious softwarefrom gaining sufficient privileges to compromise the computer system. Operating systems lacking such features, such asDOS,Windowsimplementations prior toWindows NT(and its descendants), CP/M-80, and all Mac operating systems ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features |
Compared with previous versions ofMicrosoft Windows,features new toWindows Vistaare numerous, covering most aspects of the operating system, includingadditional management features,new aspects of security and safety,new I/O technologies,new networking features, andnew technical features. Windows Vista alsoremovedsome o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista |
Polkit(formerlyPolicyKit) is a component for controlling system-wideprivilegesinUnix-likeoperating systems. It provides an organized way for non-privileged processes to communicate with privileged ones. Polkit allows a level of control of centralized system policy. It is developed and maintained by David Zeuthen fromRe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit |
Incomputing,runas(a compound word, from “run as”) is acommandin theMicrosoft Windowsline ofoperating systemsthat allows a user to run specific tools and programs under a differentusernameto the one that was used tologonto a computer interactively.[1]It is similar to theUnixcommandssudoandsu, but the Unix commands gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas |
Asecure attention key(SAK),special attention key,[1]orsecure attention sequence(SAS)[2]is a special key,key combinationor sequence to be pressed on acomputer keyboardbefore aloginscreen which must, to the user, be completely trustworthy. Theoperating systemkernel, which interacts directly with the hardware, orinit syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key |
Thereare a number ofsecurity and safetyfeatures new toWindows Vista, most of which are not available in any priorMicrosoft Windowsoperating systemrelease.
Beginning in early 2002 with Microsoft's announcement of itsTrustworthy Computinginitiative, a great deal of work has gone into making Windows Vista a more secure o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_and_safety_features_new_to_Windows_Vista |
Sensitive compartmented information(SCI) is a type ofUnited Statesclassified informationconcerning or derived from sensitive intelligence sources, methods, or analytical processes. All SCI must be handled within formal access control systems established by theDirector of National Intelligence.[1]
SCI is not a classifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_compartmented_information |
Inobject-oriented programming,inheritanceis the mechanism of basing anobjectorclassupon another object (prototype-based inheritance) or class (class-based inheritance), retaining similarimplementation. Also defined as deriving new classes (sub classes) from existing ones such as super class orbase classand then forming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming) |
Object-oriented programming(OOP) is aprogramming paradigmbased on the concept ofobjects.[1]Objects can containdata(calledfields,attributesorproperties) and have actions they can perform (calledproceduresormethodsand implemented incode). In OOP,computer programsare designed by making them out of objects that interact wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
Insoftware engineering, asoftware design patternordesign patternis a general,reusablesolution to a commonly occurring problem in many contexts insoftware design.[1]A design pattern is not a rigid structure to be transplanted directly intosource code. Rather, it is a description or a template for solving a particular ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern |
Thefacade pattern(also spelledfaçade) is asoftware design patterncommonly used inobject-oriented programming. Analogous to afaçadein architecture, it is anobjectthat serves as a front-facing interface masking more complex underlying or structural code. A facade can:
Developers often use the facade design pattern when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade_pattern |
In a legal dispute, one party has theburden of proofto show that they are correct, while the other party has no such burden and is presumed to be correct. The burden of proof requires a party to produce evidence to establish the truth of facts needed to satisfy all the required legal elements of the dispute. It is also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law) |
Compartmentalization, ininformation security, whether public or private, is the limiting ofaccess to informationto persons or other entities on aneed-to-knowbasis to perform certain tasks.
It originated in the handling ofclassified informationinmilitaryandintelligenceapplications. It dates back toantiquity, and was su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalization_(information_security) |
Aduty to warnis a concept that arises in thelawoftortsin a number of circumstances, indicating that apartywill be held liable for injuries caused to another, where the party had the opportunity to warn the other of a hazard and failed to do so.
In the United States, two landmark legal cases established therapists' leg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_warn |
Freedom of information lawsallow access by the general public to data held by national governments and, where applicable, by state and local governments. The emergence offreedom of informationlegislation was a response to increasing dissatisfaction with the secrecy surrounding government policy development and decision... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country |
Mushroom managementis themanagementof acompanywhere thecommunicationchannels between theemployersand the employees do not work effectively,[1]and where employees are 'kept in the dark' by management in regards to business decisions that affect their work and employment.
Mushroom management is a style ofmanagementin wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_management |
Thehacking of consumer electronicsis a common practice that users perform to customize and modify their devices beyond what is typically possible. This activity has a long history, dating from the days of early computer, programming, and electronics hobbyists.
The process of consumer electronics hacking is usually acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_of_consumer_electronics |
Rooting[1]is the process by which users ofAndroiddevices can attainprivileged control(known asroot access) over various subsystems of the device, usually smartphones andtablets. Because Android is based on a modified version of theLinux kernel,rootinganAndroiddevice gives access to administrative (superuser) permission... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_(Android_OS) |
Incomputer security, asandboxis a security mechanism for separating running programs, usually in an effort to mitigate system failures and/or softwarevulnerabilitiesfrom spreading. Thesandboxmetaphor derives from the concept of a child's sandbox—a play area where children can build, destroy, and experiment without caus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security) |
Acall gateis a mechanism in Intel'sx86 architecturefor changing theprivilege levelof a process when it executes a predefinedfunction callusing a CALL FAR instruction.
Call gates are intended to allow less privileged code to call code with a higher privilege level. This type of mechanism is essential in modern operatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_gate_(Intel) |
In computing,protected mode, also calledprotected virtual address mode,[1]is an operational mode ofx86-compatiblecentral processing units(CPUs). It allowssystem softwareto use features such assegmentation,virtual memory,pagingand safemulti-taskingdesigned to increase an operating system's control overapplication softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode |
CONFIG.SYSis the primaryconfiguration filefor theDOSandOS/2operating systems. It is a specialASCIItext file that contains user-accessible setup or configuration directives evaluated by the operating system'sDOS BIOS(typically residing inIBMBIO.COMorIO.SYS) during boot. CONFIG.SYS was introduced with DOS 2.0.[nb 1]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPL_(CONFIG.SYS_directive) |
In memory addressing forIntelx86computer architectures,segment descriptorsare a part of the segmentation unit, used for translating alogical addressto a linear address. Segment descriptors describe thememory segmentreferred to in the logical address.[1]The segment descriptor (8 bytes long in 80286 and later) contains t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_descriptor |
ASupervisor Call instruction(SVC) is a hardwareinstructionused by theSystem/360family ofIBM mainframecomputers up to contemporaryzSeries, theAmdahl470V/5, 470V/6, 470V/7, 470V/8, 580, 5880, 5990M, and 5990A, and others; Univac90/60, 90/70 and 90/80, and possibly others; the Fujitsu M180 (UP)[1]and M200 (MP), and others... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor_Call_instruction |
System Management Mode(SMM, sometimes calledring −2in reference toprotection rings)[1][2]is an operating mode ofx86central processor units(CPUs) in which all normal execution, including theoperating system, is suspended. An alternate software system which usually resides in the computer'sfirmware, or a hardware-assist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Mode |
Analphanumeric brand nameis abrand namecomposed only of letters and numbers (alphanumericals). Examples include7 Up,Saks Fifth Avenue,Audi A4,CanonA75.[1][2]They may serve as abbreviations (e.g.3M, formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company), indicate model extensions (iPhone 3G,iPhone 4, etc.), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphanumeric_brand_names |
Inhacking, ashellcodeis a small piece of code used as thepayloadin theexploitationof a softwarevulnerability. It is called "shellcode" because it typically starts acommand shellfrom which the attacker can control the compromised machine, but any piece of code that performs a similar task can be called shellcode. Beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphanumeric_shellcode |
Thetechnology ofcomputer keyboardsincludes many elements. Many different keyboard technologies have been developed for consumer demands and optimized for industrial applications. The standard full-size (100%) computer alphanumeric keyboard typically uses 101 to 105 keys; keyboards integrated inlaptop computersare typic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphanumeric_keyboard |
Abinary-to-text encodingisencodingofdatainplain text. More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence ofprintable characters. These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when thecommunication channeldoes not allow binary data (such asemailorNNTP) or is not8-bit clean.PGPdocumentation (RFC9580)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding |
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbolsis aUnicode blockcomprising styled forms ofLatinandGreekletters and decimaldigitsthat enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providing uniform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols |
Anexploit kitis a tool used for automatically managing and deployingexploitsagainst a target computer. Exploit kits allow attackers to delivermalwarewithout having advanced knowledge of the exploits being used.Browser exploitsare typically used, although they may also include exploits targeting common software, such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_kit |
InDOS memory management,conventional memory, also calledbase memory, is the first 640kilobytesof the memory onIBM PCor compatible systems. It is the read-write memory directly addressable by the processor for use by the operating system and application programs. As memory prices rapidly declined, this design decision b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_redirection |
This article listscommandsprovided byMS-DOScompatibleoperating systems, especially as used onIBM PC compatibles. Many unrelated disk operating systems usethe DOS acronymand are not part of the scope of this list.
Some commands are implemented asbuilt-into thecommand interpreterwhile others are externalapplications. Ov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTTY_(DOS_command) |
Serial over LAN(SOL) is a mechanism that enables the input and output of theserial portof a managed system to be redirected overIPon alocal area network(LAN).[1]
On some managed systems, notablyblade serversystems, the serial ports on the managed computers are not normally connected to a traditional serial port socket... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_over_LAN_redirection |
Theremote shell(rsh) is acommand-linecomputer programthat can executeshell commandsas anotheruser, and on another computer across acomputer network.
The remote system to whichrshconnects runs thershdaemon(rshd). The daemon typically uses thewell-knownTransmission Control Protocol(TCP)port number513.
Rshoriginated as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Shell |
BIOSimplementations provideinterruptsthat can be invoked by operating systems and application programs to use the facilities of the firmware onIBM PC compatible[a]computers. Traditionally, BIOS calls are mainly used byDOSprograms and some other software such asboot loaders(including, mostly historically, relatively sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS_interrupt_call |
Ralf Brown's Interrupt List(akaRBIL,x86 Interrupt List,MS-DOS Interrupt ListorINTER) is a comprehensive list ofinterrupts,calls,hooks,interfaces,data structures,CMOS settings,memoryandportaddresses, as well as processoropcodesforx86machines from the 1981IBM PCup to 2000 (including manyclones),[1][2][nb 1]most of it sti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List |
This article details versions ofMS-DOS,IBM PC DOS, and at least partiallycompatibledisk operating systems. It does not include the many otheroperating systems called "DOS"which are unrelated toIBM PC compatibles.
Originally MS-DOS was designed to be an operating system that could run onanycomputer with a8086-familymic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems |
Incomputing, theDOS Protected Mode Interface(DPMI) is a specification introduced in 1989 which allows aDOSprogram to run inprotected mode, giving access to many features of the new PC processors of the time not available inreal mode. It was initially developed byMicrosoftforWindows 3.0, although Microsoft later turned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_Protected_Mode_Interface |
ADOS extenderis acomputer softwareprogram running underDOSthat enables software to run in aprotected modeenvironment even though the host operating system is only capable of operating inreal mode.
DOS extenders were initially developed in the 1980s following the introduction of theIntel 80286processor (and later expan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_extender |
TheDOS MZ executableformat is theexecutablefile formatused for .EXEfiles inDOS.
The file can be identified by theASCIIstring "MZ" (hexadecimal: 4D 5A) at the beginning of the file (the "magic number"). "MZ" are the initials ofMark Zbikowski, one of the leading developers ofMS-DOS.[1]
The MZ DOS executable file is new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_MZ_executable |
COMMAND.COMis the defaultcommand-line interpreterforMS-DOS,Windows 95,Windows 98andWindows Me. In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run afterboot(init process). As a shell, COMMAND.COM has two distinct modes of operation:interactive modeandba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM |
Incomputer programming, thereturn type(orresult type) defines and constrains thedata typeof the valuereturnedfrom asubroutineormethod.[1]In manyprogramming languages(especiallystatically-typed programming languagessuch asC,C++,Java) the return type must be explicitly specified when declaring a function.
In the Java ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_type |
Incomputing, theexit status(alsoexit codeorexit value) of a terminatedprocessis an integer number that is made available to itsparent process(or caller). InDOS, this may be referred to as anerrorlevel.
When computer programs are executed, theoperating systemcreates anabstract entitycalled aprocessin which the book-ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_status |
Inprogramming language theoryandproof theory, theCurry–Howard correspondenceis the direct relationship betweencomputer programsandmathematical proofs. It is also known as theCurry–Howard isomorphismorequivalence, or theproofs-as-programsandpropositions-orformulae-as-types interpretation.
It is a generalization of a sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry%E2%80%93Howard_correspondence |
TheRamanujan machineis a specialised software package, developed by a team of scientists at theTechnion: Israeli Institute of Technology, to discover new formulas in mathematics. It has been named after the Indian mathematicianSrinivasa Ramanujanbecause it supposedly imitates the thought process of Ramanujan in his dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan_machine |
Acomputer-assisted proofis amathematical proofthat has been at least partially generated bycomputer.
Most computer-aided proofs to date have been implementations of largeproofs-by-exhaustionof a mathematicaltheorem. The idea is to use a computer program to perform lengthy computations, and to provide a proof that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_proof |
Logic programmingis aprogramming,databaseandknowledge representationparadigm based on formallogic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical form, representing knowledge about some problem domain. Computation is performed by applying logical reasoning to that knowledge, to solve problems in the domain. Major lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming |
Incomputer scienceandmathematical logic, aproof assistantorinteractive theorem proveris a software tool to assist with the development offormal proofsby human–machine collaboration. This involves some sort of interactive proof editor, or otherinterface, with which a human can guide the search for proofs, the details of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_checking |
General Problem Solver(GPS) is acomputer programcreated in 1957 byHerbert A. Simon,J. C. Shaw, andAllen Newell(RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problemsolvermachine. In contrast to the formerLogic Theoristproject, theGPSworks withmeans–ends analysis.[1]
Any problem that can be expressed as a set ofwel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Problem_Solver |
Metamathis aformal languageand an associated computer program (aproof assistant) for archiving and verifying mathematical proofs.[2]Several databases of proved theorems have been developed using Metamath covering standard results inlogic,set theory,number theory,algebra,topologyandanalysis, among others.[3]
By 2023, M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamath |
Thede Bruijn factoris a measure of how much harder it is to write aformal mathematical proofinstead of aninformal one. It was created by the Dutch computer-proof pioneerNicolaas Govert de Bruijn.
De Bruijn computed it as the size of the formal proof over thesize of the informal proof[clarify].[1]
Freek Wiedijkrefine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bruijn_factor |
Incomputer scienceandautomata theory, adeterministic Büchi automatonis a theoretical machine which either accepts or rejects infinite inputs. Such a machine has a set of states and a transition function, which determines which state the machine should move to from its current state when it reads the next input characte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCchi_automaton |
Computation tree logic(CTL) is a branching-timelogic, meaning that its model oftimeis atree-likestructure in which the future is not determined; there are different paths in the future, any one of which might be an actual path that is realized. It is used informal verificationof software or hardware artifacts, typicall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation_tree_logic |
Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement(CEGAR) is a technique forsymbolic model checking.[1][2]It is also applied inmodal logictableau calculialgorithms to optimise their efficiency.[3]
In computer-aided verification and analysis of programs, models of computation often consist ofstates. Models for even small pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterexample-guided_abstraction_refinement |
Inlogic,linear temporal logicorlinear-time temporal logic[1][2](LTL) is amodaltemporal logicwith modalities referring to time. In LTL, one can encodeformulaeabout the future ofpaths, e.g., a condition will eventually be true, a condition will be true until another fact becomes true, etc. It is a fragment of the more co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_temporal_logic |
Incomputer science,partial order reductionis a technique for reducing the size of thestate-spaceto be searched by amodel checkingorautomated planning and schedulingalgorithm. It exploits the commutativity of concurrently executedtransitionsthat result in the same state when executed in different orders.
In explicit st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_order_reduction |
AltaRicais an object-oriented modeling language dedicated to safety analyses. It is a representative of the so-called MBSA (Model-Based Safety Assessment / Analysis) approach inRAMSengineering. Since its version 3.0, it is developed by the non-profit AltaRica Association, which develops jointly the associated modeling ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltaRica |
TheQED manifestowas a proposal for a computer-based database of allmathematicalknowledge, strictly formalized and with all proofs having beenchecked automatically. (Q.E.D.meansquod erat demonstranduminLatin, meaning "which was to be demonstrated.")
The idea for the project arose in 1993, mainly under the impetus ofRob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QED_manifesto |
Prover9is anautomated theorem proverforfirst-order and equational logicdeveloped byWilliam McCune.
Prover9 is the successor of theOttertheorem prover also developed byWilliam McCune.[1]: 1Prover9 is noted for producing relatively readable proofs and having a powerful hints strategy.[1]: 11
Prover9 is intentionally pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prover9 |
A list of notableelectronic design automation(EDA) companies.
Through Upverter Acquisition
Through Perception Software Acquisition
Through Helic Acquisition
Through DfR Solutions Acquisition
Through Diakopto Acquisition
ThroughMagillem Design ServicesAcquisition
Through Semifore Acquisition
ThroughAWR Corporati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EDA_companies |
Design flowsare the explicit combination ofelectronic design automationtools to accomplish the design of anintegrated circuit.Moore's lawhas driven the entireICimplementationRTLtoGDSIIdesign flows[clarification needed]from one which uses primarily stand-alonesynthesis,placement, androutingalgorithms to an integrated co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA) |
Runtime application self-protection (RASP)is asecurity technologythat usesruntimeinstrumentationto detect and blockcomputer attacksby taking advantage of information from inside the running software.[1][2]The technology differs from perimeter-based protections such asfirewalls, that can only detect and block attacks by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_application_self-protection |
Insoftware project management,software testing, andsoftware engineering,verification and validationis the process of checking that a software engineer system meets specifications and requirements so that it fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to assoftware quality control. It is normally the respons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation_(software) |
Programming complexity(orsoftware complexity) is a term that includes software properties that affect internal interactions. Several commentators distinguish between the terms "complex" and "complicated". Complicated implies being difficult to understand, but ultimately knowable. Complex, by contrast, describes the int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_complexity |
Feature creepis the excessive ongoing expansion or addition of newfeaturesin a product,[1]especially incomputer software,video games(where it should not be confused withpower creep) andconsumer and business electronics. These extra features go beyond the basic function of the product and can result insoftware bloatand ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_trap |
Acomputer programis asequenceor set[a]of instructions in aprogramming languagefor acomputertoexecute. It is one component ofsoftware, which also includesdocumentationand other intangible components.[1]
Acomputer programin itshuman-readableform is calledsource code. Source code needs another computer program toexecuteb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program |
Incomputer science,control flow(orflow of control) is the order in which individualstatements,instructionsorfunction callsof animperativeprogramareexecutedor evaluated. The emphasis on explicit control flow distinguishes animperative programminglanguage from adeclarative programminglanguage.
Within an imperativeprogra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow |
Adecision-to-decision path, orDD-path, is a path of execution (usually through a flow graph representing a program, such as aflow chart) between two decisions. More recent versions of the concept also include the decisions themselves in their own DD-paths.
In Huang's 1975 paper,[1]a decision-to-decision path is define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-to-decision_path |
Essential complexityis anumerical measuredefined by Thomas J. McCabe, Sr., in his highly cited, 1976 paper better known for introducingcyclomatic complexity. McCabe defined essential complexity as the cyclomatic complexity of the reduced CFG (control-flow graph) after iteratively replacing (reducing) allstructured prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_complexity_(numerical_measure_of_%22structuredness%22) |
Halstead complexity measuresaresoftware metricsintroduced byMaurice Howard Halsteadin 1977[1]as part of his treatise on establishing an empirical science of software development.
Halstead made the observation that metrics of the software should reflect the implementation or expression of algorithms in different languag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halstead_complexity_measures |
Maintainabilityis the ease of maintaining or providingmaintenancefor a functioning product or service. Depending on the field, it can have slightly different meanings.
Inengineering, maintainability is the ease with which a product can be maintained to:
In some cases, maintainability involves a system ofcontinuous im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintainability |
Elementary comparison testing(ECT) is awhite-box,control-flow,test-designmethodology used insoftware development.[1][2]The purpose of ECT is to enable detailed testing of complex software. Software code orpseudocodeis tested to assess the proper handling of all decision outcomes. As withmultiple-condition coverage[3]an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_comparison_testing |
Bebugging(orfault seedingorerror seeding) is a popular software engineering technique used in the 1970s to measuretest coverage. Known bugs are randomly added to a program source code and thesoftware testeris tasked to find them. The percentage of the known bugs not found gives an indication of the real bugs that remai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebugging |
Incomputer science,fault injectionis a testing technique for understanding how computing systems behave when stressed in unusual ways. This can be achieved using physical- or software-based means, or using a hybrid approach.[1]Widely studied physical fault injections include the application of high voltages, extreme te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_injection |
Orthogonal defect classification(ODC)[1]turns semantic information in thesoftware defectstream into a measurement on the process.[2]The ideas were developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Ram Chillarege[3]atIBM Research. This has led to the development of new analytical methods used for software development and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_Defect_Classification |
Varioussoftware package metricsare used inmodular programming. They have been mentioned byRobert Cecil Martinin his 2002 bookAgile software development: principles, patterns, and practices.
The termsoftware packagehere refers to a group of relatedclassesinobject-oriented programming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_package_metrics |
Inmathematics, especially in the field ofring theory, a (right)free ideal ring, orfir, is a ring in which allright idealsarefree moduleswith uniquerank. A ring such that all right ideals with at mostngenerators are free and have unique rank is called ann-fir. Asemifiris a ring in which allfinitely generatedright ideal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semifir |
Inmathematics, aprincipal right (left) ideal ringis aringRin which every right (left)idealis of the formxR(Rx) for some elementxofR. (The right and left ideals of this form, generated by one element, are calledprincipal ideals.) When this is satisfied for both left and right ideals, such as the case whenRis acommutat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zout_ring |
Ananomalous cancellationoraccidental cancellationis a particular kind ofarithmeticprocedural error that gives a numerically correct answer. An attempt is made toreduceafractionby cancelling individualdigitsin thenumeratoranddenominator. This is not a legitimate operation, and does not in general give a correct answer, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_cancellation |
Inalgebra, thepartial fraction decompositionorpartial fraction expansionof arational fraction(that is, afractionsuch that the numerator and the denominator are bothpolynomials) is an operation that consists of expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions with a simpler d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_fraction_decomposition |
Incomputing,bandwidthis the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized asnetwork bandwidth,[1]data bandwidth,[2]ordigital bandwidth.[3][4]
This definition ofbandwidthis in contrast to the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission,digital communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing) |
Bandwidthis the difference between the upper and lowerfrequenciesin a continuousband of frequencies. It is typically measured inunitofhertz(symbol Hz).
It may refer more specifically to two subcategories:Passbandbandwidthis the difference between the upper and lowercutoff frequenciesof, for example, aband-pass filter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing) |
Intelecommunicationsandcomputing,bit rate(bitrateor as a variableR) is the number ofbitsthat are conveyed or processed per unit of time.[1]
The bit rate is expressed in the unitbit per second(symbol:bit/s), often in conjunction with anSI prefixsuch askilo(1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s),mega(1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s),giga(1 Gb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate |
Intelecommunicationandinformation theory, thecode rate(orinformation rate[1]) of aforward error correctioncode is the proportion of the data-stream that is useful (non-redundant). That is, if the code rate isk/n{\displaystyle k/n}for everykbits of useful information, the coder generates a total ofnbits of data, of whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_rate |
Insignal processing, theNyquist rate, named afterHarry Nyquist, is a value equal to twice the highest frequency (bandwidth) of a given function or signal. It has units ofsamplesper unit time, conventionally expressed as samples per second, orhertz(Hz).[1]When the signal is sampled at a highersample rate(see§ Critical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_rate |
Ininformation theoryandstatistics,negentropyis used as a measure of distance to normality. The concept and phrase "negative entropy" was introduced byErwin Schrödingerin his 1944 popular-science bookWhat is Life?[1]Later,FrenchphysicistLéon Brillouinshortened the phrase tonéguentropie(negentropy).[2][3]In 1974,Albert ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negentropy |
Ininformation theory,redundancymeasures the fractional difference between theentropyH(X)of an ensembleX, and its maximum possible valuelog(|AX|){\displaystyle \log(|{\mathcal {A}}_{X}|)}.[1][2]Informally, it is the amount of wasted "space" used to transmit certain data.Data compressionis a way to reduce or eliminate u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory) |
Asenderis a type of circuit and system module in 20th-century electromechanicaltelephone exchanges. It registered thetelephone numbersdialed by the subscriber, and transmitted that information to another part of the exchange or another exchange for the purpose of completing a telephone call.[1]Some American exchange de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_(telephony) |
Thereceiverininformation theoryis the receiving end of acommunication channel. It receivesdecodedmessages/informationfrom the sender, who firstencodedthem.[1]Sometimes the receiver is modeled so as to include the decoder. Real-world receivers likeradio receiversortelephonescan not be expected to receive as much informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(Information_Theory) |
Spectral efficiency,spectrum efficiencyorbandwidth efficiencyrefers to theinformation ratethat can be transmitted over a givenbandwidthin a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by thephysical layerprotocol, and sometimes by themedium access control(t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiency |
Network throughput(or justthroughput, when in context) refers to the rate of message delivery over acommunication channelin acommunication network, such asEthernetorpacket radio. The data that these messages contain may be delivered over physical or logical links, or throughnetwork nodes. Throughput is usually measured... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput |
Ingraph theory, theShannon capacity of a graphis agraph invariantdefined from the number ofindependent setsofstrong graph products. It is named after American mathematicianClaude Shannon. It measures theShannon capacityof acommunications channeldefined from the graph, and is upper bounded by theLovász number, which can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_capacity_of_a_graph |
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