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Conference room pilot(CRP) is a type ofsoftwareprocurement and software acceptance testing. A CRP may be used during the selection and implementation of asoftware applicationin an organization or company.
The purpose of the conference room pilot is to validate a software application against the business processes ofen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_room_pilot |
Thesoftware release life cycleis the process of developing, testing, and distributing a software product (e.g., anoperating system). It typically consists of several stages, such as pre-alpha, alpha, beta, and release candidate, before the final version, or "gold", is released to the public.
Pre-alpha refers to the ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_stage |
Insoftware development,dynamic testing(ordynamic analysis) is examining theruntimeresponse from a software system to particular input (test case).
Tests can be run manually or viaautomation.
Unit testing,integration testing,System testingandacceptance testingare forms of dynamic testing.
In contrast tostatic testing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_testing |
Anengineering verification test(EVT) is performed on firstengineeringprototypes, to ensure that the basic unit performs todesigngoals andspecifications.[1]Verification ensures that designs meets requirements and specification while validation ensures that created entity meets the user needs and objectives.[2]
Tests ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_validation_test |
Gray-box testing(International English spelling:grey-box testing) is a combination ofwhite-box testingandblack-box testing. The aim of this testing is to search for the defects, if any, due to improper structure or improper usage of applications.[1][2]
A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_box_testing |
Test-driven development(TDD) is a way of writingcodethat involves writing anautomatedunit-leveltest casethat fails, then writing just enough code to make the test pass, thenrefactoringboth the test code and the production code, then repeating with another new test case.
Alternative approaches to writing automated test... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development |
White-box testing(also known asclear box testing,glass box testing,transparent box testing, andstructural testing) is a method ofsoftware testingthat tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_box_testing |
Inmanufacturing,functional testing(FCT) is performed during the last phase of theproduction line.[1]This is often referred to as a finalquality controltest, which is done to ensure that specifications are carried out by FCTs.
The process of FCTs is entailed by the emulation or simulation of the environment in which a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testing_(manufacturing) |
Forensic engineeringhas been defined as "the investigation of failures—ranging from serviceability to catastrophic—which may lead to legal activity, including both civil and criminal".[1]The forensic engineering field is very broad in terms of the many disciplines that it covers, investigations that use forensic engine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_engineering |
In the context of software or information modeling, ahappy path(sometimes calledhappy flow) is a defaultscenariofeaturing noexceptional or error conditions.[1][2]For example, the happy path for a function validating credit card numbers would be where none of thevalidation rulesraise an error, thus letting execution con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_path |
Intheoretical computer science, acertifying algorithmis an algorithm that outputs, together with a solution to the problem it solves, a proof that the solution is correct. A certifying algorithm is said to beefficientif the combined runtime of the algorithm and aproof checkeris slower by at most a constant factor than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certifying_algorithm |
AFermi problem(orFermi question,Fermi quiz), also known as anorder-of-magnitude problem, is anestimationproblem inphysicsorengineeringeducation, designed to teachdimensional analysisorapproximationof extreme scientific calculations. Fermi problems are usuallyback-of-the-envelope calculations. Fermi problems typically i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_problem |
Aproof of concept(POCorPoC), also known asproof of principle, is aninchoaterealization of a certain idea or method in order to demonstrate itsfeasibility[1]or viability.[2]A proof of concept is usually small and may or may not be complete, but aims to demonstrate in principle that the concept has practical potential wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_concept |
Ahighly accelerated life test(HALT) is astress testingmethodologyfor enhancing productreliabilityin which prototypes are stressed to a much higher degree than expected from actual use in order to identify weaknesses in the design or manufacture of the product.[1]Manufacturingandresearch and developmentorganizations in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_accelerated_life_test |
Inmaterials science,fatigueis the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producingstriationson some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will continue to grow until it reaches a critical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material) |
Incontinuum mechanics,stressis aphysical quantitythat describesforcespresent duringdeformation. For example, an object being pulled apart, such as a stretched elastic band, is subject totensilestress and may undergoelongation. An object being pushed together, such as a crumpled sponge, is subject tocompressivestress an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics) |
Incontinuum mechanics, the most commonly used measure ofstressis theCauchy stress tensor, often called simplythestress tensor or "true stress". However, several alternative measures of stress can be defined:[1][2][3]
Consider the situation shown in the following figure. The following definitions use the notations sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_measures |
Structural testingis the evaluation of an object (which might be an assembly of objects) to ascertain its characteristics of physical strength. Testing includes evaluatingcompressive strength,shear strength,tensile strength, all of which may be conducted to failure or to some satisfactory margin of safety. Evaluation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_testing |
Abank stress testis an analysis of a bank's ability to endure a hypothetical adverse economic scenario.
Stress tests became widely used after the2008 financial crisis.[1]
For example, in the U.S. in 2012, an adverse scenario used in stress testing was all of the following:[2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bank_stress_tests |
Incomputer programming, acharacterization test(also known asGolden Master Testing[1]) is a means to describe (characterize) theactualbehavior of an existing piece of software, and therefore protect existing behavior oflegacy codeagainst unintended changes viaautomated testing. This term was coined by Michael Feathers.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_test |
Component-based usability testing(CBUT) is a testing approach which aims at empirically testing theusabilityof an interaction component. The latter is defined as an elementary unit of an interactive system, on which behavior-based evaluation is possible. For this, a component needs to have an independent, and by the us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-based_usability_testing |
Design predicatesare a method invented by Thomas McCabe,[1]to quantify the complexity of the integration of two units of software. Each of the four types of design predicates have an associated integration complexity rating. For pieces of code that apply more than one design predicate, integration complexity ratings ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_predicates |
Design by contract(DbC), also known ascontract programming,programming by contractanddesign-by-contract programming, is an approach fordesigning software.
It prescribes that software designers should defineformal, precise and verifiable interface specifications forsoftware components, which extend the ordinary definit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_by_contract |
Extreme programming(XP) is asoftware development methodologyintended to improvesoftware qualityand responsiveness to changing customer requirements. As a type ofagile software development,[1][2][3]it advocates frequentreleasesin short development cycles, intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints at whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
Insoftware development,functional testingis a form ofsoftwaresystem testingthat verifies whether a system meets itsfunctional requirements.[1][2]
Generally, functional testing isblack-box, meaning the internal program structure is ignored (unlike forwhite-box testing).[3]
Sometimes, functional testing is aquality ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testing |
Integration testing, also calledintegration and testing(I&T), is a form ofsoftware testingin which multiple parts of asoftware systemare tested as a group.
Integration testing describes tests that are run at the integration-level to contrast testing at theunitorsystemlevel.
Often, integration testing is conducted to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testing |
This is a list of notabletest automation frameworkscommonly used forunit testing. Such frameworks are not limited to unit-level testing; can be used forintegrationandsystemlevel testing.
Frameworks are grouped below. For unit testing, a framework must be the same language as thesource codeunder test, and therefore, gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks |
xUnitis a label used for anautomated testingsoftware frameworkthat shares significant structure and functionality that is traceable to a common progenitorSUnit.
The SUnit framework wasportedtoJavabyKent BeckandErich GammaasJUnitwhich gained wide popularity. Adaptations to other languages were also popular which led so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XUnit |
Interactive application security testing(abbreviated asIAST)[1]is asecurity testingmethod that detects software vulnerabilities by interaction with the program coupled with observation and sensors.[2][3]The tool was launched by several application security companies.[4]It is distinct fromstatic application security tes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_application_security_testing |
Black-box testing,sometimes referred to asspecification-based testing,[1]is a method ofsoftware testingthat examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing:unit,integration,systemandacc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-box_testing |
Gray-box testing(International English spelling:grey-box testing) is a combination ofwhite-box testingandblack-box testing. The aim of this testing is to search for the defects, if any, due to improper structure or improper usage of applications.[1][2]
A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-box_testing |
Incryptography, thewhite-boxmodel refers to an extreme attack scenario, in which an adversary has full unrestricted access to a cryptographic implementation, most commonly of ablock ciphersuch as theAdvanced Encryption Standard(AES). A variety of security goals may be posed (see the section below), the most fundamental... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-box_cryptography |
Forecastingis the process of making predictions based on past and present data. Later these can be compared with what actually happens. For example, a company mightestimatetheir revenue in the next year, then compare it against the actual results creating a variance actual analysis.Predictionis a similar but more gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecasting |
Inmathematics,minimum polynomial extrapolationis asequence transformationused forconvergence accelerationof vector sequences, due to Cabay and Jackson.[1]
WhileAitken's methodis the most famous, it often fails for vector sequences. An effective method for vector sequences is the minimum polynomial extrapolation. It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_polynomial_extrapolation |
Innumerical analysis, amultigrid method(MG method) is analgorithmfor solvingdifferential equationsusing ahierarchyofdiscretizations. They are an example of a class of techniques calledmultiresolution methods, very useful in problems exhibitingmultiple scalesof behavior. For example, many basicrelaxation methodsexhibit ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigrid_method |
Innumerical analysis,Richardson extrapolationis asequence accelerationmethod used to improve therate of convergenceof asequenceof estimates of some valueA∗=limh→0A(h){\displaystyle A^{\ast }=\lim _{h\to 0}A(h)}. In essence, given the value ofA(h){\displaystyle A(h)}for several values ofh{\displaystyle h}, we can estima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_extrapolation |
Linear trend estimationis astatisticaltechnique used to analyzedatapatterns.Datapatterns, or trends, occur when theinformationgathered tends to increase or decrease over time or is influenced by changes in an external factor. Linear trend estimation essentially creates a straight line on agraphofdatathat models the gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_estimation |
Extrapolation domain analysis (EDA)is amethodologyfor identifying geographical areas that seem suitable for adoption of innovativeecosystem managementpractices on the basis of sites exhibiting similarity in conditions such as climatic,land useandsocioeconomicindicators. Whilst it has been applied to water research proj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation_domain_analysis |
Innavigation,dead reckoningis the process of calculating the current position of a moving object by using a previously determined position, orfix, and incorporating estimates of speed, heading (or direction or course), and elapsed time. The corresponding term in biology, to describe the processes by which animals updat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoning |
Initerative reconstructionindigital imaging,interior reconstruction(also known aslimited field of view (LFV)reconstruction) is a technique to correct truncation artifacts caused by limiting image data to a smallfield of view. The reconstruction focuses on an area known as the region of interest (ROI). Although interior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_reconstruction |
Extreme value theoryorextreme value analysis(EVA) is the study of extremes in statistical distributions.
It is widely used in many disciplines, such asstructural engineering,finance,economics,earth sciences, traffic prediction, andgeological engineering. For example, EVA might be used in the field ofhydrologyto estima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_value_theory |
In themathematicalfield ofnumerical analysis,interpolationis a type ofestimation, a method of constructing (finding) newdata pointsbased on the range of adiscrete setof known data points.[1][2]
Inengineeringandscience, one often has a number of data points, obtained bysamplingorexperimentation, which represent the val... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Ineconomics,deadweight lossis the loss of societaleconomic welfaredue to production/consumption of a good at a quantity wheremarginal benefit(to society) does not equalmarginal cost(to society). In other words, there are either goods being produced despite the cost of doing so ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss |
Defunct
Newspapers
Journals
TV channels
Websites
Other
Congressional caucuses
Economics
Gun rights
Identity politics
Nativist
Religion
Watchdog groups
Youth/student groups
Social media
Miscellaneous
Other
InAmerican political theory,fiscal conservatismoreconomic conservatism[1]is apoliticalandeconomic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide toeconomics. Economics is abranch of sciencethat analyzes theproduction,distribution, andconsumptionofgoodsandservices. It aims to explain howeconomieswork and howagents(people) respond toincentives.
Economics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economics_topics |
TheRahn curveis agraphused to illustrate aneconomic theory, proposed in 1996 by American economistRichard W. Rahn, which suggests that there is a level ofgovernment spendingthat maximizeseconomic growth. The theory is used byclassical liberalsto argue for a decrease in overall government spending andtaxation. The inver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahn_curve |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Trickle-down economics, also known as thehorse-and-sparrow theory,[1][2]is a pejorative term for government economic policies that disproportionately favor the upper tier of the economic spectrum (wealthy individuals and large corporations). The term has been used broadly by cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle-down_economics |
Incomputing, afork bomb(also calledrabbit virus) is adenial-of-service (DoS) attackwherein aprocesscontinually replicates itself to deplete available system resources, slowing down or crashing the system due toresource starvation.
Around 1978, an early variant of a fork bomb called wabbit was reported to run on aSyst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_bomb |
XML External Entity attack, or simplyXXE attack, is a type of attack against an application that parsesXMLinput. This attack occurs when XML input containing a reference to an external entity is processed by a weakly configured XML parser. This attack may lead to the disclosure of confidential data,DoS attacks,server-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_external_entity_attack |
Adocument type definition(DTD) is a specification file that contains a set ofmarkup declarationsthat define adocument typefor anSGML-familymarkup language(GML,SGML,XML,HTML). The DTD specification file can be used to validate documents.
A DTD defines the valid building blocks of an XML document. It defines the documen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition |
This article compares thesyntaxof many notableprogramming languages.
Programming languageexpressionscan be broadly classified into four syntax structures:
A language that supports thestatementconstruct typically has rules for one or more of the following aspects:
Some languages define a special character as a termin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax) |
Hungarian notationis anidentifier naming conventionincomputer programmingin which the name of avariableorfunctionindicates its intention or kind, or in some dialects, itstype. The original Hungarian notation uses only intention or kind in its naming convention and is sometimes calledApps Hungarianas it became popular i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Notation |
Incomputer programming,indentation styleis aconventionorstyle, governing theindentationof lines ofsource code. An indentation style generally specifies a consistent number ofwhitespace charactersbefore each line of a block, so that the lines of code appear to be related, and dictates whether to usespacesortabsas the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indent_style |
TheMotor Industry Software Reliability Association(MISRA) is an organization that produces guidelines for the software developed for electronic components used in theautomotive industry.[1]It is a collaboration between numerous vehicle manufacturers, component suppliers and engineering consultancies.
The aim of this o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Industry_Software_Reliability_Association |
Programming style, also known ascoding style, refers to the conventions and patterns used in writingsource code, resulting in a consistent and readablecodebase. These conventions often encompass aspects such asindentation,naming conventions,capitalization, andcomments. Consistent programming style is generally consider... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_style |
Insoftware engineeringanddevelopment, asoftware metricis a standard of measure of a degree to which asoftware systemor process possesses some property.[1][2]Even if a metric is not a measurement (metrics are functions, while measurements are the numbers obtained by the application of metrics), often the two terms are u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_metrics |
Intelecommunications, anEnd-of-Transmission character(EOT) is atransmissioncontrol character. Its intended use is to indicate the conclusion of a transmission that may have included one or more texts and any associatedmessageheadings.[1]
An EOT is often used to initiate other functions, such as releasing circuits, dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-of-Transmission_character |
In computer data, asubstitute character(␚) is acontrol characterthat is used to pad transmitted data in order to send it in blocks of fixed size, or to stand in place of a character that is recognized to be invalid, erroneous or unrepresentable on a given device. It is also used as an escape sequence in someprogramming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_character |
End of messageorEOM(as in "(EOM)" or "<EOM>") signifies the end of a message, often ane-mailmessage.[1]
Thesubject of an e-mail message may contain such an abbreviationto signify that all content is in the subject line so that the message itself does not need to be opened (e.g., "No classes Monday (EOM)" or "Midterm d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_message |
Incomputing, ahere document(here-document,here-text,heredoc,hereis,here-stringorhere-script) is a fileliteralorinput streamliteral: it is a section of asource codefile that is treated as if it were a separatefile. The term is also used for a form of multilinestring literalsthat use similar syntax, preserving line break... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_document |
-30-has been traditionally used by journalists in North America to indicate the end of a story or article that is submitted foreditingandtypesetting. It is commonly employed when writing ondeadlineand sending bits of the story at a time, via telegraphy, teletype, electronic transmission, or paper copy, as a necessary w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-30- |
AnINVITE of Death[1]is a type of attack on aVoIP-system that involves sending a malformed or otherwise maliciousSIPINVITE request to atelephony server, resulting in a crash of that server. Because telephony is usually a critical application, this damage causes significant disruption to the users and poses tremendous ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INVITE_of_Death |
Aping floodis a simpledenial-of-service attackwhere the attacker overwhelms the victim withICMP"echo request" (ping)packets.[1]This is most effective by using the flood option of ping which sends ICMP packets as fast as possible without waiting for replies. Most implementations of ping require the user to beprivilegedi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_flood |
ASmurf attackis adistributed denial-of-service attackin which large numbers ofInternet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) packets with the intended victim'sspoofedsource IP are broadcast to acomputer networkusing an IPbroadcast address.[1]Most devices on a network will, by default, respond to this by sending a reply to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf_attack |
Biomedical engineering(BME) ormedical engineeringis the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare applications (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic purposes). BME is also traditionally logical sciences to advance health care treatment, includingdiagnosis,monitoring, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering |
In engineering, afactor of safety(FoS) orsafety factor(SF) expresses how much stronger a system is than it needs to be for its specified maximum load. Safety factors are often calculated using detailed analysis because comprehensive testing is impractical on many projects, such as bridges and buildings, but the structu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_of_safety |
Incomputer science,formal methodsaremathematicallyrigorous techniques for thespecification, development,analysis, andverificationofsoftwareandhardwaresystems.[1]The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods |
High-integrity softwareissoftwarewhose failure may cause serious damage with possible "life-threatening consequences".[1]"Integrity is important as it demonstrates the safety, security, and maintainability of ... code."[1]Examples of high-integrity software arenuclear reactorcontrol,avionicssoftware, automotive safety-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_integrity_software |
Amission critical(alsomission essential) factor of asystemis any factor (component, equipment, personnel,process, procedure, software, etc.) that isessentialto business, organizational, or governmental operations. Failure or disruption of mission critical factors would have a serious impact on business, organization, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_critical |
Anuclear reactoris a device used to initiate and control afissionnuclear chain reaction. They are used forcommercial electricity,marine propulsion,weapons productionandresearch.Fissile nuclei(primarilyuranium-235orplutonium-239) absorb singleneutronsand split, releasing energy and multiple neutrons, which can induce fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor |
Inengineeringandsystems theory,redundancyis the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing reliability of thesystem, usually in the form of a backup orfail-safe, or to improve actual system performance, such as in the case ofGNSSreceivers, ormulti-threadedcompute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering) |
TheSafety-Critical Systems Club(SCSC)[1]is a professional association in theUnited Kingdom.[2][3]It aims to share knowledge aboutsafety-critical systems, including current and emerging practices in safety engineering, software engineering, and product andprocess safetystandards.[4]
Since it started in 1991, the Club h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety-Critical_Systems_Club |
SAPHIREis a probabilistic risk and reliability assessment software tool. SAPHIRE stands forSystems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations. The system was developed for the U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) by theIdaho National Laboratory.
Development began in the mid-1980s when the NRC ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAPHIRE |
TheTherac-25is a computer-controlledradiation therapymachine produced byAtomic Energy of Canada Limited(AECL) in 1982 after the Therac-6 and Therac-20 units (the earlier units had been produced in partnership withCompagnie générale de radiologie (CGR)of France).[1]
The Therac-25 was involved in at least six accidents ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therac-25 |
Zonal Safety Analysis(ZSA) is one of three analytical methods which, taken together, form aCommon Cause Analysis(CCA) inaircraftsafety engineeringunderSAEARP4761.[1]The other two methods areParticular Risks Analysis(PRA) andCommon Mode Analysis(CMA). Aircraftsystem safetyrequires theindependenceof failure conditions fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonal_safety_analysis |
Incomputer programming,machine codeiscomputer codeconsisting ofmachine languageinstructions, which are used to control a computer'scentral processing unit(CPU). For conventionalbinary computers, machine code is the binary[nb 1]representation of a computer program that is actually read and interpreted by the computer. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlapping_code |
Apolymorphic engine(sometimes calledmutation engineormutating engine) is asoftware componentthat usespolymorphic codeto alter thepayloadwhile preserving the same functionality.
Polymorphicenginesare used almost exclusively inmalware, with the purpose of being harder forantivirus softwareto detect. They do so either by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphic_engine |
Incomputing, apersistent data structureornot ephemeral data structureis adata structurethat always preserves the previous version of itself when it is modified. Such data structures are effectivelyimmutable, as their operations do not (visibly) update the structure in-place, but instead always yield a new updated struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_data_structure |
TheAARD codewas a segment of code in abeta releaseofMicrosoftWindows 3.1that would issue a cryptic error message when run on theDR DOSoperating system rather than the Microsoft-affiliatedMS-DOSorPC DOS. Microsoft inserted the code in an attempt to manipulate people into not using competing operating systems; it is an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARD_code |
In computer science, the expressioncode as datarefers to the idea thatsource codewritten in aprogramming languagecan be manipulated as data, such as a sequence of characters or anabstract syntax tree(AST), and it has anexecutionsemantics only in the context of a givencompilerorinterpreter.[1]The notion is often used in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_as_code |
In someprogramming languages,eval, short forevaluate, is afunctionwhich evaluates a string as though it were anexpressionin the language, and returns aresult; in others, it executes multiple lines of code as though they had been included instead of the line including theeval. The input toevalis not necessarily a string... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eval |
TheIBM 1130Computing System, introduced in 1965,[3]wasIBM's least expensivecomputerat that time. Abinary16-bit machine, it was marketed to price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets, like education and engineering, succeeding thedecimalIBM 1620in that market segment. Typical installations included a 1 megab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1130#Code_modification |
Incomputer programming,homoiconicity(from theGreekwordshomo-meaning "the same" andiconmeaning "representation") is an informal property of someprogramming languages. A language ishomoiconicif a program written in it can be manipulated as data using the language.[1]The program's internal representation can thus be infer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiconicity |
ThePCASTL(an acronym forby Parent and Childset Accessible Syntax Tree Language) is an interpretedhigh-level programming language. It was created in 2008 by Philippe Choquette.[1]The PCASTL is designed to ease the writing ofself-modifying code. The language hasreserved wordsparentandchildsetto access the nodes of thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCASTL |
Aquineis acomputer programthat takes no input and produces a copy of its ownsource codeas its only output. The standard terms for these programs in thecomputability theoryandcomputer scienceliterature are "self-replicating programs", "self-reproducing programs", and "self-copying programs".
A quine is afixed pointof a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quine_(computing) |
Self-replicationis any behavior of adynamical systemthat yields construction of an identical or similar copy of itself.Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce bycell division. During cell division,DNA is replicatedand can be transmitted to offspring duringreproduction.Biological virusescanreplicate, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replication |
Incomputer science,reflective programmingorreflectionis the ability of aprocessto examine,introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.[1]
The earliest computers were programmed in their nativeassembly languages, which were inherently reflective, as these original architectures could be programmed by defining... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
Incomputer programming,monkey patchingis a technique used to dynamically update the behavior of a piece of code at run-time. It is used to extend or modify the runtime code ofdynamic languagessuch asSmalltalk,JavaScript,Objective-C,Ruby,Perl,Python,Groovy,Lisp, andLuawithout altering the original source code.
The term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_patch |
Acomputer virus[1]is a type ofmalwarethat, when executed, replicates itself by modifying othercomputer programsandinsertingits owncodeinto those programs.[2][3]If this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus, a metaphor derived from biologicalviruses.[4]
Computer v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-modifying_computer_virus |
Incomputer programming,self-hostingis the use of aprogramas part of thetoolchainoroperating systemthat produces new versions of that same program—for example, acompilerthat can compile its ownsource code. Self-hostingsoftwareis commonplace onpersonal computersand larger systems. Other programs that are typically self-h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers) |
Incomputer science,bootstrappingis the technique for producing aself-compiling compiler– that is, acompiler(orassembler) written in the sourceprogramming languagethat it intends to compile. An initial core version of the compiler (thebootstrap compiler) is generated in a different language (which could be assembly lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler_bootstrapping |
Acontrol storeis the part of aCPU'scontrol unitthat stores the CPU'smicroprogram. It is usually accessed by amicrosequencer. A control store implementation whose contents are unalterable is known as aRead Only Memory(ROM) or Read Only Storage (ROS); one whose contents are alterable is known as a Writable Control Store... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patchable_microcode |
Accessibilityis the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable bydisabledpeople.[1]The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible developments ensures both "direct access" (i.e. unassisted) and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person'sassistive technol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility |
Inreliability engineering, the termavailabilityhas the following meanings:
Normallyhigh availabilitysystems might be specified as 99.98%, 99.999% or 99.9996%. The converse,unavailability, is 1 minus the availability.
The simplest representation ofavailability(A) is a ratio of the expected value of the uptime of a sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability |
Coding best practicesorprogramming best practicesare a set of informal, sometimes personal, rules (best practices) that manysoftware developers, incomputer programmingfollow to improvesoftware quality.[1]Many computer programs require being robust and reliable for long periods of time,[2]so any rules need to facilitate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_coding_practices |
Asoftware bugis a design defect (bug) incomputer software. Acomputer programwith many or serious bugs may be described asbuggy.
The effects of a software bug range from minor (such as a misspelled word in theuser interface) to severe (such as frequentcrashing).
In 2002, a study commissioned by the USDepartment of Com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bug |
In the context ofsoftware quality,defect criticalityis a measure of the impact of a software defect. It is defined as the product of severity, likelihood, and class.
Defects are different fromuser stories, and therefore the priority (severity) should be calculated as follows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defect_criticality |
Insystems engineering,dependabilityis a measure of a system'savailability,reliability,maintainability, and in some cases, other characteristics such asdurability,safetyandsecurity.[1]Inreal-time computing,dependabilityis the ability to provide services that can be trusted within a time-period.[2]The service guarantees ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependability |
GQM, theinitialismforgoal, question, metric, is an establishedgoal-orientedapproach tosoftware metricsto improve and measure software quality.[1]
GQM has been promoted byVictor Basiliof theUniversity of Maryland, College Parkand the Software Engineering Laboratory at theNASAGoddard Space Flight Center[2]after supervis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM |
ISO/IEC 15504Information technology – Process assessment, also termedSoftware Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination(SPICE), is a set oftechnical standardsdocuments for the computersoftware developmentprocess and related business management functions. It is one of the jointInternational Organization for Stand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504 |
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