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Theprivate language argumentargues that a language understandable by only a single individual is incoherent. It was introduced byLudwig Wittgensteinin his later work, especially in thePhilosophical Investigations.[1]The argument was central to philosophical discussion in the second half of the 20th century.
In theInve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_language_argument |
Semiofestis the main worldwide conference series and event on commercialsemiotics.[1]Its focus is on the methods of semiotic analysis which are helpful in solving interpretational conflicts and providing tools for better design of social meaning-making spaces.
The topics covered include the applications of semiotics i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiofest |
Charles Sanders Peircebegan writing onsemiotics, which he also called semeiotics, meaning the philosophical study ofsigns, in the 1860s, around the time that he devised his system ofthree categories. During the 20th century, the term "semiotics" was adopted to cover all tendencies of sign researches, includingFerdinand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_theory_of_Charles_Sanders_Peirce |
Social semiotics(alsosocial semantics)[1]is a branch of the field ofsemioticswhich investigates human signifying practices in specific social and cultural circumstances, and which tries to explainmeaning-makingas a social practice. Semiotics, as originally defined byFerdinand de Saussure, is "the science of the life of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_semiotics |
Universal languagemay refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's people. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all humans. It may be the idea of aninternational auxiliary languagefor communication between groups speakin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language |
Anacademic conferenceorscientific conference(alsocongress,symposium,workshop, ormeeting) is aneventforresearchers(not necessarilyacademics) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together withacademicorscientific journalsandpreprintarchives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_conference |
Academic writingorscholarly writingrefers primarily tononfictionwriting that is produced as part of academic work in accordance with the standards of a particular academic subject or discipline, including:
as well asundergraduateversions of all of these.[1]
Academic writing typically uses a more formal tone and follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_writing |
Journalology(also known aspublication science) is the scholarly study of all aspects of theacademic publishingprocess.[1][2]The field seeks to improve the quality of scholarly research by implementingevidence-based practicesin academic publishing.[3]The term "journalology" was coined byStephen Lock, the formereditor-in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalology |
"Publish or perish" is anaphorismdescribing the pressure topublish academic workin order to succeed in anacademic career.[1][2][3]Such institutional pressure is generally strongest atresearch universities.[4]Some researchers have identified the publish or perish environment as a contributing factor to thereplication cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish_or_perish |
Athesis(pl.:theses), ordissertation[note 1](abbreviateddiss.),[2]is a document submitted in support of candidature for anacademic degreeor professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.[3]In some contexts, the wordthesisor a cognate is used for part of abachelor'sormaster'scourse, whiledisser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis |
Athesis as a collection of articles[1]orseries of papers,[2]also known asthesis by published works,[1]orarticle thesis,[3]is adoctoraldissertationthat, as opposed to a coherentmonograph, is a collection of research papers with an introductory section consisting of summary chapters. Other less used terms are "sandwich t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_of_articles |
Atreatiseis aformaland systematic writtendiscourseon some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the main principles of the subject and its conclusions.[1]Amonographis a treatise on a specialized topic.[2]
The word "treatise" has its origins in the early 14th century, derived from the Anglo-French termtretiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise |
Incomputer programming, anaming conventionis a set of rules for choosing the character sequence to be used foridentifierswhich denotevariables,types,functions, and other entities insource codeanddocumentation.
Reasons for using a naming convention (as opposed to allowingprogrammersto choose any character sequence) inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
Inlinguistic typology,active–stative alignment(alsosplit intransitive alignmentorsemantic alignment) is a type ofmorphosyntactic alignmentin which the soleargument("subject") of anintransitiveclause (often symbolized asS) is sometimes marked in the same way as anagentof atransitive verb(that is, like asubjectsuch as "I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_alignment |
Antecedent-contained deletion(ACD), also calledantecedent-contained ellipsis, is a phenomenon whereby anelidedverb phrase appears to be contained within its own antecedent. For instance, in the sentence "I read every book that you did", the verb phrase in the main clause appears to license ellipsis inside the relative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion |
Inlinguistics,coercionis a term applied to a process of reinterpretation triggered by a mismatch between thesemanticproperties of aselectorand thesemanticproperties of the selected element.[1]As Catalina Ramírez explains it, this phenomenon is calledcoercionbecause the process forces meaning into a lexical phrase where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion_(linguistics) |
David Roach Dowty(born 1945[1]) is a linguist known primarily for his work insemanticandsyntactictheory, and especially inMontague grammarandCategorial grammar. Dowty is a professor emeritus oflinguisticsat theOhio State University, and his research interests mainly lie in Semantic and Syntactic Theory,Lexical semantic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dowty |
Inlinguistics, aform-meaning mismatchis a natural mismatch between thegrammatical formand its expectedmeaning. Such form-meaning mismatches happen everywhere in language.[1]Nevertheless, there is often an expectation of a one-to-one relationship between meaning and form, and indeed, manytraditionaldefinitions are based... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Inlinguistics,morphosyntactic alignmentis the grammatical relationship betweenarguments—specifically, between the two arguments (in English, subject and object) oftransitive verbslikethe dog chased the cat, and the single argument ofintransitive verbslikethe cat ran away. English has asubject,which merges the more acti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment |
Role and reference grammar(RRG) is a model ofgrammardeveloped byWilliam A. FoleyandRobert Van Valin, Jr.in the 1980s, which incorporates many of the points of view of currentfunctional grammartheories.
In RRG, the description of a sentence in a particular language is formulated in terms of (a) its logical (semantic) s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_and_reference_grammar |
In linguistics,selectiondenotes the ability ofpredicatesto determine the semantic content of theirarguments.[1]Predicates select their arguments, which means they limit the semantic content of their arguments. A distinction may sometimes be drawn between types of selection; viz.,s(emantic)-selectionversusc(ategory)-sel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_(linguistics) |
Asemantic classcontains words that share asemantic feature. For example within nouns there are two sub classes, concrete nouns andabstract nouns. The concrete nouns include people, plants, animals, materials and objects while the abstract nouns refer to concepts such as qualities, actions, and processes. According to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_class |
Asemantic featureis a component of the concept associated with a lexical item ('female' + 'performer' = 'actress'). More generally, it can also be a component of the concept associated with any grammatical unit, whether composed or not ('female' + 'performer' = 'the female performer' or 'the actress').[1]An individual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_feature |
Natural semantic metalanguage(NSM) is a linguistic theory that reduces lexicons down to a set ofsemantic primitives. It is based on the conception of Polish professorAndrzej Bogusławski. The theory was formally developed byAnna WierzbickaatWarsaw Universityand later at theAustralian National Universityin the early 1970... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_primes |
Semantic propertiesormeaning propertiesare those aspects of a linguistic unit, such as amorpheme,word, orsentence, that contribute to the meaning of that unit. Basic semantic properties include beingmeaningfulormeaningless– for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_property |
Insyntax,shiftingoccurs when two or moreconstituentsappearing on the same side of their commonheadexchange positions in a sense to obtain non-canonical order. The most widely acknowledged type of shifting isheavy NP shift,[1]but shifting involving a heavy NP is just one manifestation of the shifting mechanism. Shifting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifting_(syntax) |
Inlinguistic typology,active–stative alignment(alsosplit intransitive alignmentorsemantic alignment) is a type ofmorphosyntactic alignmentin which the soleargument("subject") of anintransitiveclause (often symbolized asS) is sometimes marked in the same way as anagentof atransitive verb(that is, like asubjectsuch as "I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_intransitivity |
In certain theories oflinguistics,thematic relations, also known assemantic rolesorthematic roles, are the various roles that anoun phrasemay play with respect to the action or state described by a governing verb, commonly the sentence's main verb. For example, in the sentence "Susan ate an apple",Susanis the doer of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_relation |
Informal semantics, atype shifteris aninterpretationrule that changes an expression'ssemantic type. For instance, theEnglishexpression "John" might ordinarilydenoteJohn himself, but a type shifting rule calledLiftcan raise its denotation to afunctionwhich takes a property and returns "true" if John himself has that pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_shifter |
AnEnglish writing styleis a combination of features in anEnglish languagecompositionthat has become characteristic of a particular writer, a genre, a particular organization, or a profession more broadly (e.g.,legal writing).
An individual's writing style may be distinctive for particular themes, personal idiosyncrasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_writing_style |
Anidiom(the quality of it being known asidiomaticnessoridiomaticity) is asyntactical,grammatical, orphonologicalstructure peculiar to alanguagethat is actually realized, as opposed to possible but unrealized structures that could have developed to serve thesame semantic functionsbut did not.[1]
The grammar of a langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom_(language_structure) |
This list comprises widespread modern beliefs aboutEnglishlanguage usagethat are documented by a reliable source to be misconceptions.
With no authoritativelanguage academy,guidanceon English language usage can come from many sources. This can create problems, as described by Reginald Close:
Teachers and textbook wri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_English_usage_misconceptions |
SomeEnglishwords are often used in ways that are contentious among writers onusageandprescriptive commentators. The contentious usages are especiallycommonin spoken English, and academiclinguistspoint out that they are accepted by many listeners. While in some circles the usages below may make the speaker sound uneduca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_with_disputed_usage |
Īhām(ایهام) inPersian,Urdu,KurdishandArabic poetryis a literary device in which an author uses a word, or an arrangement of words, that can be read in several ways. Each of the meanings may be logically sound, equally true and intended.[1]
In the 12th century,Rashid al-Din Vatvatdefinedīhāmas follows: "Īhāmin Persian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAh%C4%81m |
Thesuffix-onym(fromAncient Greek:ὄνυμα,lit.'name') is abound morpheme, that is attached to the end of aroot word, thus forming a newcompound wordthat designates a particularclassofnames. Inlinguisticterminology, compound words that are formed with suffix -onym are most commonly used as designations for variousonomastic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-onym |
Semantic heterogeneityis whendatabase schemaordatasetsfor the same domain are developed by independent parties, resulting in differences in meaning and interpretation of data values.[1]Beyondstructured data, the problem of semantic heterogeneity is compounded due to the flexibility ofsemi-structured dataand varioustagg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_heterogeneity |
Semantic integrationis the process of interrelating information from diverse sources, for example calendars and to do lists, email archives, presence information (physical, psychological, and social), documents of all sorts, contacts (includingsocial graphs), search results, and advertising and marketing relevance deri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_integration |
Semantic matchingis a technique used in computer science to identify information that issemantically related.
Given any two graph-like structures, e.g.classifications,taxonomiesdatabase or XML schemas andontologies, matching is an operator which identifies those nodes in the two structures which semantically correspon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_matching |
Asemantic network, orframe networkis aknowledge basethat representssemanticrelations betweenconceptsin a network. This is often used as a form ofknowledge representation. It is adirectedorundirected graphconsisting ofvertices, which representconcepts, andedges, which representsemantic relationsbetweenconcepts,[1]mappin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_networks |
TheSemantic Web, sometimes known asWeb 3.0, is an extension of theWorld Wide Webthrough standards[1]set by theWorld Wide Web Consortium(W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to makeInternetdatamachine-readable.
To enable the encoding ofsemanticswith the data, technologies such asResource Description Framework(RDF)[2]a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web |
Inlinguistics, acalque(/kælk/) orloan translationis awordorphraseborrowed from anotherlanguagebyliteralword-for-word or root-for-roottranslation. When used as averb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new word or phrase (lexeme) in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque |
Adead metaphoris afigure of speechwhich has lost the originalimageryof its meaning by extensive, repetitive, and popular usage, or because it refers to an obsolete technology or forgotten custom. Because deadmetaphorshave a conventional meaning that differs from the original, they can be understood without knowing thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_metaphor |
Aeuphemism(/ˈjuːfəmɪzəm/YOO-fə-miz-əm) is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that is deemedoffensiveor suggests something unpleasant.[1]Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive terms for concepts that the user wishes to downplay. Euphemisms may be used to mask profani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism_treadmill |
Inlinguistics, afalse friendis a word in a different language that looks or sounds similar to a word in a given language, but differs significantly in meaning. Examples of false friends includeEnglishembarrassedandSpanishembarazado('pregnant'); EnglishparentsversusPortugueseparentesandItalianparenti(the latter two both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_friend |
Athought disorder(TD) is a disturbance incognitionwhich affectslanguage, thought andcommunication.[1][2]Psychiatric and psychological glossaries in 2015 and 2017 identified thought disorders as encompassingpoverty of ideas,paralogia(a reasoning disorder characterized by expression of illogical or delusional thoughts),w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_thought_disorder |
Ageneric trademark, also known as agenericized trademarkorproprietary eponym, is atrademarkorbrand namethat, because of its popularity or significance, has become thegeneric termfor, or synonymous with, a general class ofproductsorservices, usually against the intentions of the trademark's owner.
A trademark is prone ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark |
Language changeis the process of alteration in the features of a singlelanguage, or of languages in general, over time. It is studied in several subfields oflinguistics:historical linguistics,sociolinguistics, andevolutionary linguistics. Traditional theories of historical linguistics identify three main types of chang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_change |
Lexicologyis the branch oflinguisticsthat analyzes thelexiconof a specificlanguage. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of alanguagethat can stand on its own, and is made up of small components calledmorphemesand even smaller elements known asphonemes, or distinguishing sounds. Lexicology examines every feature of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology |
Lexical semantics(also known aslexicosemantics), as a subfield oflinguisticsemantics, is the study of word meanings.[1][2]It includes the study of how words structure their meaning, how they act ingrammarandcompositionality,[1]and the relationships between the distinct senses and uses of a word.[2]
The units of analys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics |
Acalque/kælk/or loan translation is awordorphraseborrowed from anotherlanguagebyliteral, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") translation. This list contains examples ofcalquesin various languages.
Latin calques many terms from Greek,[58][59]many of which have beenborrowed by English.
Examples of Romance languag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_calques |
In thedystopiannovelNineteen Eighty-Four(also published as1984), byGeorge Orwell,Newspeakis thefictional languageofOceania, atotalitariansuperstate. To meet the ideological requirements ofIngsoc(English Socialism) in Oceania, the Party created Newspeak, which is acontrolled languageof simplified grammar and limited voc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak |
In theNeo-Griceanapproach tosemanticsandpragmaticschampioned byYalelinguistLaurence Horn, theQ-principle("Q" for "Quantity") is a reformulation ofPaul Grice's maxim of quantity (seeGricean maxims) combined with the first two sub-maxims of manner.[1]The Q-principle states: "Say as much as you can (given R)." As such it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-based_narrowing |
Aretronymis a newer name for something thatdifferentiatesit from something else that is newer, similar, or seen in everyday life; thus, avoiding confusion between the two.[1][2]
The termretronym, aneologismcomposed of thecombining formsretro-(from Latinretro,[3]"before") +-nym(from Greekónoma, "name"), was coined byFr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym |
Inlinguistics, asemantic fieldis a related set of words groupedsemantically(bymeaning) that refers to a specific subject.[1][2]The term is also used inanthropology,[3]computational semiotics,[4]and technicalexegesis.[5]
Brinton (2000: p. 112) defines "semantic field" or "semantic domain" and relates the linguistic con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_field |
Anirrelevant conclusion,[1]also known asignoratio elenchi(Latinfor 'ignoring refutation') ormissing the point, is theinformal fallacyof presenting anargumentwhose conclusion fails to address the issue in question. It falls into the broad class ofrelevancefallacies.[2]
The irrelevant conclusion should not be confused w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrelevant_conclusion |
GNU Bison, commonly known asBison, is aparser generatorthat is part of theGNU Project. Bison reads a specification in Bison syntax (described as "machine-readableBNF"[3]), warns about anyparsingambiguities, and generates a parser that reads sequences oftokensand decides whether the sequence conforms to the syntax speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Bison |
Analgorithmis fundamentally a set of rules or defined procedures that is typically designed and used to solve a specific problem or a broad set of problems.
Broadly, algorithms define process(es), sets of rules, or methodologies that are to be followed in calculations, data processing, data mining, pattern recognition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithms#Parsing |
Adependent-marking languagehas grammatical markers ofagreementandcase governmentbetween the words ofphrasesthat tend to appear more ondependentsthan onheads. The distinction betweenhead-markingand dependent-marking was first explored byJohanna Nicholsin 1986,[1]and has since become a central criterion in language typol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent-marking_language |
Adouble-marking languageis one in which thegrammaticalmarks showing relations between different constituents of a phrase tend to be placed on both theheads(or nuclei) of the phrase in question, and on the modifiers or dependents. Pervasive double-marking is rather rare, but instances of double-marking occur in manylang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-marking_language |
Ingrammarandtheoretical linguistics,governmentorrectionrefers to the relationship between a word and its dependents. One can discern between at least three concepts of government: the traditional notion ofcase government, the highly specialized definition of government in somegenerativemodels ofsyntax, and a much broad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_(linguistics) |
Government and binding(GB,GBT) is a theory ofsyntaxand aphrase structure grammarin the tradition oftransformational grammardeveloped principally byNoam Chomskyin the 1980s.[1][2][3]This theory is a radical revision of his earlier theories[4][5][6]and was later revised inThe Minimalist Program(1995)[7]and several subseq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory |
Inlinguistics, theheadornucleusof aphraseis the word that determines thesyntacticcategory of that phrase. For example, the head of thenoun phrase"boiling hot water" is thenoun(head noun) "water".
Analogously, the head of acompoundis thestemthat determines the semantic category of that compound. For example, the head o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(linguistics) |
Head-driven phrase structure grammar(HPSG) is a highly lexicalized,constraint-based grammar[1][2]developed byCarl PollardandIvan Sag.[3][4]It is a type ofphrase structure grammar, as opposed to adependency grammar, and it is the immediate successor togeneralized phrase structure grammar. HPSG draws from other fields su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar |
A language ishead-markingif thegrammaticalmarks showingagreementbetween different words of aphrasetend to be placed on theheads(or nuclei) of phrases, rather than on themodifiersordependents. Many languages employ both head-marking anddependent-marking, and some languages double up and are thusdouble-marking. The conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-marking_language |
Minimalist grammarsare a class offormal grammarsthat aim to provide a more rigorous, usually proof-theoretic, formalization of ChomskyanMinimalist programthan is normally provided in the mainstream Minimalist literature. A variety of particular formalizations exist, most of them developed byEdward Stabler, Alain Lecomt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist_grammar |
Inlinguistics,transformational grammar(TG) ortransformational-generative grammar(TGG) was the earliestmodelofgrammarproposed within the research tradition ofgenerative grammar.[1]Like current generative theories, it treated grammar as a system offormal rulesthat generate all and onlygrammaticalsentences of a given lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_grammar |
Inlinguistics,word order(also known aslinear order) is the order of thesyntacticconstituentsof alanguage.Word order typologystudies it from a cross-linguistic perspective, and examines how languages employ different orders. Correlations between orders found in different syntactic sub-domains are also of interest. The p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_order |
Azero-marking languageis one with nogrammatical markson neither the dependents (or themodifiers) nor theheads(or thenuclei) that show the relationship between different constituents of a phrase.
Pervasive zero marking is very rare, but instances of zero marking in various forms occur in quite a number oflanguages.Viet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-marking_language |
Infix notation
Polish notation(PN), also known asnormal Polish notation(NPN),[1]Łukasiewicz notation,Warsaw notation,Polish prefix notation,Eastern Notationor simplyprefix notation, is a mathematical notation in whichoperatorsprecedetheiroperands, in contrast to the more commoninfix notation, in which operators are pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_notation |
Insyntacticanalysis, aconstituentis a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The constituent structure of sentences is identified usingtests for constituents.[1]These tests apply to a portion of a sentence, and the results provide evidence about the constituent structu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics) |
Informal languages,terminal and nonterminal symbolsarepartsof thevocabularyunder aformal grammar.Vocabularyis a finite, nonempty set of symbols.Terminal symbolsare symbols that cannot be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary.Nonterminal symbolsare symbols that can be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols |
Categorial grammaris a family of formalisms innatural languagesyntaxthat share the central assumption thatsyntactic constituentscombine asfunctionsandarguments. Categorial grammar posits a close relationship between the syntax andsemantic composition, since it typically treats syntactic categories as corresponding to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambek_calculus |
TheMantel test, named afterNathan Mantel, is astatisticaltest of thecorrelationbetween twomatrices. The matrices must be of the same dimension; in most applications, they are matrices of interrelations between the samevectorsof objects. The test was first published byNathan Mantel, a biostatistician at theNational Inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantel_test |
Morisita's overlap index, named afterMasaaki Morisita, is astatistical measure of dispersionof individuals in a population. It is used to compare overlap amongsamples(Morisita 1959). This formula is based on the assumption that increasing the size of the samples will increase the diversity because it will include dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisita%27s_overlap_index |
Theoverlap coefficient,[note 1]orSzymkiewicz–Simpson coefficient,[citation needed][3][4][5]is asimilarity measurethat measures the overlap between two finitesets. It is related to theJaccard indexand is defined as the size of theintersectiondivided by the size of the smaller of two sets:
Note that0≤overlap(A,B)≤1{\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap_coefficient |
TheRenkonen similarity index(P), is a measure of dissimilarity between twocommunities(sites), based on relative (proportional)abundancespi=ni/∑ni{\displaystyle p_{i}=n_{i}/\sum {n_{i}}}of individuals of compositespecies. It was developed by the botanistOlavi Renkonenand published in 1938.[1]
P=∑min(p1;p2){\displaystyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renkonen_similarity_index |
TheTversky index, named afterAmos Tversky,[1]is an asymmetricsimilarity measureonsetsthat compares a variant to a prototype. The Tversky index can be seen as a generalization of theSørensen–Dice coefficientand theJaccard index.
For setsXandYthe Tversky index is a number between 0 and 1 given by
S(X,Y)=|X∩Y||X∩Y|+α|X∖... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tversky_index |
Universal adaptive strategy theory(UAST) is an evolutionary theory developed byJ. Philip Grimein collaboration with Simon Pierce describing the general limits toecologyandevolutionbased on thetrade-offthat organisms face when the resources they gain from the environment are allocated between either growth, maintenance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_adaptive_strategy_theory_(UAST) |
Thesimple matching coefficient (SMC)orRand similarity coefficientis astatisticused for comparing thesimilarityanddiversityofsamplesets.[1][better source needed]
Given two objects, A and B, each withnbinary attributes, SMC is defined as:SMC=number of matching attributestotal number of attributes=M00+M11M00+M11+M01+M10{... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_matching_coefficient |
Inprobability theoryandinformation theory, themutual information(MI) of tworandom variablesis a measure of the mutualdependencebetween the two variables. More specifically, it quantifies the "amount of information" (inunitssuch asshannons(bits),natsorhartleys) obtained about one random variable by observing the other r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information#Metric |
Acousticsis a branch ofphysicsthat deals with the study ofmechanical wavesin gases, liquids, and solids including topics such asvibration,sound,ultrasoundandinfrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is anacousticianwhile someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called anacoustical e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics |
Analog models of gravityare attempts tomodelvarious phenomena ofgeneral relativity(e.g.,black holesorcosmologicalgeometries) using otherphysical systemssuch aswavesin a moving fluid andelectromagnetic wavesin adielectricmedium.[1]These analogs (or analogies) serve to provide new ways of looking at problems, permit idea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_models_of_gravity |
Inastrophysics, agravastar(ablend wordof "gravitationalvacuumstar") is an object hypothesized in a 2001 paper byPawel O. MazurandEmil Mottolaas an alternative to theblack holetheory.[1]It has the usual black holemetricoutside of thehorizon, butde Sitter metricinside. On the horizon there is a thin shell ofexotic matter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar |
Hawking radiationisblack-body radiationreleased outside ablack hole'sevent horizondue to quantum effects according to a model developed byStephen Hawkingin 1974.[1]The radiation was not predicted by previous models which assumed that onceelectromagnetic radiationis inside the event horizon, it cannot escape. Hawking ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation |
Quantum gravity(QG) is a field oftheoretical physicsthat seeks to describegravityaccording to the principles ofquantum mechanics. It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored,[1]such as in the vicinity ofblack holesor similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity |
Superfluid vacuum theory(SVT), sometimes known as theBEC vacuum theory, is an approach intheoretical physicsandquantum mechanicswhere the fundamental physicalvacuum(non-removable background) is considered as asuperfluidor as aBose–Einstein condensate(BEC).
The microscopic structure of this physical vacuum is currently... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum_theory |
Ingeneral topologyandanalysis, aCauchy spaceis a generalization ofmetric spacesanduniform spacesfor which the notion of Cauchy convergence still makes sense. Cauchy spaces were introduced by H. H. Keller in 1968, as an axiomatic tool derived from the idea of aCauchy filter, in order to studycompletenessintopological s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_space |
Inabstract algebra, acompletionis any of several relatedfunctorsonringsandmodulesthat result in completetopological ringsandmodules. Completion is similar tolocalization, and together they are among the most basic tools in analysingcommutative rings. Complete commutative rings have a simpler structure than general one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(algebra) |
In themathematicalfield oftopology, auniform spaceis asetwith additionalstructurethat is used to defineuniform properties, such ascompleteness,uniform continuityanduniform convergence. Uniform spaces generalizemetric spacesandtopological groups, but the concept is designed to formulate the weakest axioms needed for mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_uniform_space |
Infunctional analysisand related areas ofmathematics, acomplete topological vector spaceis atopological vector space(TVS) with the property that whenever points get progressively closer to each other, then there exists some pointx{\displaystyle x}towards which they all get closer.
The notion of "points that get progre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_topological_vector_space |
Inmathematical analysis,Ekeland's variational principle, discovered byIvar Ekeland,[1][2][3]is a theorem that asserts that there exist nearly optimal solutions to someoptimization problems.
Ekeland's principle can be used when the lowerlevel setof a minimization problems is notcompact, so that theBolzano–Weierstrass t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekeland%27s_variational_principle |
In themathematicalareas oforderandlattice theory, theKnaster–Tarski theorem, named afterBronisław KnasterandAlfred Tarski, states the following:
It was Tarski who stated the result in its most general form,[1]and so the theorem is often known asTarski's fixed-point theorem. Some time earlier, Knaster and Tarski establ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaster%E2%80%93Tarski_theorem |
Inmathematics,generalised means(orpower meanorHölder meanfromOtto Hölder)[1]are a family of functions for aggregating sets of numbers. These include as special cases thePythagorean means(arithmetic,geometric, andharmonicmeans).
Ifpis a non-zeroreal number, andx1,…,xn{\displaystyle x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}}are positive real ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_mean |
Inmathematics, theLpspacesarefunction spacesdefined using a natural generalization of thep-normfor finite-dimensionalvector spaces. They are sometimes calledLebesgue spaces, named afterHenri Lebesgue(Dunford & Schwartz 1958, III.3), although according to theBourbakigroup (Bourbaki 1987) they were first introduced byFri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp_space |
Inmathematics, theLpspacesarefunction spacesdefined using a natural generalization of thep-normfor finite-dimensionalvector spaces. They are sometimes calledLebesgue spaces, named afterHenri Lebesgue(Dunford & Schwartz 1958, III.3), although according to theBourbakigroup (Bourbaki 1987) they were first introduced byFri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-norm |
Inmathematics, ametric spaceis asettogether with a notion ofdistancebetween itselements, usually calledpoints. The distance is measured by afunctioncalled ametricordistance function.[1]Metric spaces are a general setting for studying many of the concepts ofmathematical analysisandgeometry.
The most familiar example o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_function |
TheLevel-set method(LSM) is a conceptual framework for usinglevel setsas a tool fornumerical analysisofsurfacesandshapes. LSM can performnumerical computationsinvolvingcurvesand surfaces on a fixedCartesian gridwithout having toparameterizethese objects.[1]LSM makes it easier to perform computations on shapes with shar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level-set_method |
Aneikonal equation(fromGreekεἰκών, image[1][2]) is anon-linearfirst-order partial differential equationthat is encountered in problems ofwave propagation.
The classical eikonal equation ingeometric opticsis a differential equation of the form
wherex{\displaystyle x}lies in an open subset ofRn{\displaystyle \mathbb {R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikonal_equation |
Aparallelof acurveis theenvelopeof a family ofcongruentcirclescentered on the curve.
It generalises the concept ofparallel (straight) lines. It can also be defined as a curve whose points are at a constantnormal distancefrom a given curve.[1]These two definitions are not entirely equivalent as the latter assumessmooth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_curve |
Arc lengthis the distance between two points along a section of acurve. Development of a formulation of arc length suitable for applications to mathematics and the sciences is a problem in vector calculus and in differential geometry. In the most basic formulation of arc length for a vector valued curve (thought of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_arc_length |
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