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Inlinguistics, ablend—also known as ablend word,lexical blend, orportmanteau[a]—is a word formed by combining the meanings, and parts of the sounds, of two or more words together.[2][3][4]English examples includesmog, coined by blendingsmokeandfog,[3][5]andmotel, frommotor(motorist) andhotel.[6]
A blend is similar to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau |
Inlinguistics,word formationis an ambiguous term[1]that can refer to either:
A common method of word formation is the attachment of inflectional or derivationalaffixes.
Examples include:
Inflection is modifying a word for the purpose of fitting it into the grammatical structure of a sentence.[4]For example:
Example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_formation |
Gairaigo(外来語,Japanese pronunciation:[ɡaiɾaiɡo])isJapanesefor "loan word", and indicates atranscription into Japanese. In particular, the word usually refers to a Japanese word of foreign origin that was not borrowed in ancient times fromOldorMiddle Chinese(especiallyLiterary Chinese), but in modern times, primarily fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairaigo |
AWanderwort(German:[ˈvandɐvɔʁt]'migrant word', sometimes pluralized asWanderwörter, usually capitalized followingGerman practice) is a word that has spread as aloanwordamong numerous languages and cultures, especially those that are far away from one another. As such,Wanderwörterare a curiosity inhistorical linguistics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderwort |
Inlinguistics,word formationis an ambiguous term[1]that can refer to either:
A common method of word formation is the attachment of inflectional or derivationalaffixes.
Examples include:
Inflection is modifying a word for the purpose of fitting it into the grammatical structure of a sentence.[4]For example:
Example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_coinage |
Polysemy(/pəˈlɪsɪmi/or/ˈpɒlɪˌsiːmi/;[1][2]fromAncient Greekπολύ-(polý-)'many'andσῆμα(sêma)'sign') is the capacity for asign(e.g. asymbol,morpheme,word, orphrase) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have severalword senses.[3]Polysemy is distinct frommonosemy, where a word has a single meaning.[3]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy |
Since the 1930sEnglishhas created numerousportmanteau wordsusing the word English as the second element. These refer to varieties of English that are heavily influenced by other languages or that are typical of speakers from a certain country or region. The term can mean a type of English heavily influenced by another ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lishes |
Anabbreviation(fromLatinbrevis'short')[1]is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method includingshortening,contraction,initialism(which includesacronym), orcrasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing period. For example, the termetc.is the usual abbreviation for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_abbreviation |
Inphonetics,clippingis the process of shortening thearticulationof aphonetic segment, usually avowel. Aclipped vowelis pronounced more quickly than an unclipped vowel and is often alsoreduced.
Particularly in NetherlandsDutch, vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened and centralized, which is particularly noticeab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics) |
Inlinguistics, acompoundis alexeme(less precisely, awordorsign) that consists of more than onestem.Compounding,compositionornominal compositionis the process ofword formationthat creates compound lexemes. Compounding occurs when two or more words or signs are joined to make a longer word or sign. Consequently, a compou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics) |
Acontractionis a shortened version of the spoken and written forms of aword,syllable, orword group, created by omission of internal letters and sounds.
Inlinguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused withcrasis,abbreviationsandinitialisms(includingacronyms), with which they share somesemanticandphoneticfunc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_(grammar) |
Adiminutiveis a word obtained by modifying aroot wordto convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense ofintimacyorendearment, and sometimes to belittle something or someone.[1][2]Adiminutive form(abbreviatedDIM) is a word-formation devi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive |
In awritten language, alogogram(fromAncient Greeklogos'word', andgramma'that which is drawn or written'), alsologographorlexigraph, is awritten characterthat represents asemanticcomponent of a language, such as awordormorpheme.Chinese charactersas used inChineseas well as other languages are logograms, as areEgyptian h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram |
0–9ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Abbreviationsare used very frequently in medicine. They boost efficiency as long as they are used intelligently. The advantages of brevity should be weighed against the possibilities of obfuscation (making the communication harder for others to understand) and ambiguity (having more than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations |
Anamalgamated nameis a name that is formed by combining several previously existing names. These may take the form of anacronym(where only one letter of each name is taken) or ablend(where a large part of each name is taken, such as the firstsyllable).
Amalgamated names are most commonly used foramalgamated businesses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_(names) |
Insign language, aninitialized signis one that is produced with a handshape(s) that corresponds to thefingerspellingof its equivalent in the locally dominantoral language, based on the respectivemanual alphabetrepresenting that oral language'sorthography. The handshape(s) of these signs then represent the initial lette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialized_sign |
Aone-letter wordis awordcomposed of a singleletter. The application of this apparently simpledefinitionis complex, due to the difficulty of defining the notions of 'word' and 'letter'. One-letter words have an uncertain status in language theory,dictionariesand social usage. They are sometimes used asbooktitles, and ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-letter_word |
Lists of abbreviationscontainabbreviationsandacronymsin different languages and fields. They include Latin and English abbreviations and acronyms.
Lists of abbreviations in theEnglish language:
An acronym is a type of abbreviation formed from the initial components of the words of a longer name or phrase,
Abbreviati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_abbreviations |
In theRoman Catholic Church, theecclesiasticalwords most commonlyabbreviatedat all times areproper names,titles(official or customary), of persons orcorporations, and words of frequent occurrence.
Historically, bothJewishscribes andTalmudicscholars frequently used abbreviations in their religious texts.
Between the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecclesiastical_abbreviations |
This is alist of common Latin abbreviations. Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted byModern English. However, with some exceptions (for example,versusormodus operandi), most of theLatinreferent words and phrases are perceived as foreign to English. In a few cases, English referents have replaced the orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_abbreviations |
This is a list of Wikipedia articles of Latin phrases and their translation into English.
To view all phrases on a single, lengthy document, see:List of Latin phrases (full). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases |
Nominal numbersare numerals used as labels toidentify items uniquely. Importantly, the actual values of the numbers which these numerals represent are less relevant, as they do not indicate quantity, rank, or any other measurement.
Labelling referees Smith and Kumar as referees "1" and "2" is a use of nominal numbers.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_number |
Pleonasm(/ˈpliː.əˌnæzəm/; fromAncient Greekπλεονασμόςpleonasmós, fromπλέονpléon'to be in excess')[1][2]isredundancyin linguistic expression, such as in "black darkness," "burning fire," "the man he said,"[3]or "vibrating with motion." It is a manifestation oftautologyby traditionalrhetoricalcriteria.[4]Pleonasm may als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleonasm#Bilingual_tautological_expressions |
Arecursive acronymis anacronymthatrefers to itself, and appears most frequently in computer programming. The term was first used in print in 1979 inDouglas Hofstadter's bookGödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, in which Hofstadter invents the acronym GOD, meaning "GOD Over Djinn", to help explain infinite serie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronym |
Inliterary criticismandrhetoric, atautologyis a statement that repeats an idea using near-synonymousmorphemes, words or phrases, effectively "saying the same thing twice".[1][2]Tautology andpleonasmare not consistently differentiated in literature.[3]Like pleonasm, tautology is often considered a fault ofstylewhen unin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(language) |
Internet slang(also calledInternet shorthand,cyber-slang,netspeak,digispeakorchatspeak) is a non-standard or unofficial form of language used by people on theInternetto communicate to one another.[1]A popular example of Internet slang islol, meaning "laugh out loud". Since Internet slang is constantly changing, it is d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_slang |
Internet culturerefers to culture developed and maintained among frequent and active users of theInternet(also known asnetizens) who primarily communicate with one another as members ofonline communities; that is, a culture whose influence is "mediated by computer screens" andinformation communication technology,[1]: 6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberculture |
Leet(or "1337"), also known aseleetorleetspeak, or simplyhacker speech, is a system of modified spellings used primarily on theInternet. It often uses character replacements in ways that play on the similarity of theirglyphsviareflectionor other resemblance. Additionally, it modifies certain words on the basis of a sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leetspeak |
LOL, orlol, is aninitialismforlaughing out loud,[1][2][3][4]and a popular element ofInternet slang, which can be used to indicate amusement, irony, or double meanings.[5]It was first used almost exclusively onUsenet, but has since become widespread in other forms ofcomputer-mediated communicationand evenface-to-facecom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOL |
Sextingis sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photographs, or videos, primarily between mobile phones. It may also include the use of a computer or any digital device.[1][2]The term was first popularized early in the 21st century and is aportmanteauofsexandtexting, where the latter is meant in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexting |
Nineteen Eighty-Four(also published as1984) is adystopian novelandcautionary taleby English writerGeorge Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 bySecker & Warburgas Orwell's ninth and final completed book. Thematically, it centres on the consequences oftotalitarianism,mass surveillance, andrepressive regimentationof p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four |
TheCupertino effectoccurs when aspell checkererroneouslyreplacescorrectly spelled words that are not in its dictionary.
This term refers to the unhyphenated English word "cooperation" often being changed to "Cupertino" by older spell checkers, with dictionaries containing only the hyphenated variant, "co-operation".[1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino_effect |
Jejemon(Tagalog pronunciation:[ˈdʒɛdʒɛmɔ̝n]) was apopular culturephenomenon in thePhilippines.[1]ThePhilippine Daily Inquirerdescribes Jejemons as a "new breed ofhipsterwho have developed not only their own language and written text but also their own subculture and fashion."[2][3]
This style of shorthand typing aros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejemon |
For centuries, there have been movements toreform the spellingof theEnglish language. Such spelling reform seeks to changeEnglish orthographyso that it is more consistent, matches pronunciation better, and follows thealphabetic principle.[1]Common motives for spelling reform include making learning quicker, making lear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_spelling_reform |
Tironian notes(Latin:notae Tironianae) are a form of thousands of signs that were formerly used in a system ofshorthand(Tironian shorthand) dating from the 1st century BCE and named afterTiro, a personal secretary toMarcus Tullius Cicero, who is often credited as their inventor.[1]Tiro's system consisted of about 4,000... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tironian_notes |
Scribal abbreviations, orsigla(singular:siglum), areabbreviationsused by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, includingLatin,Greek,Old EnglishandOld Norse.
In modernmanuscript editing(substantive and mechanical)siglaare the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation |
Inwritingandtypography, aligatureoccurs where two or moregraphemesor letters are joined to form a singleglyph. Examples are the characters⟨æ⟩and⟨œ⟩used in English and French, in which the letters⟨a⟩and⟨e⟩are joined for the first ligature and the letters⟨o⟩and⟨e⟩are joined for the second ligature. For stylistic and legi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_ligature |
Thealphabet agencies, orNew Deal agencies, were theU.S. federal governmentagencies created as part of theNew Dealof PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt. The earliest agencies were created to combat theGreat Depression in the United Statesand were established during Roosevelt's first 100 days in office in 1933. In total, at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_agencies |
ISO 4217is a standard published by theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) that defines alpha codes and numeric codes for the representation of currencies and provides information about the relationships between individual currencies and their minor units. This data is published in three tables:[1]
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217 |
This is a list of computing and IT acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations |
This is a list of radio and televisionbroadcasting stations in the United Statesthat are currently assigned three-lettercall signs.
In the United States, all radio and television broadcasting stations that are licensed by theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) are assigned official, distinctcall signs. Organized br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_three-letter_broadcast_call_signs_in_the_United_States |
Lists of acronymscontainacronyms, a type of abbreviation formed from the initial components of the words of a longer name or phrase. They are organized alphabetically and by field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_acronyms |
Anairportis anaerodromewith facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and acontrol tower. An airport consists of alanding area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as arunwayfor a pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_airports_by_IATA_and_ICAO_code |
Acountry codeis a short alphanumeric identification code for countries and dependent areas. Its primary use is indata processingandcommunications. Several identification systems have been developed.
The termcountry codefrequently refers toISO 3166-1 alpha-2, as well as the telephone country code, which is embodied in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code#Lists_of_country_codes_by_country |
Control Picturesis aUnicode blockcontaining characters for graphically representing theC0 control codes, and other control characters. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 wasPictures for Control Codes.[3]
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Control Pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Pictures |
Specialsis a shortUnicodeblock of characters allocated at the very end of theBasic Multilingual Plane, at U+FFF0–FFFF, containing thesecode points:
U+FFFE<noncharacter-FFFE>andU+FFFF<noncharacter-FFFF>arenoncharacters, meaning they are reserved but do not cause ill-formed Unicode text. Versions of the Unicode standard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character |
Theregional indicator symbolsare a set of 26 alphabeticUnicodecharacters (A–Z) intended to be used to encodeISO 3166-1 alpha-2two-lettercountry codesin a way that allows optional special treatment.
These were defined byOctober 2010as part of theUnicode 6.0support foremoji, as an alternative to encoding separate charac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Indicator_Symbol |
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplementis aUnicode blockconsisting ofLatin alphabetcharacters andArabic numeralsenclosed in circles, ovals or boxes, used for a variety of purposes. It is encoded in the range U+1F100–U+1F1FF in theSupplementary Multilingual Plane.
The block is mostly an extension of theEnclosed Alphanumericsb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement |
Tagsis aUnicode blockcontaining formatting tag characters. The block is designed to mirrorASCII. It was originally intended for language tags, but has now been repurposed as emoji modifiers, specifically for region flags.
U+E0001, U+E0020–U+E007F were originally intended for invisibly tagging texts by language[3]but t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tags_(Unicode_block) |
ABayesian averageis a method of estimating themeanof a population using outside information, especially a pre-existing belief,[1]which is factored into the calculation. This is a central feature ofBayesian interpretation. This is useful when the available data set is small.[2]
Calculating the Bayesian average uses the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_average |
Prediction by partial matching(PPM) is an adaptivestatisticaldata compressiontechnique based oncontext modelingandprediction. PPM models use a set of previous symbols in the uncompressed symbol stream to predict the next symbol in the stream. PPM algorithms can also be used to cluster data into predicted groupings inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching |
(1)p(x=i)=pi{\displaystyle p(x=i)=p_{i}}(2)p(x)=p1[x=1]⋯pk[x=k]{\displaystyle p(x)=p_{1}^{[x=1]}\cdots p_{k}^{[x=k]}}(3)p(x)=[x=1]⋅p1+⋯+[x=k]⋅pk{\displaystyle p(x)=[x=1]\cdot p_{1}\,+\cdots +\,[x=k]\cdot p_{k}}
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, acategorical distribution(also called ageneralized Bernoulli distribution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_distribution |
Incomputing, thecount–min sketch(CM sketch) is aprobabilisticdata structurethat serves as a frequency table of events in astream of data. It useshash functionsto map events to frequencies, but unlike ahash tableuses onlysub-linear space, at the expense of overcounting some events due tocollisions. The count–min sketch ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count%E2%80%93min_sketch |
TheAkaike information criterion(AIC) is anestimatorofprediction errorand thereby relative quality ofstatistical modelsfor a given set of data.[1][2][3]Given a collection of models for the data, AIC estimates the quality of each model, relative to each of the other models. Thus, AIC provides a means formodel selection.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaike_information_criterion |
Instatistics, theBayesian information criterion(BIC) orSchwarz information criterion(alsoSIC,SBC,SBIC) is a criterion formodel selectionamong a finite set of models; models with lower BIC are generally preferred. It is based, in part, on thelikelihood functionand it is closely related to theAkaike information criterion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_information_criterion |
Inmathematics, specificallystatisticsandinformation geometry, aBregman divergenceorBregman distanceis a measure of difference between two points, defined in terms of a strictlyconvex function; they form an important class ofdivergences. When the points are interpreted asprobability distributions– notably as either valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregman_divergence |
Ininformation theory, thecross-entropybetween twoprobability distributionsp{\displaystyle p}andq{\displaystyle q}, over the same underlying set of events, measures the average number ofbitsneeded to identify an event drawn from the set when the coding scheme used for the set is optimized for an estimated probability di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-entropy |
Thedeviance information criterion(DIC) is ahierarchical modelinggeneralization of theAkaike information criterion(AIC). It is particularly useful inBayesianmodel selectionproblems where theposterior distributionsof themodelshave been obtained byMarkov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) simulation. DIC is anasymptotic approximatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_information_criterion |
Infinancial mathematicsandstochastic optimization, the concept ofrisk measureis used to quantify the risk involved in a random outcome or risk position. Many risk measures have hitherto been proposed, each having certain characteristics. Theentropic value at risk(EVaR) is acoherent risk measureintroduced by Ahmadi-Javi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_value_at_risk |
Inprobabilityandstatistics, theHellinger distance(closely related to, although different from, theBhattacharyya distance) is used to quantify the similarity between twoprobability distributions. It is a type off-divergence. The Hellinger distance is defined in terms of theHellinger integral, which was introduced byErn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinger_distance |
Ininformation theoryandmachine learning,information gainis a synonym forKullback–Leibler divergence; theamount of informationgained about arandom variableorsignalfrom observing another random variable. However, in the context of decision trees, the term is sometimes used synonymously withmutual information, which is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_gain_in_decision_trees |
Indecision tree learning,information gain ratiois a ratio ofinformation gainto the intrinsic information. It was proposed byRoss Quinlan,[1]to reduce a bias towards multi-valued attributes by taking the number and size of branches into account when choosing
an attribute.[2]
Information gain is also known asmutual info... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_gain_ratio |
This article discusses howinformation theory(a branch of mathematics studying the transmission, processing and storage ofinformation) is related tomeasure theory(a branch of mathematics related tointegrationandprobability).
Many of the concepts in information theory have separate definitions and formulas forcontinuous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory_and_measure_theory |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, theJensen–Shannon divergence, named afterJohan JensenandClaude Shannon, is a method of measuring the similarity between twoprobability distributions. It is also known asinformation radius(IRad)[1][2]ortotal divergence to the average.[3]It is based on theKullback–Leibler divergence, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen%E2%80%93Shannon_divergence |
Inquantum information theory,quantum relative entropyis a measure of distinguishability between twoquantum states. It is the quantum mechanical analog ofrelative entropy.
For simplicity, it will be assumed that all objects in the article are finite-dimensional.
We first discuss the classical case. Suppose the probabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_relative_entropy |
Solomon Kullback(April 3, 1907 – August 5, 1994) was an Americancryptanalystandmathematician, who was one of the first three employees hired byWilliam F. Friedmanat theUS Army'sSignal Intelligence Service(SIS) in the 1930s, along withFrank RowlettandAbraham Sinkov. He went on to a long and distinguished career at SIS a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Kullback |
Richard A. Leibler(March 18, 1914,Chicago, Illinois– October 25, 2003,Reston, Virginia) was an Americanmathematicianandcryptanalyst. Richard Leibler was born in March 1914. He received his A.M. in mathematics fromNorthwestern Universityand his Ph.D. from theUniversity of Illinoisin 1939. While working at theNational Se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Leibler |
Instatistics, theBhattacharyya distanceis a quantity which represents a notion ofsimilaritybetween twoprobability distributions.[1]It is closely related to theBhattacharyya coefficient, which is a measure of the amount of overlap between twostatisticalsamples or populations.
It is not ametric, despite being named a "d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhattacharyya_distance |
Shallow parsing(alsochunkingorlightparsing) is an analysis of asentencewhich first identifies constituent parts of sentences (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) and then links them to higher order units that have discrete grammatical meanings (noungroups orphrases, verb groups, etc.). While the most elementary chunking al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(computational_linguistics) |
Insystemic functional grammar(SFG), anominal groupis a group of words that represents or describes an entity, for exampleThe nice old English police inspector who was sitting at the table with Mr Morse. Grammatically, the wording "The nice old English police inspector who was sitting at the table with Mr Morse" can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_group_(functional_grammar) |
Flash fictionis a brief fictional narrative[1]that still offers character and plot development. Identified varieties, many of them defined byword count, include thesix-word story;[2]the 280-character story (also known as "twitterature");[3]the "dribble" (also known as the "minisaga", 50 words);[2]the "drabble" (also kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_fiction |
Twitterature(aportmanteauofTwitterandliterature) is a literary use of themicrobloggingservice ofX (formerly known as Twitter). It includes various genres, includingaphorisms,poetry, andfiction(or somecombinationthereof) written by individuals or collaboratively. The 280-character maximum imposed by the medium, upgraded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterature |
Aword listis a list of words in alexicon, generally sorted by frequency of occurrence (either bygraded levels, or as a ranked list). A word list is compiled bylexical frequency analysiswithin a giventext corpus, and is used incorpus linguisticsto investigate genealogies and evolution of languages and texts. A word whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_lists_by_frequency |
Inlinguistics,wh-movement(also known aswh-fronting,wh-extraction, orwh-raising) is the formation ofsyntacticdependencies involvinginterrogativewords. An example in English is the dependency formed betweenwhatand the object position ofdoingin "What are you doing?". Interrogative forms are sometimes known within English ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wh-movement |
Inlinguistics,bindingis the phenomenon in whichanaphoricelements such aspronounsare grammatically associated with theirantecedents.[citation needed]For instance in the English sentence "Mary saw herself", theanaphor"herself" is bound by its antecedent "Mary". Binding can be licensed or blocked in certain contexts or sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_(linguistics) |
Syntactic movementis the means by which some theories of syntax addressdiscontinuities. Movement was first postulated bystructuralist linguistswho expressed it in terms ofdiscontinuous constituentsordisplacement.[1]Someconstituentsappear to have been displaced from the position in which they receive important features ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_(linguistics) |
Inlinguistics, theempty category principle(ECP) was proposed inNoam Chomsky's syntactic framework ofgovernment and binding theory. The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires certain types ofempty categories, namelytraces, to be properlygoverned.
ECP is a principle oftransformational gramm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Category_Principle |
Inlinguistics,grammatical relations(also calledgrammatical functions,grammatical roles, orsyntactic functions) are functional relationships betweenconstituentsin aclause. The standard examples of grammatical functions from traditional grammar aresubject,direct object, andindirect object. In recent times, the syntactic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_relation |
Atagmemeis the smallest functional element in thegrammaticalstructure of a language. The term was introduced in the 1930s by the linguistLeonard Bloomfield, who defined it as the smallestmeaningfulunit of grammatical form (analogous to themorpheme, defined as the smallest meaningful unit oflexicalform). The term was la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammeme |
Move αis a feature of manytransformational-generative grammars, first developed in theRevised Extended Standard Theory(REST) byNoam Chomskyin the late 1970s and later part ofgovernment and binding theory(GB) in the 1980s and theMinimalist Programof the 1990s. The term refers to the relation between an indexed constitue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_%CE%B1 |
Asyntactic categoryis a syntactic unit that theories ofsyntaxassume.[1]Word classes, largely corresponding to traditionalparts of speech(e.g. noun, verb, preposition, etc.), are syntactic categories. Inphrase structure grammars, thephrasal categories(e.g.noun phrase,verb phrase,prepositional phrase, etc.) are also synt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_category#Labels_in_the_Minimalist_Program |
Inlinguistics, theminimalist programis a major line of inquiry that has been developing insidegenerative grammarsince the early 1990s, starting with a 1993 paper byNoam Chomsky.[1]
FollowingImre Lakatos's distinction, Chomsky presents minimalism as aprogram, understood as a mode of inquiry that provides a conceptual f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist_Program |
Inlanguage, aclauseis aconstituentorphrasethat comprises a semanticpredicand(expressed or not) and a semanticpredicate.[1]A typical clause consists of asubjectand a syntacticpredicate,[2]the latter typically averb phrasecomposed of averbwith or without anyobjectsand othermodifiers. However, the subject is sometimes une... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause |
Afinite verbis averbthat contextually complements asubject,[1]which can be either explicit (like in the Englishindicative) or implicit (like innull subject languagesor the Englishimperative). A finitetransitive verbor a finiteintransitive verbcan function as the root of anindependent clause. Finite verbs are distingu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_verb |
Non-finite verbs, are verb forms that do not showtense,person, ornumber. They include:
Nonfinite verbs are used in constructions where there's no need to express tense directly. They help in creating sentences like "I want to go," where "to go" is nonfinite.
In theEnglish language, a non-finite verb cannot perform ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-finite_verb |
Inlinguisticsandgrammar, asentenceis alinguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." Intraditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of asubjectandpredicate. In non-functional linguistics it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) |
Inlinguistics, averb phrase(VP) is asyntacticunit composed of averband itsargumentsexcept thesubjectof anindependent clauseorcoordinate clause. Thus, in the sentenceA fat man quickly put the money into the box, the wordsquickly put the money into the boxconstitute a verbphrase; it consists of the verbputand its argumen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_phrase |
Aphraseme, also called aset phrase,fixed expression,multiword expression(incomputational linguistics), oridiom,[1][2][3][citation needed]is a multi-word or multi-morphemic utterance whose components include at least one that is selectionally constrained[clarification needed]or restricted by linguistic convention such t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraseme |
Inlinguistics,X-bar theoryis a model of phrase structure and a theory of syntactic category formation[1]that proposes a universal schema for how phrases are organized. It suggests that all phrases share a common underlying structure, regardless of their specific category (noun phrase,verb phrase, etc.). This structure,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bar_theory |
Copyleaksis a plagiarism detection platform that usesartificial intelligence(AI) to identify similar and identical content across various formats.[1][2]
Copyleaks was founded in 2015 by Alon Yamin and Yehonatan Bitton, software developers working with text analysis, AI, machine learning, and other cutting-edge technol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleaks |
In the field ofartificial intelligence(AI),alignmentaims to steer AI systems toward a person's or group's intended goals, preferences, or ethical principles. An AI system is consideredalignedif it advances the intended objectives. AmisalignedAI system pursues unintended objectives.[1]
It is often challenging for AI de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment |
The following tables compare software used forplagiarism detection.
This article related to a type ofsoftwareis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_anti-plagiarism_software |
Plagiarism detectionorcontent similarity detectionis the process of locating instances ofplagiarismorcopyright infringementwithin a work or document. The widespread use of computers and the advent of the Internet have made it easier to plagiarize the work of others.[1][2]
Detection of plagiarism can be undertaken in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_similarity_detection |
In the field ofartificial intelligence(AI), ahallucinationorartificial hallucination(also calledbullshitting,[1][2]confabulation[3]ordelusion[4]) is a response generated by AI that contains false ormisleading informationpresented asfact.[5][6]This term draws a loose analogy with human psychology, where hallucination ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence) |
Computer-aided translation(CAT), also referred to ascomputer-assisted translationorcomputer-aided human translation(CAHT), is the use ofsoftware, also known as a translator, to assist a human translator in thetranslationprocess. The translation is created by a human, and certain aspects of the process are facilitated b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation |
Thelanguage industryis thesector of activitydedicated to facilitating multilingual communication, both oral and written. According to theEuropean Commission'sDirectorate-General of Translation, the language industry comprises following activities: translation, interpreting,subtitling,dubbing, software and website globa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_industry |
Atranslation memory(TM) is a database that stores "segments", which can be sentences, paragraphs or sentence-like units (headings, titles or elements in a list) that have previously been translated, in order to aid humantranslators. The translation memory stores thesource textand its corresponding translation in langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_memory |
Aconstructed language(shortened toconlang)[a]is alanguagewhosephonology,grammar,orthography, andvocabulary, instead of having developednaturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for awork of fiction. A constructed language may also be referred to as anartificial,plannedorinvent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language |
Knowledge representation(KR) aims to model information in a structured manner to formally represent it as knowledge in knowledge-based systems. Whereasknowledge representationand reasoning(KRR,KR&R, orKR²) also aims to understand, reason and interpret knowledge. KRR is widely used in the field ofartificial intelligence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
Usingcontrolled languageinmachine translationposes several problems.
In an automated translation, the first step in order to understand the controlled language is to know what it is and to distinguish betweennatural languageandcontrolled language.
The main problem inmachine translationis a linguistic problem. Languag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_language_in_machine_translation |
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