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Inmathematicsandstatistics,deviationserves as a measure to quantify the disparity between anobserved valueof a variable and another designated value, frequently the mean of that variable. Deviations with respect to thesample meanand thepopulation mean(or "true value") are callederrorsandresiduals, respectively. Thesign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_deviation |
Instatistics, themedian absolute deviation(MAD) is arobustmeasure of thevariabilityof aunivariatesample ofquantitative data. It can also refer to thepopulationparameterthat isestimatedby the MAD calculated from a sample.[1]
For a univariate data setX1,X2, ...,Xn, the MAD is defined as themedianof theabsolute deviation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_absolute_deviation |
Inrobust statistics,robust regressionseeks to overcome some limitations of traditionalregression analysis. A regression analysis models the relationship between one or moreindependent variablesand adependent variable. Standard types of regression, such asordinary least squares, have favourable properties if their under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_regression |
Inmathematics,Chebyshev distance(orTchebychev distance),maximum metric, orL∞metric[1]is ametricdefined on areal coordinate spacewhere thedistancebetween twopointsis the greatest of their differences along any coordinate dimension.[2]It is named afterPafnuty Chebyshev.
It is also known aschessboard distance, since in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_distance |
Incoding theory, theLee distanceis adistancebetween twostringsx1x2…xn{\displaystyle x_{1}x_{2}\dots x_{n}}andy1y2…yn{\displaystyle y_{1}y_{2}\dots y_{n}}of equal lengthnover theq-aryalphabet{0, 1, …,q− 1} of sizeq≥ 2. It is ametric[1]defined as∑i=1nmin(|xi−yi|,q−|xi−yi|).{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\min(|x_{i}-y_{i}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_distance |
Ingeometry, a setK⊂Rdis defined to beorthogonally convexif, for everylineLthat is parallel to one ofstandard basisvectors, theintersectionofKwithLis empty, a point, or a singlesegment. The term "orthogonal" refers to correspondingCartesianbasis and coordinates inEuclidean space, where different basis vectors areperpend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_convex_hull |
Inmathematical analysis, thestaircase paradoxis apathological exampleshowing thatlimitsof curves do not necessarily preserve theirlength.[1]It consists of a sequence of "staircase"polygonal chainsin aunit square, formed from horizontal and verticalline segmentsof decreasing length, so that these staircasesconverge unif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircase_paradox |
In anyquantitative science, the termsrelative changeandrelative differenceare used to compare twoquantitieswhile taking into account the "sizes" of the things being compared, i.e. dividing by astandardorreferenceorstartingvalue.[1]The comparison is expressed as aratioand is aunitlessnumber. By multiplying these ratios ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_change_and_difference |
Theroot mean square deviation(RMSD) orroot mean square error(RMSE) is either one of two closely related and frequently used measures of the differences between true or predicted values on the one hand and observed values or anestimatoron the other.
Thedeviationis typically simply a differences ofscalars; it can also be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squared_error |
Insignal processingand related disciplines,aliasingis a phenomenon that a reconstructed signal from samples of the original signal contains low frequency components that are not present in the original one. This is caused when, in the original signal, there are components at frequency exceeding a certain frequency call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing |
Inprobability theory,Boole's inequality, also known as theunion bound, says that for anyfiniteorcountablesetofevents, the probability that at least one of the events happens is no greater than the sum of the probabilities of the individual events. This inequality provides an upper bound on the probability of occurrence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_inequalities |
Cherry picking,suppressing evidence, or thefallacy of incomplete evidenceis the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position while ignoring a significant portion of related and similar cases or data that maycontradictthat position. Cherry picking may be committed intentionally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking |
Thegarden of forking pathsis a problem in frequentist hypothesis testing through which researchers can unintentionally produce false positives for a tested hypothesis, through leaving themselves too many degrees of freedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such asdata dredgingwhere only expected or apparently-signif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_forking_paths_fallacy |
Instatistics,circular analysisis the selection of the details of a data analysis using the data that is being analysed. It is often referred to asdouble dipping, as one uses the same data twice. Circular analysis unjustifiably inflates the apparent statistical strength of any results reported and, at the most extreme, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_analysis |
HARKing(hypothesizing after the results are known) is an acronym coined by social psychologistNorbert Kerr[1]that refers to the questionable research practice of "presenting a post hochypothesisin the introduction of a research report as if it were ana priorihypothesis".[1][2]Hence, a key characteristic of HARKing is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HARKing |
There are many coincidences with the assassinations ofU.S. presidentsAbraham LincolnandJohn F. Kennedy, and these have become a piece of Americanfolklore. The list ofcoincidencesappeared in the mainstreamAmerican pressin 1964, a year after theassassination of John F. Kennedy, having appeared prior to that in theGOPCong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend |
Thelook-elsewhere effectis aphenomenonin the statistical analysis ofscientific experimentswhere an apparentlystatistically significantobservation may have actually arisen by chance because of the sheer size of theparameter spaceto be searched.[1][2][3][4][5]
Once the possibility of look-elsewhere error in an analysis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look-elsewhere_effect |
Metascience(also known asmeta-research) is the use ofscientific methodologyto studyscienceitself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducinginefficiency. It is also known as "research on research" and "the science of science", as it usesresearch methodsto study howresearchis done an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metascience |
Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what thedatashows. That is, amisuse of statisticsoccurs when
a statistical argument asserts afalsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse_of_statistics |
Pareidolia(/ˌpærɪˈdoʊliə,ˌpɛər-/;[1]alsoUS:/ˌpɛəraɪ-/)[2]is the tendency forperceptionto impose a meaningful interpretation on a nebulousstimulus, usually visual, so that one detects an object, pattern, or meaning where there is none. Pareidolia is a specific but common type ofapophenia(the tendency to perceive meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia |
In a scientific study,post hoc analysis(fromLatinpost hoc, "after this") consists ofstatistical analysesthat were specified after the data were seen.[1][2]They are usually used to uncover specific differences between three or more group means when ananalysis of variance(ANOVA) test is significant.[3]This typically crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_analysis |
Instatistics,hypotheses suggested by a given dataset, when tested with the same dataset that suggested them, are likely to be accepted even when they are not true. This is becausecircular reasoning(double dipping) would be involved: something seems true in the limited data set; therefore we hypothesize that it is true... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_theorizing |
TheTexas sharpshooter fallacyis aninformal fallacywhich is committed when differences in data are ignored, but similarities are overemphasized. From this reasoning, a false conclusion is inferred.[1]This fallacy is the philosophical or rhetorical application of themultiple comparisonsproblem (in statistics) andapopheni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy |
Reliefis an algorithm developed by Kira and Rendell in 1992 that takes a filter-method approach tofeature selectionthat is notably sensitive to feature interactions.[1][2]It was originally designed for application to binary classification problems with discrete or numerical features. Relief calculates a feature score ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_(feature_selection) |
Instatistics,devianceis agoodness-of-fitstatistic for astatistical model; it is often used forstatistical hypothesis testing. It is a generalization of the idea of using thesum of squares of residuals(SSR) inordinary least squaresto cases where model-fitting is achieved bymaximum likelihood. It plays an important role ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(statistics) |
Instatistics, ageneralized linear model(GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinarylinear regression. The GLM generalizes linear regression by allowing the linear model to be related to the response variable via alink functionand by allowing the magnitude of the variance of each measurement to be a function of its pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_linear_model |
Innon-parametric statistics, theTheil–Sen estimatoris a method forrobustlyfitting a lineto sample points in the plane (simple linear regression) by choosing themedianof theslopesof all lines through pairs of points. It has also been calledSen's slope estimator,[1][2]slope selection,[3][4]thesingle median method,[5]theK... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theil%E2%80%93Sen_estimator |
Multiverse analysisis a scientific method that specifies and then runs a set of plausible alternative models or statistical tests for a single hypothesis.[1]It is a method to address the issue that the "scientific process confronts researchers with a multiplicity of seemingly minor, yet nontrivial, decision points, eac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_analysis |
Thegrowth function, also called theshatter coefficientor theshattering number, measures the richness of aset familyor class of functions. It is especially used in the context ofstatistical learning theory, where it is used to study properties of statistical learning methods.
The term 'growth function' was coined by Vap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_function |
Incombinatorial mathematicsandextremal set theory, theSauer–Shelah lemmastates that everyfamily of setswith smallVC dimensionconsists of a small number of sets. It is named afterNorbert SauerandSaharon Shelah, who published it independently of each other in 1972.[1][2]The same result was also published slightly earlier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauer%E2%80%93Shelah_lemma |
Adaptive coordinate descent[1]is an improvement of thecoordinate descentalgorithmto non-separableoptimizationby the use ofadaptive encoding.[2]The adaptive coordinate descent approach gradually builds a transformation of the coordinate system such that the new coordinates are as decorrelated as possible with respect to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_coordinate_descent |
Inmathematics, theconjugate gradient methodis analgorithmfor thenumerical solutionof particularsystems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix ispositive-semidefinite. The conjugate gradient method is often implemented as aniterative algorithm, applicable tosparsesystems that are too large to be handled by a dir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient |
Inoptimization,line searchis a basiciterativeapproach to find alocal minimumx∗{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{*}}of anobjective functionf:Rn→R{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }. It first finds adescent directionalong which the objective functionf{\displaystyle f}will be reduced, and then computes a step si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_search |
Mathematical optimization(alternatively spelledoptimisation) ormathematical programmingis the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives.[1][2]It is generally divided into two subfields:discrete optimizationandcontinuous optimization. Optimization problems arise i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization |
Incomputer science,incremental learningis a method ofmachine learningin which input data is continuously used to extend the existing model's knowledge i.e. to further train the model. It represents a dynamic technique ofsupervised learningandunsupervised learningthat can be applied when training data becomes available ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_learning |
(Not to be confused with the lazy learning regime, seeNeural tangent kernel).
Inmachine learning,lazy learningis a learning method in which generalization of thetraining datais, in theory, delayed until a query is made to the system, as opposed toeager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training data b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_learning |
Inprobability theoryandmachine learning, themulti-armed bandit problem(sometimes called theK-[1]orN-armed bandit problem[2]) is a problem in which a decision maker iteratively selects one of multiple fixed choices (i.e., arms or actions) when the properties of each choice are only partially known at the time of allocat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-armed_bandit |
Inmathematical optimization, theproximaloperator is anoperatorassociated with a proper,[note 1]lower semi-continuousconvex functionf{\displaystyle f}from aHilbert spaceX{\displaystyle {\mathcal {X}}}to[−∞,+∞]{\displaystyle [-\infty ,+\infty ]}, and is defined by:[1]
For any function in this class, the minimizer of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_operator |
Stochastic optimization(SO) areoptimizationmethodsthat generate and userandom variables. Forstochasticoptimization problems, theobjective functionsorconstraintsare random. Stochastic optimization also include methods with randomiterates. Some hybrid methods use random iterates to solve stochastic problems, combining bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_optimization |
Stochastic approximationmethods are a family ofiterative methodstypically used forroot-findingproblems or foroptimizationproblems. The recursive update rules of stochastic approximation methods can be used, among other things, for solving linear systems when the collected data is corrupted by noise, or for approximatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_approximation |
Incosmology, theanthropic principle, also known as theobservation selection effect, is the proposition that the range of possible observations that could be made about theuniverseis limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing observers in the first place... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle |
Connectionismis an approach to the study of human mental processes and cognition that utilizes mathematical models known as connectionist networks or artificial neural networks.[1]
Connectionism has had many "waves" since its beginnings. The first wave appeared 1943 withWarren Sturgis McCullochandWalter Pittsboth focu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionism |
Inpsychology, a trait (orphenotype) is calledemergenicif it is the result of a specific combination of several interactinggenes(rather than of a simple sum of several independent genes). Emergenic traits will not run in families, butidentical twinswill share them. Traits such as "leadership", "genius" or certainmental ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergenesis |
Anemergent algorithmis analgorithmthat exhibitsemergent behavior. In essence an emergent algorithm implements a set of simplebuilding blockbehaviors that when combined exhibit more complex behaviors. One example of this is the implementation offuzzymotion controllers used to adapt robot movement in response to enviro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_algorithm |
Emergent evolutionis thehypothesisthat, in the course ofevolution, some entirely new properties, such asmindandconsciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. The term was originated by the psychologistC. Lloyd Morganin 1922 in hisGif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_evolution |
Emergent gameplayrefers to complex situations invideo games,board games, orrole-playing gamesthatemergefrom the interaction of relatively simplegame mechanics.[1]
Designers have attempted to encourage emergent play by providing tools to players such as placingweb browserswithin the game engine (such as inEve Online,Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_gameplay |
Entropic gravity, also known asemergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describesgravityas anentropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject toquantum-leveldisorder—and not afundamental interaction. The theory, based onstring theory,black holephysics, andquantum information theory, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity |
Anemergent organization(alternativelyemergent organisation) is anorganizationthat spontaneouslyemergesfrom and exists in a complex dynamicenvironmentormarket place, rather than being a construct or copy of something that already exists.
The term first appeared in the late 1990s and was the topic of the Seventh Annual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_organization |
Emergentismis thephilosophical theorythat higher-level properties or phenomenaemergefrom more basic components, and that these emergent properties are not fully reducible to or predictable from those lower-level parts. A property of asystemis said to be emergent if it is a new outcome of some other properties of the sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergentism |
Ineconomics, anexternalityis anindirect cost(external cost) or benefit (external benefit) to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity. Externalities can be considered as unpriced components that are involved in either consumer or producer consumption.Air pollutionfrom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality |
Free willis the capacity or ability tochoosebetween different possible courses ofaction.[1]There are different theories as to its nature.
Free will is closely linked to the concepts ofmoral responsibility,praise,culpability, and other judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen. It is also connected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will |
Generative scienceis an area of research that explores the naturalworldand its complex behaviours. It explores ways "to generate apparently unanticipated and infinite behaviour based ondeterministicandfiniterules and parameters reproducing or resembling the behavior of natural and social phenomena".[1]By modelling such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_science |
Irreducible complexity(IC) is the argument that certainbiological systemswith multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were removed, so supposedly could not haveevolvedby successive small modifications from earlier less complex systems throughnatural selection, which would need all intermediate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_complexity |
TheOmega Pointis a theorized future event in which the entirety of theuniversespirals toward a final point ofunification. The term was invented by the FrenchJesuitCatholicpriestPierre Teilhard de Chardin(1881–1955).[1]Teilhard argued that the Omega Point resembles the ChristianLogos, namelyChrist, who draws all things ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Complexity-Consciousness |
Libertarianismis one of the mainphilosophicalpositions related to the problems offree willanddeterminismwhich are part of the larger domain ofmetaphysics.[1]In particular, libertarianism is anincompatibilistposition[2][3]which argues that free will is logically incompatible with a deterministic universe. Libertarianism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics) |
Mass actioninsociologyrefers to the situations where numerous people behave simultaneously in a similar way but individually and without coordination.
For example, at any given moment, many thousands of people are shopping - without any coordination between themselves, they are nonetheless performing the same mass act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology) |
George Edward MooreOMFBA(4 November 1873 – 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher, who withBertrand Russell,Ludwig Wittgensteinand earlierGottlob Fregewas among the initiators ofanalytic philosophy. He and Russell began de-emphasizing theidealismwhich was then prevalent among British philosophers and became known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Moore#Organic_wholes |
The Society of Mindis both the title of a 1986 book and the name of a theory of naturalintelligenceas written and developed byMarvin Minsky.[1]
In his book of the same name, Minsky constructs a model of human intelligence step by step, built up from the interactions of simple parts calledagents, which are themselves m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mind |
The termsystem of systemsrefers to a collection of task-oriented or dedicatedsystemsthat pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, morecomplex systemwhich offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. Currently, systems of systems is a critical research ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_systems |
Spontaneous order, also namedself-organizationin thehard sciences, is the spontaneousemergenceof order out of seeming chaos. The term "self-organization" is more often used forphysical changesandbiological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_order |
Biosemiotics(from theGreekβίοςbios, "life" and σημειωτικόςsēmeiōtikos, "observant of signs") is a field ofsemioticsandbiologythat studies the prelinguistic meaning-making, biologicalinterpretationprocesses, production ofsignsandcodesandcommunicationprocesses in the biological realm.[1]
Biosemiotics integrates the find... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosemiotics |
Computational biologyrefers to the use of techniques incomputer science,data analysis,mathematical modelingandcomputational simulationsto understandbiological systemsand relationships.[1]An intersection ofcomputer science,biology, anddata science, the field also has foundations inapplied mathematics,molecular biology,c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology |
Modelling biological systemsis a significant task ofsystems biologyandmathematical biology.[a]Computational systems biology[b][1]aims to develop and use efficientalgorithms,data structures,visualizationand communication tools with the goal ofcomputer modellingof biological systems. It involves the use ofcomputer simula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biomodeling |
Medical cyberneticsis a branch ofcyberneticswhich has been heavily affected by the development of thecomputer,[1]which applies the concepts of cybernetics tomedical researchand practice. At the intersection ofsystems biology,systems medicineand clinical applications it covers an emerging working program for the applica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cybernetics |
The following is a list ofsoftware packagesandapplicationsforbiocyberneticsresearch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biomedical_cybernetics_software |
Behavior-based robotics(BBR) orbehavioral roboticsis an approach inroboticsthat focuses on robots that are able to exhibit complex-appearing behaviors despite little internalvariable stateto model its immediate environment, mostly gradually correcting its actions via sensory-motor links.
Behavior-based robotics sets i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_based_robotics |
Bionicsorbiologically inspired engineeringis the application of biological methods and systems found innatureto the study and design ofengineeringsystems and moderntechnology.[1]
The wordbionic, coined byJack E. Steelein August 1958, is aportmanteaufrombiologyandelectronics[2]which was popularized by the 1970s U.S. te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionics |
Acognitive modelis a representation of one or morecognitive processesin humans or other animals for the purposes of comprehension and prediction. There are many types of cognitivemodels, and they can range from box-and-arrow diagrams to a set of equations to software programs that interact with the same tools that huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_modeling |
Cognitive scienceis theinterdisciplinary, scientific study of themindand its processes.[2]It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions ofcognition(in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists includeperception,memory,attention,reasoning,language, andemotion. To understand these faculti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science |
Adigital organismis aself-replicatingcomputer programthatmutatesandevolves. Digitalorganismsare used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinianevolution, and to test or verify specific hypotheses ormathematical modelsof evolution. The study of digital organisms is closely related to the area ofartificial life.
Dig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_organism |
Fuzzy logicis a form ofmany-valued logicin which thetruth valueof variables may be anyreal numberbetween 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false.[1]By contrast, inBoolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic |
Gene expression programming (GEP)incomputer programmingis anevolutionary algorithmthat creates computer programs or models. These computer programs are complextree structuresthat learn and adapt by changing their sizes, shapes, and composition, much like a living organism. And like living organisms, the computer progra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression_programming |
Gerald Maurice Edelman(/ˈɛdəlmən/; July 1, 1929 – May 17, 2014) was an Americanbiologistwho shared the 1972Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicinefor work withRodney Robert Porteron theimmune system.[1]Edelman's Nobel Prize-winning research concerned discovery of the structure ofantibodymolecules.[2]In interviews, he has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman |
Janine M. Benyus(born 1958) is an Americannatural scienceswriter, innovation consultant, and author. After writing books on wildlife and animal behavior, she coined the termBiomimicryto describe intentional problem-solving design inspired by nature. Her bookBiomimicry(1997) attracted widespread attention from businessp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Benyus |
Mark A. O'Neill(born 3 November 1959) is an Englishcomputational biologistwith interests inartificial intelligence,systems biology,complex systemsandimage analysis. He is the creator and lead programmer on a number of computational projects including theDigital Automated Identification SYstem (DAISY)forautomated specie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A._O%27Neill |
Mathematical and theoretical biology, orbiomathematics, is a branch ofbiologywhich employs theoretical analysis,mathematical modelsand abstractions of livingorganismsto investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed toexperimental biologywhich deals with the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_biology |
Natural computing,[1][2]also callednatural computation, is a terminology introduced to encompass three classes of methods: 1) those that take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques; 2) those that are based on the use of computers to synthesize natural phenomena; and 3) those tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_computation |
Olaf Sporns(born 18 September 1963) is Provost Professor in Psychological and Brain Sciences atIndiana Universityand scientific co-director of the university's Network Science Institute.[1]He is the founding editor of theacademic journalNetwork Neuroscience, published byMIT Press.[citation needed][2]
Sporns received h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Sporns |
Organic computingis computing that behaves and interacts with humans in anorganic manner. The term "organic" is used to describe the system's behavior, and does not imply that they are constructed fromorganic materials. It is based on the insight that we will soon be surrounded by large collections ofautonomous systems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_computing |
Chisanboporchisenbop(from Koreanchi (ji)finger +sanpŏp (sanbeop)calculation[1]지산법/指算法), sometimes calledFingermath,[2]is afinger countingmethod used to perform basicmathematicaloperations. According toThe Complete Book of Chisanbop[3]by Hang Young Pai, chisanbop was created in the 1940s inKoreaby Sung Jin Pai and revi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisanbop |
Finger binaryis a system forcountingand displayingbinary numberson thefingersof either or bothhands. Each finger represents one binary digit orbit. This allows counting from zero to 31 using the fingers of one hand, or 1023 using both: that is, up to 25−1 or 210−1 respectively.
Modern computers typically store values ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_binary |
Quinary(base 5orpental[1][2][3]) is anumeral systemwithfiveas thebase. A possible origination of a quinary system is that there are fivedigitson eitherhand.
In the quinary place system, five numerals, from0to4, are used to represent anyreal number. According to this method,fiveis written as 10,twenty-fiveis written as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinary |
TheFACOM 128was a relay-basedelectromechanical computerbuilt byFujitsu. Two models were made, namely the FACOM 128A, built in 1956, and the FACOM 128B, built in 1959.[1]As of 2019[update], a fully working FACOM 128B is still in working order, maintained by Fujitsu staff at a facility inNumazuinShizuoka Prefecture.[2][3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FACOM_128 |
Incombinatorialmathematics, ade Bruijn sequenceof ordernon a size-kalphabetAis acyclic sequencein which every possible length-nstringonAoccurs exactly once as asubstring(i.e., as acontiguoussubsequence). Such a sequence is denoted byB(k,n)and has lengthkn, which is also the number of distinct strings of lengthnonA. Eac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bruijn_sequence |
TheSteinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithmorJohnson–Trotter algorithm, also calledplain changes, is analgorithmnamed afterHugo Steinhaus,Selmer M. JohnsonandHale F. Trotterthat generates all of thepermutationsofn{\displaystyle n}elements. Each two adjacent permutations in the resulting sequence differ by swapping two adjac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhaus%E2%80%93Johnson%E2%80%93Trotter_algorithm |
Incombinatorics, thefactorial number system, also calledfactoradic, is amixed radixnumeral systemadapted to numberingpermutations. It is also calledfactorial base, althoughfactorialsdo not function asbase, but asplace valueof digits. By converting a number less thann! to factorial representation, one obtains asequence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial_number_system |
Incoding theory,decodingis the process of translating received messages intocodewordsof a givencode. There have been many common methods of mapping messages to codewords. These are often used to recover messages sent over anoisy channel, such as abinary symmetric channel.
C⊂F2n{\displaystyle C\subset \mathbb {F} _{2}^... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_methods#Minimum_distance_decoding |
Inmathematics, theThue–MorseorProuhet–Thue–Morse sequenceis thebinary sequence(an infinite sequence of 0s and 1s) that can be obtained by starting with 0 and successively appending theBoolean complementof the sequence obtained thus far.[1]It is sometimes called thefair share sequencebecause of its applications tofair d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prouhet%E2%80%93Thue%E2%80%93Morse_sequence |
Inlinear algebra, the computation of thepermanentof amatrixis a problem that is thought to be more difficult than the computation of thedeterminantof a matrix despite the apparent similarity of the definitions.
The permanent is defined similarly to the determinant, as a sum of products of sets of matrix entries that l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryser_formula |
TheHilbert curve(also known as theHilbert space-filling curve) is acontinuousfractalspace-filling curvefirst described by the German mathematicianDavid Hilbertin 1891,[1]as a variant of the space-fillingPeano curvesdiscovered byGiuseppe Peanoin 1890.[2]
Because it is space-filling, itsHausdorff dimensionis 2 (precisel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_curve |
Inmathematics, aDirac measureassigns a size to a set based solely on whether it contains a fixed elementxor not. It is one way of formalizing the idea of theDirac delta function, an important tool in physics and other technical fields.
ADirac measureis ameasureδxon a setX(with anyσ-algebraofsubsetsofX) defined for a g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_measure |
Inmathematics, particularly inlinear algebra,tensor analysis, anddifferential geometry, theLevi-Civita symbolorLevi-Civita epsilonrepresents a collection of numbers defined from thesign of a permutationof thenatural numbers1, 2, ...,n, for some positive integern. It is named after the Italian mathematician and physicis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol |
Inphysics,Minkowski space(orMinkowski spacetime) (/mɪŋˈkɔːfski,-ˈkɒf-/[1]) is the main mathematical description ofspacetimein the absence ofgravitation. It combinesinertialspaceandtimemanifoldsinto afour-dimensionalmodel.
The model helps show how aspacetime intervalbetween any twoeventsis independent of theinertial fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_space#Standard_basis |
The't Hooft symbolis a collection of numbers which allows one to express thegeneratorsof theSU(2)Lie algebra in terms of thegeneratorsof Lorentz algebra. The symbol is a blend between theKronecker deltaand theLevi-Civita symbol. It was introduced byGerard 't Hooft. It is used in the construction of theBPST instanton.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t_Hooft_symbol |
Innumber theory, theunit functionis a completelymultiplicative functionon the positive integers defined as:
It is called the unit function because it is theidentity elementforDirichlet convolution.[1]
It may be described as the "indicator functionof 1" within the set of positive integers. It is also written asu(n){\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_function |
Unary coding,[nb 1]or theunary numeral systemand also sometimes calledthermometer code, is anentropy encodingthat represents anatural number,n, with a code of lengthn+ 1 ( orn), usuallynones followed by a zero (ifnatural numberis understood asnon-negative integer) or withn− 1 ones followed by a zero (ifnatural numberis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_coding |
Instatistics,semiparametric regressionincludesregressionmodels that combineparametricandnonparametricmodels. They are often used in situations where the fully nonparametric model may not perform well or when the researcher wants to use a parametric model but the functional form with respect to a subset of the regressor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric_regression |
Instatisticsandnumerical analysis,isotonic regressionormonotonicregressionis the technique of fitting a free-form line to a sequence of observations such that the fitted line isnon-decreasing(or non-increasing) everywhere, and lies as close to the observations as possible.
Isotonic regression has applications instatis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotonic_regression |
Instatisticsandeconometrics, themultinomial probit modelis a generalization of theprobit modelused when there are several possible categories that thedependent variablecan fall into. As such, it is an alternative to themultinomial logitmodel as one method ofmulticlass classification. It is not to be confused with them... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_probit |
Instatistics, thegeneralized Dirichlet distribution(GD) is a generalization of theDirichlet distributionwith a more general covariance structure and almost twice the number of parameters. Random vectors with a GD distribution are completelyneutral.[1]
The density function ofp1,…,pk−1{\displaystyle p_{1},\ldots ,p_{k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Dirichlet_distribution |
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