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1 the Roadis an experimental novel composed byartificial intelligence(AI). EmulatingJack Kerouac'sOn the Road, Ross Goodwin drove from New York to New Orleans in March 2017 with an AI in a laptop hooked up to various sensors, whose output the AI turned into words that were printed on rolls ofreceipt paper. The novel wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_the_Road |
Artificial intelligence detection softwareaims to determine whether somecontent(text, image, video or audio) wasgeneratedusingartificial intelligence(AI).
However, the reliability of such software is a topic of debate,[1]and there are concerns about the potential misapplication of AI detection software by educators.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_detection_software |
Automated essay scoring(AES) is the use of specialized computer programs to assign grades to essays written in an educational setting. It is a form ofeducational assessmentand an application ofnatural language processing. Its objective is to classify a large set of textual entities into a small number of discrete categ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring |
Biomedical text mining(includingbiomedical natural language processingorBioNLP) refers to the methods and study of howtext miningmay be applied to texts and literature of thebiomedicaldomain. As a field of research, biomedical text mining incorporates ideas fromnatural language processing,bioinformatics,medical informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_text_mining |
Computational linguisticsis aninterdisciplinaryfield concerned with thecomputational modellingofnatural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. In general, computational linguistics draws uponlinguistics,computer science,artificial intelligence,mathematics,logic,p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics |
Computer-assisted reviewing(CAR) tools are pieces of software based on text-comparison and analysisalgorithms.[1]These tools focus on the differences between two documents, taking into account each document'stypefacethrough an intelligent analysis.
The intelligent analysis used by CAR tools detect the differences do n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing |
Controlled natural languages(CNLs) are subsets ofnatural languagesthat are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminateambiguityand complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types: those that improve readability for human readers (e.g. non-native speakers)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language |
Deep linguistic processingis anatural language processingframework which draws on theoretical anddescriptive linguistics. It models language predominantly by way of theoretical syntactic/semantic theory (e.g.CCG,HPSG,LFG,TAG, thePrague School). Deep linguistic processing approaches differ from "shallower" methods in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_linguistic_processing |
Distributional semantics[1]is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The basic idea of distributional semantics can be summed up in the so-c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributional_semantics |
Computer-assisted language learning(CALL), known ascomputer-aided instruction(CAI) in British English andcomputer-aided language instruction(CALI) in American English,[1]Levy (1997: p. 1) briefly defines it as "the exploration and study of computer applications in language teaching and learning."[2]CALL embraces a wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language_reading_aid |
Aforeign language writing aidis acomputer programor any other instrument that assists a non-native language user (also referred to as a foreign language learner) in writing decently in their target language. Assistive operations can be classified into two categories: on-the-fly prompts and post-writing checks. Assisted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language_writing_aid |
Language and Communication Technologies(LCT; also known ashuman language technologiesorlanguage technologyfor short) is the scientific study of technologies that explore language and communication. It is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses the fields ofcomputer science,linguisticsandcognitive science.
One of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Communication_Technologies |
Language technology, often calledhuman language technology(HLT), studies methods of how computer programs or electronic devices can analyze, produce, modify or respond to human texts and speech.[1]Working with language technology often requires broad knowledge not only aboutlinguisticsbut also aboutcomputer science. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_technology |
Latent semantic analysis(LSA) is a technique innatural language processing, in particulardistributional semantics, of analyzing relationships between a set of documents and the terms they contain by producing a set of concepts related to the documents and terms. LSA assumes that words that are close in meaning will oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_indexing |
Amulti-agent system(MASor "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interactingintelligent agents.[1][2]Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or amonolithic systemto solve.[3]Intelligence may includemethodic,functional,proceduralappr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system |
Native-language identification(NLI) is the task of determining an author'snative language(L1) based only on their writings in asecond language(L2).[1]NLI works through identifying language-usage patterns that are common to specific L1 groups and then applying this knowledge to predict the native language of previously ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native-language_identification |
Natural-language programming(NLP) is anontology-assisted way ofprogrammingin terms ofnatural-languagesentences, e.g.English.[1]A structured document with Content, sections and subsections for explanations of sentences forms a NLP document, which is actually acomputer program. Natural language programming is not to be m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_programming |
Natural language understanding(NLU) ornatural language interpretation(NLI)[1]is a subset ofnatural language processinginartificial intelligencethat deals with machinereading comprehension. NLU has been considered anAI-hardproblem.[2]
There is considerable commercial interest in the field because of its application toa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_understanding |
Natural-language user interface(LUIorNLUI) is a type ofcomputer human interfacewhere linguistic phenomena such as verbs, phrases and clauses act as UI controls for creating, selecting and modifying data in software applications.
Ininterface design, natural-language interfaces are sought after for their speed and ease ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to natural-language processing:
natural-language processing– computer activity in which computers are entailed toanalyze, understand,alter, or generatenatural language. This includes theautomationof any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_natural_language_processing |
Query expansion(QE) is the process of reformulating a given query to improve retrieval performance ininformation retrievaloperations, particularly in the context ofquery understanding.[1]In the context ofsearch engines, query expansion involves evaluating a user's input (what words were typed into the search query area... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_expansion |
Ininformation retrievalandnatural language processingreificationis the process by which an abstract idea about a person, place or thing, is turned into an explicit data model or other object created in a programming language, such as a feature set of demographic[1]or psychographic[2]attributes or both. By means of reif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(linguistics) |
Speech processingis the study ofspeechsignalsand the processing methods of signals. The signals are usually processed in adigitalrepresentation, so speech processing can be regarded as a special case ofdigital signal processing, applied tospeech signals. Aspects of speech processing includes the acquisition, manipulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_processing |
Aspoken dialog system(SDS) is a computer system able to converse with a human with voice. It has two essential components that do not exist in a written textdialog system: aspeech recognizerand atext-to-speechmodule (written text dialog systems usually use other input systems provided by an OS). It can be further disti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_dialogue_systems |
Proofreadingis a phase in the process ofpublishingwheregalley proofsare compared against the originalmanuscriptsorgraphic artworks, to identifytranscriptionerrors in thetypesettingprocess.[1][2]In the past, proofreaders would place corrections or proofreading marks along the margins.[3]In modern publishing, material is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-proofing |
Text simplificationis an operation used innatural language processingto change, enhance, classify, or otherwise process an existing body of human-readable text so its grammar and structure is greatly simplified while the underlyingmeaningandinformationremain the same. Text simplification is an important area of researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_simplification |
Thetransformeris adeep learningarchitecture that was developed by researchers atGoogleand is based on the multi-headattentionmechanism, which was proposed in the 2017 paper "Attention Is All You Need".[1]Text is converted to numerical representations calledtokens, and each token is converted into a vector via lookup fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model) |
Truecasing, also calledcapitalization recovery,[1]capitalization correction,[2]orcase restoration,[3]is the problem innatural language processing(NLP) of determining the propercapitalizationof words where such information is unavailable. This commonly comes up due to the standard practice (inEnglishand many other lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truecasing |
Question answering(QA) is acomputer sciencediscipline within the fields ofinformation retrievalandnatural language processing(NLP) that is concerned with building systems that automatically answerquestionsthat are posed by humans in anatural language.[1]
A question-answering implementation, usually a computer program,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_answering |
ABellman equation, named afterRichard E. Bellman, is anecessary conditionfor optimality associated with the mathematicaloptimizationmethod known asdynamic programming.[1]It writes the "value" of a decision problem at a certain point in time in terms of the payoff from some initial choices and the "value" of the remaini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman_equation |
Clustering high-dimensional datais thecluster analysisof data with anywhere from a few dozen to many thousands ofdimensions. Suchhigh-dimensional spacesof data are often encountered in areas such asmedicine, whereDNA microarraytechnology can produce many measurements at once, and the clustering oftext documents, where,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_high-dimensional_data |
Inmathematics,concentration of measure(about amedian) is a principle that is applied inmeasure theory,probabilityandcombinatorics, and has consequences for other fields such asBanach spacetheory. Informally, it states that "A random variable that depends in aLipschitzway on many independent variables (but not too much ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_of_measure |
Dimensionality reduction, ordimension reduction, is the transformation of data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space so that the low-dimensional representation retains some meaningful properties of the original data, ideally close to itsintrinsic dimension. Working in high-dimensional spaces can be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction |
Dynamic programmingis both amathematical optimizationmethod and analgorithmic paradigm. The method was developed byRichard Bellmanin the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, fromaerospace engineeringtoeconomics.
In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it down into si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
This is a list oflinear transformationsoffunctionsrelated toFourier analysis. Such transformationsmapa function to a set ofcoefficientsofbasis functions, where the basis functions aresinusoidaland are therefore strongly localized in thefrequency spectrum. (These transforms are generally designed to be invertible.) I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-related_transforms |
Thegrand touris a technique originally developed by Daniel Asimov 1980–85, which is used to exploremultivariate statistical databy means of an animation. The animation, or "movie", consists of a series of distinct views of the data as seen from different directions, displayed on a computer screen, that appear to change... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour_(data_visualisation) |
Linear least squares(LLS) is theleast squares approximationoflinear functionsto data.
It is a set of formulations for solving statistical problems involved inlinear regression, including variants forordinary(unweighted),weighted, andgeneralized(correlated)residuals.Numerical methods for linear least squaresinclude inve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_least_squares_(mathematics) |
Model order reduction (MOR)is a technique for reducing thecomputational complexityofmathematical modelsinnumerical simulations. As such it is closely related to the concept ofmetamodeling, with applications in all areas ofmathematical modelling.
Many modernmathematical modelsof real-life processes pose challenges when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_order_reduction |
Multilinear principal component analysis(MPCA) is amultilinearextension ofprincipal component analysis(PCA) that is used to analyze M-way arrays, also informally referred to as "data tensors". M-way arrays may be modeled by linear tensor models, such as CANDECOMP/Parafac, or by multilinear tensor models, such as multi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_principal_component_analysis |
Multilinear subspace learningis an approach for disentangling the causal factor of data formation and performing dimensionality reduction.[1][2][3][4][5]TheDimensionality reductioncan be performed on a datatensorthat contains a collection of observations that have been vectorized,[1]or observations that are treated as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_subspace_learning |
Afat-tailed distributionis aprobability distributionthat exhibits a largeskewnessorkurtosis, relative to that of either anormal distributionor anexponential distribution.[when defined as?]In common usage, the terms fat-tailed andheavy-tailedare sometimes synonymous; fat-tailed is sometimes also defined as a subset of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-tailed_distribution |
Inprobability theory,heavy-tailed distributionsareprobability distributionswhose tails are not exponentially bounded:[1]that is, they have heavier tails than theexponential distribution. In many applications it is the right tail of the distribution that is of interest, but a distribution may have a heavy left tail, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-tailed_distribution |
When a quantity grows towards asingularityunder a finite variation (a "finite-time singularity") it is said to undergohyperbolic growth.[1]More precisely, thereciprocal function1/x{\displaystyle 1/x}has ahyperbolaas a graph, and has a singularity at 0, meaning that thelimitasx→0{\displaystyle x\to 0}is infinite: any si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_growth |
ALévy flightis arandom walkin which the step-lengths have astable distribution,[1]aprobability distributionthat isheavy-tailed. When defined as a walk in a space of dimension greater than one, the steps made are inisotropicrandom directions. Later researchers have extended the use of the term "Lévy flight" to also incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_flight |
Instatisticsandbusiness, along tailof somedistributionsof numbers is the portion of the distribution having many occurrences far from the "head" or central part of the distribution. The distribution could involve popularities, random numbers of occurrences of events with variousprobabilities, etc.[1]The term is often u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tail |
In ascale-free networkthedegree distributionfollows apower lawfunction. In some empirical examples this power-law fits the degree distribution well only in the high degree region; in some small degree nodes the empirical degree-distribution deviates from it. See for example the network of scientific citations.[1]This d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-degree_saturation |
ThePareto distribution, named after the Italiancivil engineer,economist, andsociologistVilfredo Pareto,[2]is apower-lawprobability distributionthat is used in description ofsocial,quality control,scientific,geophysical,actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena; the principle originally applied to describi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution |
Incontinuum mechanics, apower-law fluid, or theOstwald–de Waele relationship, is a type ofgeneralized Newtonian fluid. Thismathematicalrelationship is useful because of its simplicity, but only approximately describes the behaviour of a real non-Newtonian fluid. Power-law fluids can be subdivided into three different t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-law_fluid |
In applied probability theory, theSimon modelis a class ofstochastic modelsthat results in apower-lawdistribution function. It was proposed byHerbert A. Simon[1]to account for the wide range of empiricaldistributionsfollowing a power-law. It models the dynamics of a system of elements with associated counters (e.g., w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_model |
α∈(0,2]{\displaystyle \alpha \in (0,2]}— stability parameterβ{\displaystyle \beta }∈ [−1, 1] — skewness parameter (note thatskewnessis undefined)c∈ (0, ∞) —scale parameter
x∈ [μ, +∞) ifα<1{\displaystyle \alpha <1}andβ=1{\displaystyle \beta =1}
x∈ (-∞,μ] ifα<1{\displaystyle \alpha <1}andβ=−1{\displaystyle \beta =-1}
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_distribution |
Stevens' power lawis an empirical relationship inpsychophysicsbetween an increased intensity or strength in a physical stimulus and the perceivedmagnitudeincrease in the sensation created by the stimulus. It is often considered to supersede theWeber–Fechner law, which is based on a logarithmic relationship between stim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%27s_power_law |
AnL-systemorLindenmayer systemis aparallelrewriting systemand a type offormal grammar. An L-system consists of analphabetof symbols that can be used to makestrings, a collection ofproduction rulesthat expand each symbol into some larger string of symbols, an initial "axiom" string from which to begin construction, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system |
Colorless green ideas sleep furiouslywas composed byNoam Chomskyin his 1957 bookSyntactic Structuresas an example of asentencethat isgrammaticallywell-formed, butsemanticallynonsensical. The sentence was originally used in his 1955 thesisThe Logical Structure of Linguistic Theoryand in his 1956 paper "Three Models for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously |
AnL-systemorLindenmayer systemis aparallelrewriting systemand a type offormal grammar. An L-system consists of analphabetof symbols that can be used to makestrings, a collection ofproduction rulesthat expand each symbol into some larger string of symbols, an initial "axiom" string from which to begin construction, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system#Stochastic_grammars |
Statistical language acquisition, a branch ofdevelopmentalpsycholinguistics, studies the process by which humans develop the ability to perceive, produce, comprehend, and communicate withnatural languagein all of its aspects (phonological,syntactic,lexical,morphological,semantic) through the use of general learning mec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_language_acquisition |
Instatistics, anexpectation–maximization(EM)algorithmis aniterative methodto find (local)maximum likelihoodormaximum a posteriori(MAP) estimates ofparametersinstatistical models, where the model depends on unobservedlatent variables.[1]The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which create... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_algorithm |
Speech recognitionis aninterdisciplinarysubfield ofcomputer scienceandcomputational linguisticsthat developsmethodologiesand technologies that enable the recognition andtranslationof spoken language into text by computers. It is also known asautomatic speech recognition(ASR),computer speech recognitionorspeech-to-text(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition |
Bioinformatics(/ˌbaɪ.oʊˌɪnfərˈmætɪks/ⓘ) is aninterdisciplinaryfield ofsciencethat develops methods andsoftware toolsfor understandingbiologicaldata, especially when the data sets are large and complex. Bioinformatics usesbiology,chemistry,physics,computer science,data science,computer programming,information engineerin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics |
Inscience, and most specificallychemistry, theaccepted valuedenotes a value of a substance accepted byalmost all scientistsand theexperimental valuedenotes the value of a substance's properties found in a localized lab.[1]
Thisphysical chemistry-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accepted_and_experimental_value |
Data qualityrefers to the state ofqualitativeorquantitativepieces of information. There are many definitions of data quality, but data is generally considered high quality if it is "fit for [its] intended uses in operations,decision makingandplanning".[1][2][3]Data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_quality |
Engineering toleranceis the permissible limit or limits of variation in:
Dimensions, properties, or conditions may have some variation without significantly affecting functioning of systems, machines, structures, etc. A variation beyond the tolerance (for example, a temperature that is too hot or too cold) is said to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_tolerance |
In mathematics,exactnessmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactness_(disambiguation) |
Experimental uncertainty analysisis a technique that analyses aderivedquantity, based on the uncertainties in the experimentallymeasuredquantities that are used in some form of mathematical relationship ("model") to calculate that derived quantity. The model used to convert the measurements into the derived quantity is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_uncertainty_analysis |
Incomputing,floating-point arithmetic(FP) isarithmeticon subsets ofreal numbersformed by asignificand(asignedsequence of a fixed number of digits in somebase) multiplied by aninteger powerof that base.
Numbers of this form are calledfloating-point numbers.[1]: 3[2]: 10
For example, the number 2469/200 is a floating-po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic#Accuracy_problems |
Information quality (IQ)is the quality of the content ofinformation systems. It is often pragmatically defined as: "The fitness for use of the information provided". IQ frameworks also provides a tangible approach to assess and measure DQ/IQ in arobustandrigorousmanner.[1]
Although this pragmatic definition is usable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_quality |
Inmetrology,measurement uncertaintyis the expression of thestatistical dispersionof the values attributed to a quantity measured on an interval or ratioscale.
All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty, such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty |
Instatistics, theprecision matrixorconcentration matrixis thematrix inverseof thecovariance matrixor dispersion matrix,P=Σ−1{\displaystyle P=\Sigma ^{-1}}.[1][2][3]Forunivariate distributions, the precision matrix degenerates into ascalarprecision, defined as thereciprocalof thevariance,p=1σ2{\displaystyle p={\frac {1}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_(statistics) |
Observational error(ormeasurement error) is the difference between ameasuredvalue of aquantityand its unknowntrue value.[1]Such errors are inherent in the measurement process; for example lengths measured with a ruler calibrated in whole centimeters will have a measurement error of several millimeters. The error or unc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_and_systematic_errors |
Significant figures, also referred to assignificant digits, are specificdigitswithin a number that is written inpositional notationthat carry both reliability and necessity in conveying a particular quantity. When presenting the outcome of a measurement (such as length, pressure, volume, or mass), if the number of digi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures |
Instatistical hypothesis testing,[1][2]a result hasstatistical significancewhen a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if thenull hypothesiswere true.[3]More precisely, a study's definedsignificance level, denoted byα{\displaystyle \alpha }, is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance |
TheGoogle Books Ngram Vieweris an onlinesearch enginethat charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count ofn-gramsfound in printed sources published between 1500 and 2022[1][2][3][4]inGoogle'stext corporain English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish.[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer |
Asartificial intelligence(AI) has become more mainstream, there is growing concern about how this will influence elections. Potential targets of AI include election processes, election offices, election officials and election vendors.[1]
Generative AIcapabilities allow creation of misleading content. Examples of this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections |
Acache language modelis a type of statisticallanguage model. These occur in thenatural language processingsubfield ofcomputer scienceand assignprobabilitiesto given sequences of words by means of aprobability distribution. Statistical language models are key components ofspeech recognitionsystems and of manymachine tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_language_model |
Theethicsofartificial intelligencecovers a broad range of topics within AI that are considered to have particular ethical stakes.[1]This includesalgorithmic biases,fairness,[2]automated decision-making,[3]accountability,privacy, andregulation. It also covers various emerging or potential future challenges such asmachin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence |
Thefactored language model(FLM) is an extension of a conventionallanguage modelintroduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector ofkfactors:wi={fi1,...,fik}.{\displaystyle w_{i}=\{f_{i}^{1},...,f_{i}^{k}\}.}An FLM provides the probabilistic modelP(f|f1,...,fN){\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factored_language_model |
Agenerative pre-trained transformer(GPT) is a type oflarge language model(LLM)[1][2][3]and a prominent framework forgenerative artificial intelligence.[4][5]It is anartificial neural networkthat is used innatural language processingby machines.[6]It is based on thetransformer deep learning architecture, pre-trained on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer |
Katz back-offis a generativen-gramlanguage modelthat estimates theconditional probabilityof a word given its history in then-gram. It accomplishes this estimation bybacking offthrough progressively shorter history models under certain conditions.[1]By doing so, the model with the most reliable information about a given... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katz%27s_back-off_model |
Asemantic similarity network(SSN) is a special form ofsemantic network.[1]designed to represent concepts and their semantic similarity. Its main contribution is reducing the complexity of calculating semantic distances. Bendeck (2004, 2008) introduced the concept ofsemantic similarity networks(SSN) as the specializatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity_network |
Astatistical modelis amathematical modelthat embodies a set ofstatistical assumptionsconcerning the generation ofsample data(and similar data from a largerpopulation). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, thedata-generating process.[1]When referring specifically toprobabilities, the cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_model |
Ambiguityoccurs when a single word or phrase may be interpreted in two or more ways. Aslawfrequently involves lengthy, complex texts, ambiguity is common. Thus, courts have evolved various doctrines for dealing with cases in which legal texts are ambiguous.
In criminal law, therule of lenityholds that where a criminal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity_(law) |
Ambiguity tolerance–intolerancerefers to a proposed aspect of personality that influences how individuals respond toambiguousstimuli, though whether it constitutes a distinct psychological trait is disputed.[1]Ambiguity may arise from being presented information that is unfamiliar or conflicting or when there is too mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity_tolerance%E2%80%93intolerance |
Syntactic ambiguity, also known asstructural ambiguity,[1]amphiboly, oramphibology, is characterized by the potential for asentenceto yield multiple interpretations due to its ambiguoussyntax. This form of ambiguity is not derived from the variedmeanings of individual wordsbut rather from the relationships among words ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibology |
Abuzzwordis a word or phrase, new or already existing, that becomes popular for a period of time. Buzzwords often derive from technical terms yet often have much of the original technical meaning removed through fashionable use, being simply used to impress others. Some buzzwords retain their true technical meaning whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzword |
Incomputability theoryandcomputational complexity theory, adecision problemis acomputational problemthat can be posed as ayes–no questionon asetof input values. An example of a decision problem is deciding whether a given natural number isprime. Another example is the problem, "given two numbersxandy, doesxevenly divid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_problem |
Discrete mathematicsis the study ofmathematical structuresthat can be considered "discrete" (in a way analogous todiscrete variables, having abijectionwith the set ofnatural numbers) rather than "continuous" (analogously tocontinuous functions). Objects studied in discrete mathematics includeintegers,graphs, andstateme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics |
Adouble entendre[note 1](pluraldouble entendres) is afigure of speechor a particular way of wording that is devised to have a double meaning, one of which is typically obvious, and the other often conveys a message that would be too socially unacceptable, or offensive to state directly.[2][3]
A double entendre may exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_entendre |
Inlogic,equivocation("calling two different things by the same name") is aninformal fallacyresulting from the use of a particular word or expression in multiplesenseswithin an argument.[1][2]
It is a type ofambiguitythat stems from a phrase having two or more distinctmeanings, not from the grammar or structure of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation |
Essentially contested conceptrefers to abstract terms or phrases that provide value judgements which can be contested. The termessentially contested conceptwas proposed to facilitate an understanding of the different interpretations of abstractions that havequalitativeandevaluativenotions[1]—such as "art", "philanthrop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentially_contested_concept |
Afallacyis the use ofinvalidor otherwise faultyreasoningin the construction of anargument[1][2]that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced in the Western intellectual tradition by theAristotelianDe Sophisticis Elenchis.[3]
Fallacies may be committed intentionally tomanipulateorpersuadebyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy |
Inlogicandphilosophy, aformal fallacy[a]is a pattern ofreasoningrenderedinvalidby a flaw in its logical structure.Propositional logic,[2]for example, is concerned with the meanings of sentences and the relationships between them. It focuses on the role of logical operators, called propositional connectives, in determin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy |
Thelaw of the instrument,law of the hammer,[1]Maslow's hammer, orgolden hammer[a]is acognitive biasthat involves an over-reliance on a familiar tool.Abraham Maslowwrote in 1966, "it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail."[2]
The concept is attributed both toMaslow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_hammer |
Informal fallaciesare a type of incorrectargumentinnatural language. The source of the error is not just due to theformof the argument, as is the case forformal fallacies, but can also be due to theircontentandcontext. Fallacies, despite being incorrect, usuallyappearto be correct and thereby can seduce people into acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy |
Pleonasm(/ˈpliː.əˌnæzəm/; fromAncient Greekπλεονασμόςpleonasmós, fromπλέονpléon'to be in excess')[1][2]isredundancyin linguistic expression, such as in "black darkness," "burning fire," "the man he said,"[3]or "vibrating with motion." It is a manifestation oftautologyby traditionalrhetoricalcriteria.[4]Pleonasm may als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleonasm |
Self-referenceis a concept that involves referring to oneself or one's own attributes, characteristics, or actions. It can occur inlanguage,logic,mathematics,philosophy, and other fields.
Innaturalorformal languages, self-reference occurs when asentence, idea orformularefers to itself. The reference may be expressed e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_reference |
Semanticsis the study of linguisticmeaning. It examines what meaning is, how words get their meaning, and how the meaning of a complex expression depends on its parts. Part of this process involves the distinction betweensense and reference. Sense is given by the ideas and concepts associated with an expression while r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics |
Uncertaintyorincertituderefers to situations involving imperfect or unknowninformation. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant fordecision-making. Uncertainty arises inpartially observableorstochasticenvironments, as we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty |
VUCAis an acronym based on the leadership theories ofWarren BennisandBurt Nanus, to describe or to reflect on thevolatility,uncertainty,complexityandambiguityof general conditions and situations.[1][2]TheU.S. Army War Collegeintroduced the concept of VUCA in 1987, to describe a more complex multilateral world perceived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility,_uncertainty,_complexity_and_ambiguity |
Word-sense disambiguationis the process of identifying whichsenseof awordis meant in asentenceor other segment ofcontext. In humanlanguage processingandcognition, it is usually subconscious.
Given that natural language requires reflection of neurological reality, as shaped by the abilities provided by the brain'sneura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation |
This is acomparison ofregular expressionengines.
Qt GNU LGPL v. 2.1,Qt Commercial
(RegExp Studio)
NOTE:An application using a library for regular expression support does not necessarily support the full set of features of the library, e.g., GNUgrepuses PCRE, but supports no lookahead, though PCRE does. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_regular_expression_engines |
Incomputer science,extended Backus–Naur form(EBNF) is a family ofmetasyntaxnotations, any of which can be used to express acontext-free grammar. EBNF is used to make a formal description of aformal languagesuch as a computerprogramming language. They are extensions of the basicBackus–Naur form(BNF) metasyntax notation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form |
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