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Inmathematics, asheaf(pl.:sheaves) is a tool for systematically tracking data (such assets,abelian groups,rings) attached to theopen setsof atopological spaceand defined locally with regard to them. For example, for each open set, the data could be the ring ofcontinuousfunctionsdefined on that open set. Such data are w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics) |
X10is aprogramming languagebeing developed byIBMat theThomas J. Watson Research Centeras part of the Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System (PERCS) project funded byDARPA'sHigh Productivity Computing Systems(HPCS) program.
Its primary authors are Kemal Ebcioğlu, Saravanan Arumugam (Aswath), Vijay Saraswat,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(programming_language) |
Structured concurrencyis aprogramming paradigmaimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of acomputer programby using a structured approach toconcurrent programming.
The core concept is the encapsulation of concurrent threads of execution (here encompassing kernel and userland threads and processes)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_concurrency |
Acontent-addressable parallel processor(CAPP) also known asassociative processor[1]is a type ofparallel processorwhich usescontent-addressing memory(CAM) principles. CAPPs are intended for bulk computation. The syntactic structure of theircomputing algorithmare simple, whereas the number of concurrent processes may be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Addressable_Parallel_Processor |
This is a selected list of internationalacademic conferencesin the fields ofdistributed computing,parallel computing, andconcurrent computing.
The conferences listed here are major conferences of the area; they have been selected using the following criteria:-
For the first criterion, references are provided; criteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_conferences |
Loop-level parallelismis a form ofparallelisminsoftware programmingthat is concerned with extracting parallel tasks fromloops. The opportunity for loop-level parallelism often arises in computing programs where data is stored inrandom accessdata structures. Where a sequential program will iterate over the data structur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop-level_parallelism |
Dataflow architectureis adataflow-basedcomputer architecturethat directly contrasts the traditionalvon Neumann architectureorcontrol flowarchitecture. Dataflow architectures have noprogram counter, in concept: the executability and execution of instructions is solely determined based on the availability of input argume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_architecture |
Manycore processorsare special kinds ofmulti-core processorsdesigned for a high degree ofparallel processing, containing numerous simpler, independentprocessor cores(from a few tens of cores to thousands or more). Manycore processors are used extensively inembedded computersandhigh-performance computing.
Manycore proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manycore_processor |
Incomputing, aparallel programming modelis anabstractionofparallel computerarchitecture, with which it is convenient to expressalgorithmsand their composition inprograms. The value of a programming model can be judged on itsgenerality: how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_programming_model |
Theparallelization contractorPACTprogramming model is a generalization of theMapReduceprogramming modeland usessecond order functionsto perform concurrent computations on large (Petabytes) data sets in parallel.
Similar to MapReduce, arbitrary user code is handed and executed by PACTs. However, PACT generalizes a coup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelization_contract |
In the fields ofdatabasesandtransaction processing(transaction management), aschedule(orhistory) of a system is an abstract model to describe the order ofexecutionsin a set of transactions running in the system. Often it is alistof operations (actions) ordered by time, performed by a set oftransactionsthat are executed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serializability |
Asynchronous programming languageis acomputer programming languageoptimized for programmingreactive systems.
Computer systemscan be sorted in three main classes:
Synchronous programming, also calledsynchronous reactive programming(SRP), is a computerprogramming paradigmsupported by synchronous programming languages. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_programming |
Thetransputeris a series of pioneeringmicroprocessorsfrom the 1980s, intended forparallel computing. To support this, each transputer had its own integrated memory andserial communicationlinks to exchange data with other transputers. They were designed and produced byInmos, asemiconductorcompany based inBristol,United ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transputer |
Incomputing, avector processororarray processoris acentral processing unit(CPU) that implements aninstruction setwhere itsinstructionsare designed to operate efficiently and effectively on largeone-dimensional arraysof data calledvectors. This is in contrast toscalar processors, whose instructions operate on single dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processing |
Deadlochis an Australianblack comedycrimemysterytelevision series that premiered onAmazon Prime Videoon 2 June 2023. Created byKate McCartneyandKate McLennan, the series is set in Deadloch, a fictional town inTasmania, and starsKate Box,Madeleine Sami,Alicia Gardiner, andNina Oyama.Deadlochwas produced byAmazon Studios... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadloch |
Deathlockmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathlock_(disambiguation) |
Dreadlocks, also known asdreadsorlocs, are ahairstylemade of rope-like strands of matted hair. Dreadlocks can form naturally invery curly hair, or they can be created with techniques like twisting,backcombing, or crochet.[1][2][3][4]
The worddreadlocksis usually understood to come fromJamaican Creoledread, "member of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadlock |
A bargainingimpasse(French pronunciation:[ɛ̃pas]) occurs when the two sides negotiating an agreement are unable to reach an agreement and become deadlocked. An impasse is almost invariably mutually harmful, either as a result of direct action which may be taken such as astrikein employment negotiation or sanctions/mili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impasse |
Inconcurrent programming, concurrent accesses toshared resourcescan lead to unexpected or erroneous behavior. Thus, the parts of the program where the shared resource is accessed need to be protected in ways that avoid the concurrent access. One way to do so is known as acritical sectionorcritical region. This protecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_section |
Insoftware engineering,double-checked locking(also known as "double-checked locking optimization"[1]) is asoftware design patternused to reduce the overhead of acquiring alockby testing the locking criterion (the "lock hint") before acquiring the lock. Locking occurs only if the locking criterion check indicates that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-checked_locking |
File lockingis a mechanism that restricts access to acomputer file, or to a region of a file, by allowing only oneuserorprocessto modify or delete it at a specific time, and preventing reading of the file while it's being modified or deleted.
Systems implement locking to prevent aninterceding updatescenario, which is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking |
Incomputer science, analgorithmis callednon-blockingif failure orsuspensionof anythreadcannot cause failure or suspension of another thread;[1]for some operations, these algorithms provide a useful alternative to traditionalblocking implementations. A non-blocking algorithm islock-freeif there is guaranteed system-wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-free_and_wait-free_algorithms |
Inconcurrent programming, amonitoris a synchronization construct that prevents threads from concurrently accessing a shared object's state and allows them to wait for the state to change. They provide a mechanism for threads to temporarily give up exclusive access in order to wait for some condition to be met, before ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(synchronization) |
Incomputer science,mutual exclusionis a property ofconcurrency control, which is instituted for the purpose of preventingrace conditions. It is the requirement that onethread of executionnever enters acritical sectionwhile aconcurrentthread of execution is already accessing said critical section, which refers to an int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_exclusion |
Incomputer science, areaders–writer(single-writerlock,[1]amulti-readerlock,[2]apush lock,[3]or anMRSW lock) is asynchronizationprimitive that solves one of thereaders–writers problems. An RW lock allowsconcurrentaccess for read-only operations, whereas write operations require exclusive access. This means that multiple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read/write_lock_pattern |
These tables provide acomparison of operating systems, of computer devices, as listing general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently availablePCor handheld (includingsmartphoneandtablet computer)operating systems. The article "Usage share of operating systems" provides a broader, and more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems |
DBOS(Database-Oriented Operating System) is adatabase-orientedoperating systemmeant to simplify and improve thescalability, security and resilience of large-scale distributed applications.[1][2]It started in 2020 as a jointopen sourceproject withMIT,StanfordandCarnegie Mellon University, after a brainstorm betweenMicha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBOS |
This is alist of operating systems. Computeroperating systemscan be categorized by technology, ownership, licensing, working state, usage, and by many other characteristics. In practice, many of these groupings may overlap. Criteria for inclusion is notability, as shown either through an existing Wikipedia article or c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems |
This is a list of people who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of whatcomputerscould do.
~ Items marked with a tilde are circa dates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science |
This page is a glossary ofOperating systemsterminology.[1][2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_operating_systems_terms |
Amicrocontroller(MC,uC, orμC) ormicrocontroller unit(MCU) is a smallcomputeron a singleintegrated circuit. A microcontroller contains one or moreCPUs(processor cores) along withmemoryand programmableinput/outputperipherals. Program memory in the form ofNOR flash,OTP ROM, orferroelectric RAMis also often included on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller |
Anetwork operating system(NOS) is a specializedoperating systemfor a network device such as arouter,switchor firewall.
Historically operating systems with networking capabilities were described as network operating systems, because they allowed personal computers (PCs) to participate incomputer networksandshared file ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_operating_system |
Anobject-oriented operating system[1]is anoperating systemthat is designed, structured, and operated usingobject-oriented programmingprinciples.
An object-oriented operating system is in contrast to an object-orienteduser interfaceor programmingframework, which can be run on a non-object-oriented operating system like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system |
Lisp machinesare general-purpose computers designed to efficiently runLispas their main software andprogramming language, usually via hardware support. They are an example of ahigh-level language computer architecture. In a sense, they were the first commercial single-userworkstations. Despite being modest in number (p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_machine |
OSP, an Environment forOperating System Projects, is a teachingoperating systemdesigned to provide an environment for an introductory course in operating systems. By selectively omitting specific modules of the operating system and having the students re-implement the missing functionality, an instructor can generate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_System_Projects |
System Commander(SCfor short) is a graphicalboot manager/loadersoftwareapplication developed byVCOM. The software allowed for multipleoperating systemsto be installed onto a machine at once, providing a menu from which the user selected the operating system they wished to boot from. Other software with similar function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Commander |
Incomputing, asystem imageis aserializedcopy of the entirestateof acomputer systemstored in somenon-volatileform, such as a binary executablefile.
If a system has all its state written to a disk (i.e. on adisk image), then a system image can be produced by copying the disk to a file elsewhere, often withdisk cloningap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_image |
This article presents atimelineof events in the history of computeroperating systemsfrom 1951 to the current day. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see theHistory of operating systems.
NetBSD8.1
(15.0)
iOS 18.0
iPadOS 18
watchOS11
tvOS18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems |
Instatistics, thefrequencyorabsolute frequencyof aneventi{\displaystyle i}is the numberni{\displaystyle n_{i}}of times the observation has occurred/been recorded in anexperimentor study.[1]: 12–19These frequencies are often depicted graphically or tabular form.
Thecumulative frequencyis the total of the absolute frequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(statistics) |
Quasi-set theoryis a formal mathematical theory for dealing with collections of objects, some of which may be indistinguishable from one another. Quasi-set theory is mainly motivated by the assumption that certain objects treated inquantum physicsare indistinguishable and don't have individuality.
TheAmerican Mathemat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-set_theory |
Inmathematics,the algebra of sets, not to be confused with themathematical structureofanalgebra of sets, defines the properties and laws ofsets, the set-theoreticoperationsofunion,intersection, andcomplementationand therelationsof setequalityand setinclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_of_sets |
Inmathematical logic, analternative set theoryis any of the alternative mathematical approaches to the concept ofsetand any alternative to the de facto standard set theory described inaxiomatic set theoryby the axioms ofZermelo–Fraenkel set theory.
Alternative set theories include:[1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_set_theory |
In themathematicalfield ofcategory theory, thecategory of sets, denoted bySet, is thecategorywhoseobjectsaresets. The arrows ormorphismsbetween setsAandBare thefunctionsfromAtoB, and the composition of morphisms is thecomposition of functions.
Many other categories (such as thecategory of groups, withgroup homomorphi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_sets |
Inset theoryand its applications throughoutmathematics, aclassis a collection ofsets(or sometimes other mathematical objects) that can be unambiguously defined by apropertythat all its members share. Classes act as a way to have set-like collections while differing from sets so as to avoid paradoxes, especiallyRussell'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(set_theory) |
Inset theoryand related branches ofmathematics, afamily(orcollection) can mean, depending upon the context, any of the following:set,indexed set,multiset, orclass. A collectionF{\displaystyle F}ofsubsetsof a givensetS{\displaystyle S}is called afamily of subsetsofS{\displaystyle S}, or afamily of setsoverS.{\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_sets |
Inmathematics,fuzzy sets(also known asuncertain sets) aresetswhoseelementshave degrees of membership. Fuzzy sets were introduced independently byLotfi A. Zadehin 1965 as an extension of the classical notion of set.[1][2]At the same time,Salii (1965)defined a more general kind of structure called an "L-relation", which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_set |
Mereology(/mɪəriˈɒlədʒi/; fromGreekμέρος 'part' (root: μερε-,mere-) and the suffix-logy, 'study, discussion, science') is the philosophical study of part-whole relationships, also calledparthood relationships.[1][2]As a branch ofmetaphysics, mereology examines the connections between parts and their wholes, exploring h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereology |
I can remember Bertrand Russell telling me of a horrible dream. He was in the top floor of the University Library, about A.D. 2100. A library assistant was going round the shelves carrying an enormous bucket, taking down books, glancing at them, restoring them to the shelves or dumping them into the bucket. At last he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica |
Incomputer science,corecursionis a type of operation that isdualtorecursion. Whereas recursion worksanalytically, starting on data further from a base case and breaking it down into smaller data and repeating until one reaches a base case, corecursion works synthetically, starting from a base case and building it up, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corecursion |
Incomputability theory,course-of-values recursionis a technique for definingnumber-theoretic functionsbyrecursion. In a definition of a functionfby course-of-values recursion, the value off(n) is computed from the sequence⟨f(0),f(1),…,f(n−1)⟩{\displaystyle \langle f(0),f(1),\ldots ,f(n-1)\rangle }.
The fact that such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course-of-values_recursion |
Digital infinityis a technical term intheoretical linguistics. Alternative formulations are "discrete infinity" and "the infinite use of finite means". The idea is that all human languages follow a simple logical principle, according to which a limited set of digits—irreducible atomic sound elements—are combined to pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_infinity |
Takethis kiss upon the brow!And, in parting from you now,Thus much let me avow—You are not wrong, who deemThat my days have been a dream;Yet if hope has flown awayIn a night, or in a day,In a vision, or in none,Is it therefore the lessgone?Allthat we see or seemIs but a dream within a dream.I stand amid the roarOf a su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_Within_a_Dream_(poem) |
TheDroste effect(Dutch pronunciation:[ˈdrɔstə]), known in art as an example ofmise en abyme, is the effect of a picturerecursivelyappearing within itself, in a place where a similar picture would realistically be expected to appear. This produces a loop which in theory could go on forever, but in practice only continue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droste_effect |
Afalse awakeningis a vivid and convincingdreamaboutawakeningfromsleep, while the dreamer in reality continues to sleep. After a false awakening, subjects often dream they are performing their daily morning routine such as showering or eating breakfast. False awakenings, mainly those in which one dreams that they have a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_awakening |
Incombinatory logicforcomputer science, afixed-point combinator(orfixpoint combinator)[1]: p.26is ahigher-order function(i.e., afunctionwhich takes a function asargument) that returns somefixed point(a value that is mapped to itself) of its argument function, if one exists.
Formally, iffix{\displaystyle \mathrm {fix} ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_combinator |
In mathematics,infinitecompositionsofanalytic functions(ICAF)offer alternative formulations ofanalytic continued fractions,series,productsand other infinite expansions, and the theory evolving from such compositions may shed light on theconvergence/divergenceof these expansions. Some functions can actually be expanded ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_compositions_of_analytic_functions |
Incomputer programming, aninfinite loop(orendless loop)[1][2]is a sequence of instructions that, as written, will continue endlessly, unless an external intervention occurs, such as turning off power via a switch or pulling a plug. It may be intentional.
There is no general algorithm to determine whether a computer pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_loop |
Infinite regressis aphilosophicalconcept to describe a series of entities. Each entity in the series depends on its predecessor, following arecursiveprinciple. For example, theepistemic regressis a series of beliefs in which thejustificationof each belief depends on the justification of the belief that comes before it.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regress |
Infinitismis the view that knowledge may be justified by aninfinitechain of reasons. It belongs toepistemology, the branch ofphilosophythat considers the possibility, nature, and means ofknowledge.
SinceGettier, "knowledge" is no longer widely accepted as meaning "justified true belief" only.[1]However, some epistemol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism |
Theinfinity mirror(also sometimes called aninfinite mirror) is a configuration of two or moreparallelor angledmirrors, which are arranged to create a series of farther and farther reflections that appear to recede toinfinity.[1][2]Often the front mirror of an infinity mirror is half-silvered (a so-calledone way mirror)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_mirror |
Inmathematics, aniterated functionis a function that is obtained bycomposinganother function with itself two or several times. The process of repeatedly applying the same function is callediteration. In this process, starting from some initial object, the result of applying a given function is fed again into the functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_function |
Mathematical inductionis a method forprovingthat a statementP(n){\displaystyle P(n)}is true for everynatural numbern{\displaystyle n}, that is, that the infinitely many casesP(0),P(1),P(2),P(3),…{\displaystyle P(0),P(1),P(2),P(3),\dots }all hold. This is done by first proving a simple case, then also showing that if we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction |
InWestern art history,mise en abyme(French pronunciation:[mizɑ̃n‿abim]; alsomise en abîme) is the technique of placing a copy of an image within itself, often in a way that suggests an infinitely recurring sequence. Infilm theoryandliterary theory, it refers to thestory within a storytechnique.
The term is derived fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_en_abyme |
Reentrancyis a programming concept where a function or subroutine can be interrupted and then resumed before it finishes executing. This means that the function can be called again before it completes its previous execution. Reentrant code is designed to be safe and predictable when multiple instances of the same funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentrant_(subroutine) |
Self-referenceis a concept that involves referring to oneself or one's own attributes, characteristics, or actions. It can occur inlanguage,logic,mathematics,philosophy, and other fields.
Innaturalorformal languages, self-reference occurs when asentence, idea orformularefers to itself. The reference may be expressed e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference |
Spiegel im Spiegel(lit.Tooltip literal translation'mirror(s) in the mirror') is a composition byArvo Pärtwritten in 1978, just before his departure from Estonia. The piece is in thetintinnabularstyle, wherein amelodic voice, operating overdiatonic scales, andtintinnabular voice, operating within atriadon thetonic, acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_im_Spiegel |
Astrange loopis acyclicstructure that goes through several levels in ahierarchicalsystem. It arises when, by moving only upwards or downwards through the system, one finds oneself back where one started.
Strange loops may involveself-referenceandparadox. The concept of a strange loop was proposed and extensively discus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_loop |
Incomputer science, atail callis asubroutinecall performed as the final action of a procedure.[1]If the target of a tail is the same subroutine, the subroutine is said to betail recursive, which is a special case of directrecursion.Tail recursion(ortail-end recursion) is particularly useful, and is often easy to optimi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_recursion |
Tupper's self-referential formulais aformulathat visually represents itself when graphed at a specific location in the (x,y) plane.
The formula was defined by Jeff Tupper and appears as an example in his 2001SIGGRAPHpaper on reliable two-dimensional computer graphing algorithms.[1]This paper discusses methods related ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper%27s_self-referential_formula |
"Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem ofinfinite regress. The saying alludes to the mythological idea of aWorld Turtlethat supports aflat Earthon its back. It suggests that this turtle rests on the back of an even larger turtle, which itself is part of a column of increasingly larger turtles that c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_all_the_way_down |
Indatabase management, anaggregate functionoraggregation functionis afunctionwhere multiple values are processed together to form a singlesummary statistic.
Common aggregate functions include:
Others include:
Formally, an aggregate function takes as input aset, amultiset(bag), or alistfrom some input domainIand outp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_function |
Inmathematics, aniterated binary operationis an extension of abinary operationon asetSto afunctionon finitesequencesof elements ofSthrough repeated application.[1]Common examples include the extension of theadditionoperation to thesummationoperation, and the extension of themultiplicationoperation to theproductoperatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_binary_operation |
Infunctional programming, the concept ofcatamorphism(from theAncient Greek:κατά"downwards" andμορφή"form, shape") denotes the uniquehomomorphismfrom aninitial algebrainto some other algebra.
Catamorphisms provide generalizations offoldsofliststo arbitraryalgebraic data types, which can be described asinitial algebras.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamorphism |
Incomputer science, theprefix sum,cumulative sum,inclusive scan, or simplyscanof a sequence of numbersx0,x1,x2, ...is a second sequence of numbersy0,y1,y2, ..., thesumsofprefixes(running totals) of the input sequence:
For instance, the prefix sums of thenatural numbersare thetriangular numbers:
Prefix sums are trivia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum |
In computerprogramming languages, arecursive data type(also known as arecursively defined,inductively definedorinductive data type) is adata typefor values that may contain other values of the same type. Data of recursive types are usually viewed asdirected graphs.[citation needed]
An important application of recursio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_data_type |
Incomputer science, thereduction operator[1]is a type ofoperatorthat is commonly used inparallel programmingto reduce the elements of an array into a single result. Reduction operators areassociativeand often (but not necessarily)commutative.[2][3][4]The reduction of sets of elements is an integral part of programming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_operator |
Incomputer science,recursionis a method of solving acomputational problemwhere the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem.[1][2]Recursion solves suchrecursive problemsby usingfunctionsthat call themselves from within their own code. The approach can be applied to many types of problems, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)#Recursive_data_structures_(structural_recursion) |
Infunctional programming, afunctoris adesign patterninspired bythe definition from category theorythat allows one to apply afunctionto values inside ageneric typewithout changing the structure of the generic type. InHaskellthis idea can be captured in atype class:
This declaration says that any instance ofFunctormust ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor_(functional_programming) |
Incomputer science,zippingis afunctionwhichmapsatupleofsequencesinto asequenceoftuples. This name zip derives from the action of azipperin that it interleaves two formerly disjoint sequences. The inverse function isunzip.
Given the three wordscat,fishandbewhere |cat| is 3, |fish| is 4 and |be| is 2. Letℓ{\displaysty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipping_(computer_science) |
Incomputer programming,foreach loop(orfor-each loop) is acontrol flowstatement for traversing items in acollection.foreachis usually used in place of a standardforloopstatement. Unlike otherforloop constructs, however,foreachloops[1]usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreach_loop |
Incomputer science,functional programmingis aprogramming paradigmwhere programs are constructed byapplyingandcomposingfunctions. It is adeclarative programmingparadigm in which function definitions aretreesofexpressionsthat mapvaluesto other values, rather than a sequence ofimperativestatementswhich update therunning s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science, ahigher-order function(HOF) is afunctionthat does at least one of the following:
All other functions arefirst-order functions. In mathematics higher-order functions are also termedoperatorsorfunctionals. Thedifferential operatorincalculusis a common example, since it maps a function t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_function |
Alist comprehensionis asyntacticconstruct available in someprogramming languagesfor creating a list based on existinglists. It follows the form of the mathematicalset-builder notation(set comprehension) as distinct from the use ofmapandfilterfunctions.
Consider the following example in mathematicalset-builder notation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_comprehension |
Mapis anidiominparallel computingwhere a simple operation is applied to all elements of a sequence, potentially in parallel.[1]It is used to solveembarrassingly parallelproblems: those problems that can be decomposed into independent subtasks, requiring no communication/synchronization between the subtasks except ajoin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_(parallel_pattern) |
Incomputer programming, aguardis aBoolean expressionthat must evaluate to true if theexecutionof theprogramis to continue in the branch in question. Regardless of whichprogramming languageis used, aguard clause,guard code, orguard statementis a check of integritypreconditionsused to avoid errors during execution.
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_(computing) |
Incomputing, aneffect systemis aformal systemthat describes the computational effects of computer programs, such asside effects. An effect system can be used to provide acompile-timecheck of the possible effects of the program.
The effect system extends the notion of type to have an "effect" component, which comprises... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_system |
Incomputing, aunique typeguarantees that an object is used in asingle-threadedway, with at most a single reference to it. If a value has a unique type, a function applied to it can beoptimizedto update the value in-place in theobject code. Such in-place updates improve the efficiency offunctional languageswhile maintai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness_type |
Incomputer science,arrayis adata typethat represents a collection ofelements(valuesorvariables), each selected by one or more indices (identifying keys) that can be computed atrun timeduring program execution. Such a collection is usually called anarray variableorarray value.[1]By analogy with the mathematical concepts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_type |
Incomputer science, aqueueis acollectionof entities that are maintained in a sequence and can be modified by the addition of entities at one end of the sequence and the removal of entities from the other end of the sequence. By convention, the end of the sequence at which elements are added is called the back, tail, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type) |
Incomputer science, asetis anabstract data typethat can store unique values, without any particularorder. It is a computer implementation of themathematicalconcept of afinite set. Unlike most othercollectiontypes, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests a value for membership in a set.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type) |
Incomputer science, astackis anabstract data typethat serves as acollectionof elements with two main operations:
Additionally, apeekoperation can, without modifying the stack, return the value of the last element added. The namestackis ananalogyto a set of physical items stacked one atop another, such as a stack of pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type) |
Incomputer science, astreamis asequenceof potentially unlimiteddata elementsmade available over time. A stream can be thought of as items on aconveyor beltbeing processed one at a time rather than in large batches. Streams are processed differently frombatch data.
Normal functions cannot operate on streams as a whole ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_(computing) |
Infunctional programming, aresult typeis amonadic typeholding a returned value or an error code. They provide an elegant way of handling errors, without resorting to exception handling; when a function that may fail returns a result type, the programmer is forced to consider success or failure paths, before getting acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Result_type |
Incomputer science, atagged union, also called avariant,variant record,choice type,discriminated union,disjoint union,sum type, orcoproduct, is adata structureused to hold a value that could take on several different, but fixed, types. Only one of the types can be in use at any one time, and atagfield explicitly indica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged_union |
Nullable typesare a feature of someprogramming languageswhich allow a value to be set to the special value NULL instead of the usual possible values of thedata type. In statically typed languages, a nullable type is anoption type,[citation needed]while in dynamically typed languages (where values have types, but variab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullable_type |
Inobject-orientedcomputer programming, anull objectis anobjectwith no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior. The null objectdesign pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value"[1]and later in thePattern Languages of Program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_object_pattern |
Incomputingandcomputer programming,exception handlingis the process of responding to the occurrence ofexceptions– anomalous or exceptional conditions requiring special processing – during theexecutionof aprogram. In general, an exception breaks the normal flow of execution and executes a pre-registeredexception handler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling |
Incomputer science,pattern matchingis the act of checking a given sequence oftokensfor the presence of the constituents of somepattern. In contrast topattern recognition, the match usually must be exact: "either it will or will not be a match." The patterns generally have the form of eithersequencesortree structures. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_matching |
Inmathematical logic, thelambda calculus(also written asλ-calculus) is aformal systemfor expressingcomputationbased on functionabstractionandapplicationusing variablebindingandsubstitution. Untyped lambda calculus, the topic of this article, is auniversal machine, amodel of computationthat can be used to simulate anyTu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus |
System F(alsopolymorphic lambda calculusorsecond-order lambda calculus) is atyped lambda calculusthat introduces, tosimply typed lambda calculus, a mechanism ofuniversal quantificationover types. System F formalizesparametric polymorphisminprogramming languages, thus forming a theoretical basis for languages such asHas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_F |
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