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In chemistry , the iodine value ( IV ; also iodine absorption value , iodine number or iodine index ) is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 grams of a chemical substance . Iodine numbers are often used to determine the degree of unsaturation in fats , oils and waxes . In fatty acids , unsaturation occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_value |
The iodine–starch test is a chemical reaction that is used to test for the presence of starch or for iodine . The combination of starch and iodine is intensely blue-black. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The interaction between starch and the triiodide anion ( I − 3 ) is the basis for iodometry .
The iodine–starch test was first describe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine–starch_test |
Iodobenzene dichloride (PhICl 2 ) is a complex of iodobenzene with chlorine . As a reagent for organic chemistry, it is used as an oxidant and chlorinating agent .
Single-crystal X-ray crystallography has been used to determine its structure; as can be predicted by VSEPR theory , it adopts a T-shaped geometry about th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodobenzene_dichloride |
Iodolactonization (or, more generally, halolactonization ) is an organic reaction that forms a ring (the lactone ) by the addition of an oxygen and iodine across a carbon-carbon double bond. It is an intramolecular variant of the halohydrin synthesis reaction. The reaction was first reported by M. J. Bougalt in 1904 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodolactonization |
Iodometry , known as iodometric titration , is a method of volumetric chemical analysis , a redox titration where the appearance or disappearance of elementary iodine indicates the end point.
Note that iodometry involves indirect titration of iodine liberated by reaction with the analyte, whereas iodimetry involves d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodometry |
Iodosobenzene or iodosylbenzene is an organoiodine compound with the empirical formula C 6 H 5 IO . This colourless solid compound is used as an oxo transfer reagent in research laboratories examining organic and coordination chemistry .
Iodosobenzene is prepared from iodobenzene . [ 3 ] It is prepared by first oxidiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodosobenzene |
Iodous acid is the chemical compound with the formula HIO 2 . Its salts are named iodites ; these are exceedingly unstable and have been observed but never isolated. [ 1 ] They will rapidly disproportionate to molecular iodine and iodates .
Iodous acid is part of a series of oxyacids in which iodine can assume oxidati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodous_acid |
Ioliomics (from a portmanteau of io ns and li quids) is the study of ions in liquids (or liquid phases ) and stipulated with fundamental differences of ionic interactions . [ 1 ] Ioliomics covers a broad research area concerning structure, properties and applications of ions involved in various biological and chemical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioliomics |
Ion-Beam sculpting is a two-step process to make solid-state nanopores . The term itself was coined by Golovchenko and co-workers at Harvard in the paper "Ion-beam sculpting at nanometer length scales." [ 1 ] In the process, solid-state nanopores are formed by lateral mass transport about the surface of the substrate,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-beam_sculpting |
An ion-beam shepherd ( IBS ) is a concept in which the orbit and/or attitude of a spacecraft or a generic orbiting body is modified by having a beam of quasi-neutral plasma impinging against its surface to create a force and/or a torque on the target. Ion and plasma thrusters commonly used to propel spacecraft can be e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-beam_shepherd |
An ion-exchange membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules. [ 1 ]
Ion-exchange membranes are therefore electrically conductive. They are often used in desalination and chemical recovery applications, moving ions from one solution to ano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_membrane |
An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange , that is also known as an ionex . [ 1 ] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads , usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin |
Ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry ( IMS-MS ) is an analytical chemistry method that separates gas phase ions based on their interaction with a collision gas and their masses. In the first step, the ions are separated according to their mobility through a buffer gas on a millisecond timescale using an ion mobi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-mobility_spectrometry–mass_spectrometry |
An ion-neutral complex in chemistry is an aggregate of an ion with one or more neutral molecules in which at least one of the partners has a rotational degree of freedom about an axis perpendicular to the intermolecular direction [ 1 ] In chemistry, the dissociation of a molecule into two or more fragments can take pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-neutral_complex |
Ion Barbu ( Romanian pronunciation: [iˈon ˈbarbu] , pen name of Dan Barbilian ; 18 March 1895 –11 August 1961) was a Romanian mathematician and poet. His name is associated with the Mathematics Subject Classification number 51C05, which is a major posthumous recognition reserved only to pioneers of investigations in an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Barbu |
In chemistry , ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_association |
An ion beam is a beam of ions , a type of charged particle beam . Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation ) and other industries. There are many ion beam sources , some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most widely used ion beams ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam |
Ion beam analysis (IBA) is an important family of modern analytical techniques involving the use of MeV ion beams to probe the composition and obtain elemental depth profiles in the near-surface layer of solids. IBA is not restricted to MeV energy ranges. It can be operated at low energy (<Kev) using techniques such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam_analysis |
Ion beam mixing is the atomic intermixing and alloying that can occur at the interface separating two different materials during ion irradiation. [ 1 ] It is applied as a process for adhering two multilayers, especially a substrate and deposited surface layer. The process involves bombarding layered samples with doses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam_mixing |
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential , [ 1 ] shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane , controlling the flow of ions across sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel |
The ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as the channel hypothesis or the amyloid beta ion channel hypothesis, is a more recent variant of the amyloid hypothesis of AD, which identifies amyloid beta (Aβ) as the underlying cause of neurotoxicity seen in AD. [ 1 ] While the traditional formulati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel_hypothesis_of_Alzheimer's_disease |
Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography ) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger. [ 1 ] It works on almost any kind of charged molecule —including small inorganic anions, [ 2 ] large proteins , [ 3 ] small nucleotides , [ 4 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography |
Ion cyclotron resonance is a phenomenon related to the movement of ions in a magnetic field . It is used for accelerating ions in a cyclotron , and for measuring the masses of an ionized analyte in mass spectrometry , particularly with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers. It can also be used to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_cyclotron_resonance |
An ion drift meter is a device used to measure the velocity of individual ions in the area of a spacecraft . This information can then be used to calculate the ion drift in the space surrounding the instrument as well as the strength of an electric field present, provided that the magnetic field strength has been deter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_drift_meter |
Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation of substances.
Ion exchange usually describes a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange |
In mass spectrometry , an ion funnel is a device used to focus a beam of ions using a series of stacked ring electrodes with decreasing inner diameter. A combined radio frequency and fixed electrical potential is applied to the grids. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In electrospray ionization -mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ions are created ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_funnel |
An Ion Gun typically is an instrument that generates a beam of heavy ions with a well defined energy distribution. The ion beam is produced from a plasma that has been confined within a volume. Ions of a particular energy are extracted, accelerated, collimated and/or focused. The ion gun is composed of an ion source , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_gun |
Ion implantation is a low-temperature process by which ions of one element are accelerated into a solid target, thereby changing the target's physical, chemical, or electrical properties. Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in materials science research. The i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_implantation |
Ion implantation-induced nanoparticle formation is a technique for creating nanometer -sized particles for use in electronics .
Ion Implantation is a technique extensively used in the field of materials science for material modification. The effect it has on nanomaterials allows manipulation of mechanical, electronic,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_implantation-induced_nanoparticle_formation |
Ion interaction chromatography ( ion-pair chromatography ) is a laboratory technique for separating ions with chromatography . In this technique ions are mixed with ion pairing reagents (IPR). [ 1 ] The analyte combines with its reciprocal ion in the IPR, this corresponds to retention time . Often organic salts are sel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_interaction_chromatography |
Ion layer gas reaction (ILGAR®) is a non-vacuum, thin-film deposition technique developed and patented [ 1 ] by the group of Professor Dr. Christian-Herbert Fischer at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin for materials and energy in Berlin, Germany. It is a sequential and cyclic process that enables the deposition of semicond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_layer_gas_reaction |
Ion plating ( IP ) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process that is sometimes called ion assisted deposition (IAD) or ion vapor deposition (IVD) and is a modified version of vacuum deposition . Ion plating uses concurrent or periodic bombardment of the substrate, and deposits film by atomic-sized energetic particle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_plating |
Ion semiconductor sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerization of DNA . This is a method of "sequencing by synthesis", during which a complementary strand is built based on the sequence of a template strand .
A microwell containing a templ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_semiconductor_sequencing |
An ion source is a device that creates atomic and molecular ions . [ 1 ] Ion sources are used to form ions for mass spectrometers , optical emission spectrometers , particle accelerators , ion implanters and ion engines .
Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_source |
Ion suppression in LC-MS and LC-MS/MS refers to reduced detector response, or signal:noise as a manifested effect of competition for ionisation efficiency in the ionisation source , between the analyte(s) of interest and other endogenous or exogenous (e.g. plasticisers extracted from plastic tubes, [ 1 ] mobile phase a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_suppression_in_liquid_chromatography–mass_spectrometry |
Ion tracks are damage-trails created by swift heavy ions penetrating through solids, which may be sufficiently-contiguous for chemical etching in a variety of crystalline, glassy, and/or polymeric solids. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] They are associated with cylindrical damage-regions several nanometers in diameter [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_track |
In chemistry , ion transport number , also called the transference number , is the fraction of the total electric current carried in an electrolyte by a given ionic species i : [ 1 ]
Differences in transport number arise from differences in electrical mobility . For example, in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_transport_number |
An ion trap is a combination of electric and/or magnetic fields used to capture charged particles — known as ions — often in a system isolated from an external environment. Atomic and molecular ion traps have a number of applications in physics and chemistry such as precision mass spectrometry , improved atomic frequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_trap |
The ion vibration current ( IVI ) and the associated ion vibration potential is an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a homogeneous fluid.
Historically, the IVI was the first known electroacoustic phenomenon . It was predicted by Peter Debye in 1933. [ 1 ]
When a longitudinal sound w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_vibration_current |
Ionic Atmosphere is a concept employed in Debye–Hückel theory which explains the electrolytic conductivity behaviour of solutions. It can be generally defined as the area at which a charged entity is capable of attracting an entity of the opposite charge.
If an electrical potential is applied to an electrolytic solut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_atmosphere |
In chemistry , a salt or ionic compound is a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of positively charged ions ( cations ) and negatively charged ions ( anions ), [ 1 ] which results in a compound with no net electric charge (electrically neutral). The constituent ions are held together by electrostatic forces ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_compound |
Ionic conductivity (denoted by λ ) is a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction . Ionic conduction is the movement of ions . The phenomenon is observed in solids and solutions. Ionic conduction is one mechanism of current . [ 1 ]
In most solids, ions rigidly occupy fixed positions, strongly embrace... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_conductivity_(solid_state) |
Ionic hydrogenation refers to hydrogenation achieved by the addition of a hydride to substrate that has been activated by an electrophile. Some ionic hydrogenations entail addition of H 2 to the substrate and some entail replacement of a heteroatom with hydride. [ 1 ] Traditionally, the method was developed for acid-in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_hydrogenation |
An ionic liquid ( IL ) is a salt in the liquid state at ambient conditions. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point is below a specific temperature, such as 100 °C (212 °F). [ 1 ] While ordinary liquids such as water and gasoline are predominantly made of electrically neutral molecul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquid |
The use of ionic liquids in carbon capture is a potential application of ionic liquids as absorbents for use in carbon capture and sequestration . Ionic liquids, which are salts that exist as liquids near room temperature, are polar, nonvolatile materials that have been considered for many applications. The urgency of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquids_in_carbon_capture |
Similar to Pourbaix diagrams for the speciation of redox species as a function of the redox potential and the pH , ionic partition diagrams indicate in which phase an acid or a base is predominantly present in a biphasic system as a function of the Galvani potential difference between the two phases and the pH of the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_partition_diagram |
Ionic polymer–metal composites ( IPMCs ) are synthetic composite nanomaterials that display artificial muscle behavior under an applied voltage or electric field. IPMCs are composed of an ionic polymer like Nafion or Flemion whose surfaces are chemically plated or physically coated with conductors such as platinum or g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_polymer–metal_composites |
Ionic potential is the ratio of the electrical charge ( z ) to the radius ( r ) of an ion . [ 1 ]
Ionic potential = electrical charge ionic radius = z r {\displaystyle {\text{Ionic potential}}={\frac {\text{electrical charge}}{\text{ionic radius}}}={\frac {z}{r}}}
As such, this ratio is a measure of the charge densi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_potential |
Ionic radius , r ion , is the radius of a monatomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. Although neither atoms nor ions have sharp boundaries, they are treated as if they were hard spheres with radii such that the sum of ionic radii of the cation and anion gives the distance between the ions in a crystal lattice . Ionic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_radius |
The ionic strength of a solution is a measure of the concentration of ions in that solution. Ionic compounds , when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions. The total electrolyte concentration in solution will affect important properties such as the dissociation constant or the solubility of different salts . One of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_strength |
Ionic transfer is the transfer of ions from one liquid phase to another. This is related to the phase transfer catalysts which are a special type of liquid-liquid extraction which is used in synthetic chemistry .
For instance nitrate anions can be transferred between water and nitrobenzene . One way to observe this is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_transfer |
Ionium-thorium dating is a technique for determining the age of marine sediments based upon the quantities present of nearly stable thorium-232 and more radioactive thorium-230 . ( 230 Th was once known as ionium, before it was realised it was the same element as 232 Th.)
Uranium (in nature, predominantly uranium-238 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionium–thorium_dating |
Ionization or ionisation is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons , often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion . Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization |
For each atom, the column marked 1 is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron from the +1 ion, the column marked 3 is the third ionization energy to remove a third electron from the +2 ion, and so on.
"use" and "WEL" give i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page) |
In physics and chemistry , ionization energy ( IE ) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom , positive ion , or molecule . [ 1 ] The first ionization energy is quantitatively expressed as
where X is any atom or molecule, X + is the resultant ion when the ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energy |
An ionization instability is any one of a category of plasma instabilities which is mediated by electron-impact ionization . In the most general sense, an ionization instability occurs from a feedback effect, when electrons produced by ionization go on to produce still more electrons through ionization in a self-reinfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_instability |
Ionized-air glow is the luminescent emission of characteristic blue–purple–violet light, often of a color called electric blue , by air subjected to an energy flux either directly or indirectly from solar radiation . [ 1 ]
When energy is deposited in air, the air molecules become excited. As air is composed primarily ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionized-air_glow |
In quantum mechanics , ionized impurity scattering is the scattering of charge carriers by ionization in the lattice. The most primitive models can be conceptually understood as a particle responding to unbalanced local charge that arises near a crystal impurity; similar to an electron encountering an electric field. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionized_impurity_scattering |
Ionizing (ionising) radiation , including nuclear radiation , consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have enough energy per individual photon or particle to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. [ 1 ] Some particles can travel up to 99% of the speed of light , and the electr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation |
Hazard symbols are universally recognized symbols designed to alert individuals to the presence of hazardous or dangerous materials, locations, or conditions. These include risks associated with electromagnetic fields , electric currents , toxic chemicals, explosive substances , and radioactive materials . Their design... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation_symbol |
Ionochromism , similar to chromic methods such as photochromism , thermochromism and other chromism phenomena, is the reversible process of changing the color of a material by absorption or emission spectra of molecules using ions . [ 1 ] Electrochromism is similar to ionochromism as it involves the use of electrons in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionochromism |
An ionomer ( / ˌ aɪ ˈ ɑː n ə m ər / ) ( iono- + -mer ) is a polymer composed of repeat units of both electrically neutral repeating units and ionized units covalently bonded to the polymer backbone as pendant group moieties . Usually no more than 15 mole percent are ionized. The ionized units are often carboxylic aci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionomer |
Mineral processing and extraction of metals are very energy-intensive processes, which are not exempted of producing large volumes of solid residues and wastewater, which also require energy to be further treated and disposed. Moreover, as the demand for metals increases, the metallurgical industry must rely on sources... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionometallurgy |
Ionomics is the measurement of the total elemental composition of an organism to address biological problems. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Questions within physiology , ecology , evolution , and many other fields can be investigated using ionomics, often coupled with bioinformatics, chemometrics [ 3 ] and other genetic tools. [ 4 ] [ 5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionomics |
In chemistry , an ionophore (from Greek ion and -phore ' ion carrier ' ) is a chemical species that reversibly binds ions . [ 1 ] Many ionophores are lipid-soluble entities that transport ions across the cell membrane . Ionophores catalyze ion transport across hydrophobic membranes, such as liquid polymeric membranes (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionophore |
Ionosilicas are defined as organosilicas containing chemically bound ionic groups. They represent a class of mesoporous organosilicas .
Mesoporous materials have been defined as porous materials with pore size ranging from 2 nm – 50 nm. Ionosilicas belong to the mesoporous organosilicas materials, but are more specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosilica |
The IPP or Ionospheric Pierce Point is the altitude in the ionosphere where electron density is greatest. [ 1 ]
These points can change based on factors like time of day, solar activity, and geographical location, which all influence ionospheric conditions. [ 2 ]
Most global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionospheric_pierce_point |
An ionotropic effect is the effect of a transmitter substance or hormone that activates or deactivates ionotropic receptors ( ligand-gated ion channels ). The effect can be either positive or negative, specifically a depolarization or a hyperpolarization respectively. This term is commonly confused with an inotropic ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionotropic_effect |
Iontophoresis is a process of transdermal drug delivery by use of a voltage gradient on the skin . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Molecules are transported across the stratum corneum by electrophoresis and electroosmosis and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] These phenomena, directly and indir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontophoresis |
iostat ( i nput/ o utput stat istics ) is a computer system monitor tool used to collect and show operating system storage input and output statistics. It is often used to identify performance issues with storage devices, including local disks , or remote disks accessed over network file systems such as NFS . It can al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostat |
Iota Sigma Pi ( ΙΣΠ ) is a national honor society in the United States. It was established in 1900 and specializes in the promotion of women in the sciences, especially chemistry . It also focuses on personal and professional growth for women in these fields. [ 1 ] As with all honor societies, they create professional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Sigma_Pi |
In formal language theory and computer science , Iota and Jot (from Greek iota ι, Hebrew yodh י, the smallest letters in those two alphabets) are languages, extremely minimalist formal systems , designed to be even simpler than other more popular alternatives, such as lambda calculus and SKI combinator calculus . Thus,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_and_Jot |
ip.access Limited is a multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and markets small cells ( picocell and femtocell ) technologies and infrastructure equipment for GSM , GPRS , EDGE , 3G , 4G and 5G . The company was acquired by Mavenir in September 2020.
The company’s headquarters is based in Cambourne , En... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip.access |
iperf , Iperf , or iPerf , is a tool for network performance measurement and tuning. It is a cross-platform tool that can produce standardized performance measurements for any network. iperf has client and server functionality, and can create data streams to measure the throughput between the two ends in one or both di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iperf |
Iphigenia Photaki ( Greek : Ιφιγένεια Φωτάκη , pronounced [ifiˈʝeni.a foˈtaki] ; also known after marriage as Iphigenia Vourvidou-Photaki , Greek : Ιφιγένεια Βουρβίδου-Φωτάκη ; 1921–1983) was a Greek organic chemist remembered for her contributions in peptide chemical synthesis , especially in the synthesis of biologic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphigenia_Photaki |
iproute2 is a collection of userspace utilities for controlling and monitoring various aspects of networking in the Linux kernel , including routing , network interfaces, tunnels, traffic control , and network-related device drivers .
iproute2 is an open-source project released under the terms of version 2 of the GNU ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproute2 |
Ipse dixit ( Latin for "he said it himself") is an assertion without proof, or a dogmatic expression of opinion. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The fallacy of defending a proposition by baldly asserting that it is "just how it is" distorts the argument by opting out of it entirely: the claimant declares an issue to be intrinsic and immu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipse_dixit |
Ipso facto is a Latin phrase, directly translated as "by the fact itself", [ 1 ] which means that a specific phenomenon is a direct consequence , a resultant effect , of the action in question, instead of being brought about by a previous action. (Contrast this with the expressions "by itself" or " per se " .) It is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto |
Ipso jure is a Latin phrase, directly translated as "by the law itself". It is used as an adverb . [ 1 ]
The phrase is used to describe legal consequences that occur by the act of the law itself. For example, if property is held in a tenancy by the entirety by a husband and wife, who then get divorced , the property i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_jure |
Iqbal Hussain Qureshi ( Urdu :اقبال حسين قریشی) 27 September 1937 – 8 December 2012) SI , FPAS , [ 1 ] best known as I.H. Qureshi , was a Pakistani nuclear chemist and an Emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of Karachi . [ 2 ] Qureshi was the principal contributor of scientific understanding of various che... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Hussain_Qureshi |
Iridium tetrabromide is a binary inorganic chemical compound of iridium and bromine with the chemical formula IrBr 4 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This is a salt of iridium metal and hydrobromic acid .
Synthesis of iridium tetrabromide can be by solution of iridium(IV) oxide in hydrobromic acid :
Iridium tetrabromide compound ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrBr4 |
316.60 g/mol (hydrate)
Iridium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula IrCl 3 . The anhydrous compound is relatively rare, but the related hydrate is much more commonly encountered. The anhydrous salt has two polymorphs , α and β, which are brown and red colored respectively. More commonly encountere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrCl3 |
Iridium(IV) fluoride is a chemical compound of iridium and fluorine , with the chemical formula IrF 4 and is a dark brown solid. [ 1 ] Early reports of IrF 4 prior to 1965 are questionable and appear to describe the compound IrF 5 . [ 1 ] The solid can be prepared by reduction of IrF 5 with iridium black [ 1 ] or reduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrF4 |
Iridium(V) fluoride , IrF 5 , is a chemical compound of iridium and fluorine . A highly reactive yellow low melting solid, it has a tetrameric structure, Ir 4 F 20 , which contains octahedrally coordinated iridium atoms. [ 1 ] This structure is shared with RuF 5 and OsF 5 . It can be prepared by the controlled decompos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrF5 |
Iridium hexafluoride , also iridium(VI) fluoride , (IrF 6 ) is a compound of iridium and fluorine and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides . It is one of only a few compounds with iridium in the oxidation state +6.
Iridium hexafluoride is made by a direct reaction of iridium metal in an excess of elemental ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrF6 |
Iridium trihydride ( IrH 3 ) is a chemical compound of iridium and hydrogen that can be formed under high pressure. The crystalline form has a distorted simple cubic structure. The hydrogen atoms are on the centre of the faces of the crystal cell cube, and Iridium is at the centre. It forms at over 55 GPa . [ 1 ]
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrH3 |
Iridium(IV) oxide , IrO 2 , is the only well-characterised oxide of iridium. It is a blue-black solid. The compound adopts the TiO 2 rutile structure , featuring six coordinate iridium and three coordinate oxygen. [ 1 ]
It is used with other rare oxides in the coating of anode-electrodes for industrial electrolysis an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrO2 |
Iridium tetroxide (IrO 4 , Iridium(VIII) oxide ) is a binary compound of oxygen and iridium in oxidation state +8. [ 1 ] This compound was formed by photochemical rearrangement of [( η 1 -O 2 )IrO 2 ] in solid argon at a temperature of 6 K (−267.15 °C; −448.87 °F). At higher temperatures, the oxide is unstable. [ 2 ] T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrO4 |
Iridium disulfide is the binary inorganic compound with the formula IrS 2 . Prepared by the direct reaction of the elements, the compound adopts the pyrite crystal structure at high pressure. [ 1 ] At normal atmospheric pressures, an orthorhombic polymorph is observed. [ 2 ] . The high- and low-pressure forms both fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrS2 |
Ira N. Levine (February 12, 1937 – December 17, 2015) was an American author, scientist, professor and faculty member in the chemistry department at Brooklyn College . He widely acknowledged for his research in the field of microwave spectroscopy , and for several widely known textbooks in physical chemistry and quant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_N._Levine |
The Iranian Parliament Committee on Energy ( Persian : کمیسیون انرژی مجلس شورای اسلامی ), or Energy Committee is a standing committee of the Islamic Consultative Assembly of Representatives. The Parliament Committee on Energy has general Oil, gas, electricity, water and electric dams and power plants, nuclear power and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Parliament_Commission_on_Energy |
Iranian Society of Mechanical Engineers (ISME) is an organization founded in 1991 by some Iranian Mechanical engineers and professors (among them: Dr. Mahdi Bahadori Nezhad , Mr. Mohammad Bagherian ) to develop and enhance Mechanical Engineering in Iranian universities and industries. It is now responsible for annual m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers |
Saddam Hussein (1937–2006) began an extensive biological weapons (BW) program in Iraq in the early 1980s, despite having signed (but not ratified until 1991) the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1972. Details of the BW program and a chemical weapons program surfaced after the Gulf War (1990–91) during the disarma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_biological_weapons_program |
During the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), Iraq engaged in chemical warfare against Iran on multiple occasions, including more than 30 targeted attacks on Iranian civilians. Iran employed its own chemical warfare against Iraq on a few occasions during the war as well. [ 1 ] The Iraqi chemical weapons program , which had bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_attacks_against_Iran |
The Iraq–Saudi Arabia border is 811 km (504 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Jordan in the west to the tripoint with Kuwait in the east. [ 1 ]
The border starts on the west at the tripoint with Jordan, and consists of six straight lines broadly orientated to the south-east, eventually reaching the tripoin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq–Saudi_Arabia_border |
The Ireland–Claisen rearrangement is a chemical reaction of an allylic ester with strong base to give an γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Several reviews have been published. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
The Ireland–Claisen rearrangement is a type of Claisen rearrangement . The mechanism is therefore a concer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland–Claisen_rearrangement |
Iridium Communications Inc. (formerly Iridium Satellite LLC ) is a publicly traded American company headquartered in McLean, Virginia, United States . Iridium operates the Iridium satellite constellation , a system of 80 satellites: 66 are active satellites and the remaining fourteen function as in-orbit spares. [ 2 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_Communications |
The Iridium satellite constellation provides L band voice and data information coverage to satellite phones , satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers. Iridium Communications owns and operates the constellation , additionally selling equipment and access to its services. It was conceived by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation |
Demidov Prize (2003)
Irina Petrovna Beletskaya ( Russian : Ири́на Петро́вна Беле́цкая ; born 10 March 1933) is a Soviet and Russian professor of chemistry at Moscow State University . She specializes in organometallic chemistry and its application to problems in organic chemistry . She is best known for her studies on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Beletskaya |
The Irish Astronomical Society , the oldest astronomy club in Ireland , was founded in D'Olier Street , Dublin on 5 October 1937. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The society holds public stargazing events to raise interest in astronomy . Some members bring their telescopes to these events and have been nicknamed Dublin Sidewalk Astronome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Astronomical_Society |
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