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Isobutyronitrile is a complex organic molecule that has recently been found in several meteorites arrived from space. The singularity of this chemical is due to the fact that it is the only one among the molecules arriving from the universe that has a branched, rather than straight, carbon backbone. The backbone is als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutyronitrile |
Isobutyryl chloride ( 2-methylpropanoyl chloride ) is the organic compound with the formula (CH 3 ) 2 CHCOCl . A colorless liquid, it the simplest branched-chain acyl chloride . It is prepared by chlorination of isobutyric acid. [ 2 ]
As an ordinary acid chloride, isobutyryl chloride is the subject of many reported ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutyryl_chloride |
In genetics, an isochore is a large region of genomic DNA (greater than 300 kilobases ) with a high degree of uniformity in GC content ; that is, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases. The distribution of bases within a genome is non-random: different regions of the genome have different amounts of G-C base pairs, such th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochore_(genetics) |
In the mathematical theory of dynamical systems , an isochron is a set of initial conditions for the system that all lead to the same long-term behaviour. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Consider the ordinary differential equation for a solution y ( t ) {\displaystyle y(t)} evolving in time:
This ordinary differential equation (ODE) nee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochron |
In telecommunications , an isochronous signal is a signal in which the time interval separating any two significant instants is equal to the unit interval or a multiple of the unit interval. Variations in the time intervals are constrained within specified limits.
" Isochronous " is a characteristic of one signal, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochronous_signal |
In organic chemistry , isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R−N=C=O . Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates . An organic compound with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes , a clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanate |
An isocyanide (also called isonitrile or carbylamine ) is an organic compound with the functional group – N + ≡C − . It is the isomer of the related nitrile (–C≡N), hence the prefix is isocyano . [ 1 ] The organic fragment is connected to the isocyanide group through the nitrogen atom, not via the carbon . They are use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanide |
Isocyanide dichlorides are organic compounds containing the RN=CCl 2 functional group . Classically they are obtained by chlorination of isocyanides . Phenylcarbylamine chloride is a well-characterized example.
Chlorination of organic isothiocyanates is also well established: [ 1 ]
Alkylisocyanates are chlorinated b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanide_dichloride |
An isodesmic reaction is a chemical reaction in which the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product. This type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermochemistry .
An example of an isodesmic reaction is
Equation 1 describes the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodesmic_reaction |
Isodesmosine is a lysine derivative found in elastin . Isodesmosine is an isomeric pyridinium-based amino acid resulting from the condensation of four lysine residues between elastin proteins by lysyl-oxidase . These represent ideal biomarkers for monitoring elastin turnover because these special cross-links are only f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodesmosine |
Nuclides (or nucleides , from nucleus , also known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons , Z , their number of neutrons , N , and their nuclear energy state . [ 1 ]
The word nuclide was coined by the American nuclear physicist Truman P. Kohman in 1947. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Kohman def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodiapher |
In organic chemistry , an isodiazene , also known by the incorrectly constructed (but commonly used) name 1,1-diazene or systematic name diazanylidene , [ 1 ] is an organic derivative of the parent isodiazene (H 2 N + =N – , also called 1,1-diimide) with general formula R 1 R 2 N + =N – . The functional group has two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodiazene |
In organic chemistry, isodiazomethane , also known as isocyanamide , aminoisonitrile , or systematically as isocyanoamine , [ 1 ] is the parent compound of a class of derivatives of general formula R 2 N–NC. It has the condensed formula H 2 N–N + ≡C – , making it an isomer of diazomethane . It is prepared by protonati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodiazomethane |
Isoelectric focusing ( IEF ), also known as electrofocusing , is a technique for separating different charged molecules by differences in their isoelectric point (pI). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a type of zone electrophoresis usually performed on proteins in a gel that takes advantage of the fact that overall charge on the mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoelectric_focusing |
The isoelectric point ( pI , pH(I) , IEP ), is the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean . The standard nomenclature to represent the isoelectric point is pH(I). [ 1 ] However, pI is also used. [ 2 ] For brevity , this article uses pI. The net charge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoelectric_point |
Isoelectronicity is a phenomenon observed when two or more molecules have the same structure (positions and connectivities among atoms ) and the same electronic configurations , but differ by what specific elements are at certain locations in the structure. For example, CO , NO + , and N 2 are isoelectronic, while CH 3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoelectronicity |
Isofalcarintriol (IUPAC name (3 S ,8 R ,9 R , E )-heptadeca-10-en-4,6-diyne-3,8,9-triol ) is a polyacetylene contained in the root of carrots ( Daucus carota ). [ 1 ] [ better source needed ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isofalcarintriol |
The biosynthesis of isoflavonoids involves several enzymes; These are:
Liquiritigenin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, aryl migration) , also known as Isoflavonoid synthase, is an enzyme that uses liquiritigenin (a flavanone), O 2 , NADPH and H + to produce 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone (an isoflavonoid), H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavonoid_biosynthesis |
Isofurans are a family of organic compounds termed nonclassic eicosanoids . [ 1 ] They arise nonenzymatically by free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid . The isofurans are similar to the isoprostanes and are formed under similar conditions, but contain a substituted tetrahydrofuran ring. The concentration of o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isofuran |
Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of the same morphology (indistinguishable in shape and size), and is found in most unicellular eukaryotes . [ 1 ] Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified as male or female . [ 2 ] Instead, organisms that reproduce through isogam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogamy |
Isogenic human disease models are a family of cells that are selected or engineered to accurately model the genetics of a specific patient population, in vitro . They are provided with a genetically matched 'normal cell' to provide an isogenic system to research disease biology and novel therapeutic agents. [ 1 ] They ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogenic_human_disease_models |
Isogonal , a mathematical term meaning "having similar angles", may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogonal |
An Isograft is a graft of tissue between two individuals who are genetically identical (i.e. monozygotic twins ). Transplant rejection between two such individuals virtually never occurs, making isografts particularly relevant to organ transplantations; patients with organs from their identical twins are incredibly lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isograft |
Isogrid is a type of partially hollowed-out structure formed usually from a single metal plate with integral triangular stiffening stringers . It was patented by McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing ) in 1975. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Isogrids are extremely light and stiff. [ 3 ] Compared to other materials, it is expensive to man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogrid |
The isohydric principle is the phenomenon whereby multiple acid/base pairs in solution will be in equilibrium with one another, tied together by their common reagent: the hydrogen ion and hence, the pH of solution. That is, when several buffers are present together in the same solution, they are all exposed to the same... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isohydric_principle |
Isolated organ perfusion technique is employed to precipitate an organ's perfusion and circulation that are independent/isolated from the body's systemic circulation for various purposes such as organ-localized chemotherapy , organ-targeted delivery of drug, gene or anything else, organ transplantation , and organ inju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_organ_perfusion_technique |
In physical science , an isolated system is either of the following:
Though subject internally to its own gravity, an isolated system is usually taken to be outside the reach of external gravitational and other long-range forces.
This can be contrasted with what (in the more common terminology used in thermodynamics)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system |
In microbiology, the term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes , as present in the environment, for example in water or soil , or from living beings with skin flora , oral flora or gut flora , in order to identify the microbe(s) of interest. [ 1 ] Historical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(microbiology) |
The Isolation chip (or ichip ) is a method of culturing bacteria. Using regular methods, 99% of bacterial species are not able to be cultured as they do not grow in conditions made in a laboratory, a problem called the "Great Plate Count Anomaly". [ 1 ] The ichip instead cultures bacterial species within its soil envir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_chip |
In theoretical computer science , the term isolation lemma (or isolating lemma ) refers to randomized algorithms that reduce the number of solutions to a problem to one, should a solution exist.
This is achieved by constructing random constraints such that, with non-negligible probability, exactly one solution satisfie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_lemma |
An isolation valve is a valve in a fluid handling system that stops the flow of process media to a given location, usually for maintenance or safety purposes. [ 1 ] They can also be used to provide flow logic (selecting one flow path versus another), and to connect external equipment to a system. [ 2 ] A valve is class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_valve |
An isolator is a two-port device that transmits microwave or radio frequency power in one direction only. The non-reciprocity observed in these devices usually comes from the interaction between the propagating wave and the material, which can be different with respect to the direction of propagation.
It is used to sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolator_(microwave) |
Isolecithal ( Greek iso = equal, lekithos = yolk) refers to the even distribution of yolk in the cytoplasm of ova of mammals and other vertebrates , notably fishes of the families Petromyzontidae , Amiidae , and Lepisosteidae . [ 1 ] Isolecithal cells have two equal hemispheres of yolk. However, during cellular develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolecithal |
In organometallic chemistry , the isolobal principle (more formally known as the isolobal analogy ) is a strategy used to relate the structure of organic and inorganic molecular fragments in order to predict bonding properties of organometallic compounds. [ 1 ] Roald Hoffmann described molecular fragments as isolobal "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolobal_principle |
Isomalathion is an impurity found in some batches of malathion . Whereas the structure of malation is, generically, RSP(S)(OCH 3 ) 2 , the connectivity of isomalathion is RSPO(SCH 3 )(OCH 3 ). It arises by heating malathion. Being significantly more toxic to humans than malathion, it has resulted in human poisonings. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomalathion |
In chemistry , isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. [ 1 ] Isomerism refers to the existence or possibility of isomers.
Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer |
The isomeric shift (also called isomer shift) is the shift on atomic spectral lines and gamma spectral lines, which occurs as a consequence of replacement of one nuclear isomer by another. It is usually called isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines and Mössbauer isomeric shift respectively. If the spectra also have hy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomeric_shift |
In chemistry , isomerization or isomerisation is the process in which a molecule , polyatomic ion or molecular fragment is transformed into an isomer with a different chemical structure . [ 1 ] Enolization is an example of isomerization, as is tautomerization . [ 2 ]
When the activation energy for the isomerization re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerization |
In mathematics, an isometry (or congruence , or congruent transformation ) is a distance -preserving transformation between metric spaces , usually assumed to be bijective . [ a ] The word isometry is derived from the Ancient Greek : ἴσος isos meaning "equal", and μέτρον metron meaning "measure". If the transformation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry |
isomiRs (from iso- + miR ) are miRNA sequences that have variations with respect to the reference sequence. The term was coined by Morin et al in 2008. [ 1 ] It has been found that isomiR expression profiles can also exhibit race, population, and sex dependencies. [ 2 ]
There are four main variation types:
miRBase is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsomiR |
An isomorph is an organism that does not change in shape during growth. The implication is that its volume is proportional to its cubed length, and its surface area to its squared length. This holds for any shape it might have; the actual shape determines the proportionality constants.
The reason why the concept is im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorph |
In chemistry , isomorphism has meanings both at the level of crystallography and at a molecular level. In crystallography , crystals are isomorphous if they have identical symmetry and if the atomic positions can be described with a set of parameters (unit cell dimensions and fractional coordinates) whose numerical va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism_(crystallography) |
In mathematics , an isomorphism is a structure-preserving mapping or morphism between two structures of the same type that can be reversed by an inverse mapping . Two mathematical structures are isomorphic if an isomorphism exists between them. The word is derived from Ancient Greek ἴσος (isos) ' equal ' and μορφή (mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism_class |
Isomyosamine , also known as MyMD-1 or MYMD-1 , is a synthetic derivative of tobacco plant alkaloids being developed as a metabolic- and immunomodulator by MyMD Pharmaceuticals . To date, isomyosamine has been shown to suppress the production of IFN-γ , IL-2 , IL-10 , and TNF-α , and decrease the severity of experiment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomyosamine |
An isonym , in botanical taxonomy , is a name of a taxon that is identical to another designation, and based on the same type , but published at a different time by different authors. [ 1 ] Citation from that source follows:
When the same name, based on the same type, has been published independently at different time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isonym |
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate ( IPP , isopentenyl diphosphate , or IDP ) [ 1 ] is an isoprenoid precursor. IPP is an intermediate in the classical, HMG-CoA reductase pathway (commonly called the mevalonate pathway) and in the non-mevalonate MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Isoprenoid precursors such as IPP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate |
Isopeptag is a 16-amino acid peptide tag (TDKDMTITFTNKKDAE) that can be genetically linked to proteins without interfering with protein folding. [ 1 ] What makes the isopeptag different from other peptide tags is that it can bind its binding protein through a permanent and irreversible covalent bond . Other peptide tag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopeptag |
An isopeptide bond is a type of amide bond formed between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amino group of another. An isopeptide bond is the linkage between the side chain amino or carboxyl group of one amino acid to the α-carboxyl, α-amino group, or the side chain of another amino acid. In a typical peptide b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopeptide_bond |
In mathematics , the isoperimetric dimension of a manifold is a notion of dimension that tries to capture how the large-scale behavior of the manifold resembles that of a Euclidean space (unlike the topological dimension or the Hausdorff dimension which compare different local behaviors against those of the Euclidean s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoperimetric_dimension |
In mathematics , the isoperimetric inequality is a geometric inequality involving the square of the circumference of a closed curve in the plane and the area of a plane region it encloses, as well as its various generalizations. Isoperimetric literally means "having the same perimeter ". Specifically, the isoperimetric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoperimetric_inequality |
The isoplanatic patch is defined as an arbitrary area of the sky over which the path length of incoming electromagnetic waves (such as light or radio waves) only varies by a relatively small amount relative to their wavelength . [ 1 ] Typically this area is measured by angular size . Poor seeing or a larger telescope a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoplanatic_patch |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on isopropanol .
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet ( MSDS ) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal , and follow its directions.
Table data obtained ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol_(data_page) |
Isopropyl β- d -1-thiogalactopyranoside ( IPTG ) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose , a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon , and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator .
Lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside |
Isoproturon ( IPU ) is a urea class selective herbicide , which has been used to control annual grasses and many broad leafed weeds in wheat , barley , rye and triticale . [ 5 ]
Isoproturon was introduced in 1971 [ 7 ] by Hoechst AG , (now AgrEvo GmbH), Rhône-Poulenc and Ciba-Geigy AG. [ 1 ] It was once one of the mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoproturon |
Buoyant density centrifugation (also isopycnic centrifugation or equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation ) uses the concept of buoyancy to separate molecules in solution by their differences in density.
Historically a cesium chloride (CsCl) solution was often used, but more commonly used density gradients are sucr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopycnic_centrifugation |
Isorenieratene /ˌaɪsoʊrəˈnɪərətiːn/ is a carotenoid light-harvesting pigment produced exclusively by the genus Chlorobium , which are the brown-colored strains of the family of green sulfur bacteria ( Chlorobiaceae ). [ 1 ] Green sulfur bacteria are anaerobic photoautotrophic organisms, meaning they perform photosynthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isorenieratene |
In spectroscopy , an isosbestic point is a specific wavelength, wavenumber or frequency at which the total absorbance of a sample does not change during a chemical reaction or a physical change of the sample. The word derives from two Greek words: "iso", meaning "equal", and "sbestos", meaning "extinguishable". [ 1 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosbestic_point |
An isoscape is a geological map of isotope distribution. It is a spatially explicit prediction of elemental isotope ratios (δ) that is produced by executing process-level models of elemental isotope fractionation or distribution in a geographic information system (GIS).
The word isoscape is derived from iso tope land ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoscape |
Isoschizomers are pairs of restriction enzymes specific to the same recognition sequence . For example, SphI (CGTAC/G) and BbuI (CGTAC/G) are isoschizomers of each other. The first enzyme discovered which recognizes a given sequence is known as the prototype ; all subsequently identified enzymes that recognize that seq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoschizomer |
Isoserine is a non-proteinogenic α-hydroxy-β- amino acid , and an isomer of serine . Non-proteinogenic amino are not part of the genetic code of any known organism and are only present in proteins if added post-translationally . Isoserine has only been produced synthetically.
The first documented synthesis of isoserin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoserine |
In nuclear physics and particle physics , isospin ( I ) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle.
Isospin is also known as isobaric spin or isotopic spin .
Isospin symmetry is a subset of the flavour symmetry seen more broadly in the interactions of baryons and mesons .
The name o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isospin |
Classical Isosteres are molecules or ions with similar shape and often electronic properties. Many definitions are available. [ 1 ] but the term is usually employed in the context of bioactivity and drug development. Such biologically-active compounds containing an isostere is called a bioisostere . This is frequently... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostere |
Isostructural chemical compounds have similar chemical structures . " Isomorphous " when used in the relation to crystal structures is not synonymous: in addition to the same atomic connectivity that characterises isostructural compounds, isomorphous substances crystallise in the same space group and have the same unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostructural |
Isotachophoresis ( ITP ) is a technique in analytical chemistry used for selective separation and concentration of ionic analytes . It is a form of electrophoresis ; charged analytes are separated based on ionic mobility , a quantity which tells how fast an ion migrates through an electric field .
In conventional ITP ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotachophoresis |
Isothermal flow is a model of compressible fluid flow whereby the flow remains at the same temperature while flowing in a conduit. [ 1 ] In the model, heat transferred through the walls of the conduit is offset by frictional heating back into the flow. Although the flow temperature remains constant, a change in stagnat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_flow |
Isothermal microcalorimetry ( IMC ) is a laboratory method for real-time monitoring and dynamic analysis of chemical, physical and biological processes. Over a period of hours or days, IMC determines the onset, rate, extent and energetics of such processes for specimens in small ampoules (e.g. 3–20 ml) at a constant se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_microcalorimetry |
In chemical thermodynamics , isothermal titration calorimetry ( ITC ) is a physical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ITC is the only technique capable comprehensively characterizing thermodynamic and even kinetic profile of the interaction by simultaneou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_titration_calorimetry |
Isothermal transformation diagrams (also known as time-temperature-transformation ( TTT ) diagrams ) are plots of temperature versus time (usually on a logarithmic scale ). They are generated from percentage transformation-vs time measurements, and are useful for understanding the transformations of an alloy steel at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_transformation_diagram |
In organic chemistry , isothiocyanate is a functional group as found in compounds with the formula R−N=C=S . Isothiocyanates are the more common isomers of thiocyanates , which have the formula R−S−C≡N .
Many isothiocyanates from plants are produced by enzymatic conversion of metabolites called glucosinolates . A pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothiocyanate |
In organic chemistry , isothiouronium is a functional group with the formula [RSC(NH 2 ) 2 ] + (R = alkyl , aryl ) and is the acid salt of isothiourea . The H centres can also be replaced by alkyl and aryl. Structurally, these cations resemble guanidinium cations. The CN 2 S core is planar and the C–N bonds are shor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothiouronium |
Two nuclides are isotones if they have the same neutron number N , but different proton number Z . For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain 7 neutrons , and so are isotones. Similarly, 36 S, 37 Cl, 38 Ar, 39 K, and 40 Ca nuclei are all isotones of 20 because they all contain 20 neutrons. Despite its simi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotone |
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides ) of the same chemical element . They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei ) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), but different nucleon numbers ( mass numbers ) due to different numbers of neutron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope |
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry ( IRMS ) is a specialization of mass spectrometry , in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
This technique has two different applications in the earth and environmental sciences. The analysis of ' stable i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry |
Isotope analysis is the identification of isotopic signature , abundance of certain stable isotopes of chemical elements within organic and inorganic compounds . Isotopic analysis can be used to understand the flow of energy through a food web , to reconstruct past environmental and climatic conditions, to investigate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis |
Isotope analysis has many applications in archaeology , from dating sites and artefacts , determination of past diets and migration patterns and for environmental reconstruction. [ 1 ]
Information is determined by assessing the ratio of different isotopes of a particular element in a sample. The most widely studied an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis_in_archaeology |
Isotope dilution analysis is a method of determining the quantity of chemical substances. In its most simple conception, the method of isotope dilution comprises the addition of known amounts of isotopically enriched substance to the analyzed sample. Mixing of the isotopic standard with the sample effectively "dilutes"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_dilution |
Kinetic isotope effect is observed when molecules containing heavier isotopes of the same elements (for example, deuterium for hydrogen ) engage in a chemical reaction at a slower rate. Deuterium- reinforced lipids can be used for protecting living cells by slowing the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation . [ 1 ] The l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_effect_on_lipid_peroxidation |
Isotope electrochemistry is a field within electrochemistry concerned with various topics like electrochemical separation of isotopes, electrochemical estimation of isotopic exchange equilibrium constants , [ 1 ] electrochemical kinetic isotope effect , electrochemical isotope sensors, etc.
It is an active domain of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_electrochemistry |
Isotope fractionation describes fractionation processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, a phenomena that occurs (and so advantage is taken of it) in the study geochemistry , [ 1 ] biochemistry, [ 2 ] food science, [ 3 ] and other fields. Normally, the focus is on stable isotopes of the same element. Iso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_fractionation |
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements . Variations in isotopic abundance are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry , and can reveal information about the ages and origins of rock, air or water bodies, or p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry |
Isotope hydrology [ 1 ] is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age and origins of surface and groundwater and the processes within the atmospheric hydrologic cycle . [ 2 ] Isotope hydrology applications are highly diverse, and us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_hydrology |
A medical isotope is an isotope used in medicine . The first uses of isotopes in medicine were in radiopharmaceuticals , and this is still the most common use. However more recently, separated stable isotopes have come into use.
Radioactive isotopes are used in medicine for both treatment and diagnostic scans. The mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_in_medicine |
Isotopic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance refers to overarching set of methodologies to precisely quantify differences in isotopic content at each atom of a molecule , and thus to measure the specific natural isotope fractionation for each site of the molecule. [ not verified in body ] One such method, SNIF-NMR —... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_analysis_by_nuclear_magnetic_resonance |
Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling ) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation in neutron count) through chemical reaction , metabolic pathway , or a biological cell . [ 1 ] The reactant is 'labeled' by replacing one or more specific atoms with their isotopes. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_labeling |
The isotopic resonance hypothesis (IsoRes) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] postulates that certain isotopic compositions of chemical elements affect kinetics of chemical reactions involving molecules built of these elements. The isotopic compositions for which this effect is predicted are called resonance isotopic compositions.
Fundament... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_resonance_hypothesis |
An isotopic signature (also isotopic fingerprint ) is a ratio of non-radiogenic ' stable isotopes ', stable radiogenic isotopes , or unstable radioactive isotopes of particular elements in an investigated material. The ratios of isotopes in a sample material are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry against an is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_signature |
Isotopocules are isotopically substituted molecules , which differ only in their isotopic composition or their isotopes' intramolecular position. [ 1 ] "Isotopocule" is also an umbrella term for the more specific terms " isotopologue " and " isotopomer ", coined by Jan Kaiser and Thomas Röckmann in 2008. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopocule |
In chemistry , isotopologues (also spelled isotopologs ) are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition. [ 1 ] They have the same chemical formula and bonding arrangement of atoms , but at least one atom has a different number of neutrons than the parent.
An example is water , whose hydrogen -related iso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopologue |
Isotopomers or isotopic isomers are isomers which differ by isotopic substitution , and which have the same number of atoms of each isotope but in a different arrangement. For example, CH 3 OD and CH 2 DOH are two isotopomers of monodeuterated methanol .
The molecules may be either structural isomers (constitutional i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopomer |
Isotricha is a genus of protozoa (single-celled organisms) which are commensals of the rumen of ruminant animals. They are approximately 150 μm (0.0059 in) long. [ 1 ]
Species include: [ 2 ]
This ciliate -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotricha |
In physiology , isotropic bands (better known as I bands ) are the lighter bands of skeletal muscle cells (a.k.a. muscle fibers ). Isotropic bands contain only actin -containing thin filaments . [ 1 ] The thin filaments are placed between 2 myosin filaments and contain only the actin filaments of neighboring sarcomeres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_bands |
An isotropic beacon is a hypothetical type of transmission beacon that emits a uniform EM signal in all directions for the purposes of communication with extraterrestrial intelligence . [ 1 ]
An isotropic beacon can be any transmitter that emits a uniform electromagnetic field. However, the term is most commonly used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_beacon |
Isotropic formulations are thermodynamically stable microemulsions possessing lyotropic liquid crystal properties. [ 1 ] They inhabit a state of matter and physical behaviour somewhere between conventional liquids and that of solid crystals . [ 2 ] Isotropic formulations are amphiphillic , exhibiting selective synchron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_formulations |
In fluid dynamics , an isotropic helicoid is a shape that is helical , so it rotates as it moves through a fluid , and yet is isotropic , so that its rotation and drag are the same for all orientations of the particle. It was first proposed by Lord Kelvin in 1871, who described a specific geometry with twelve vanes pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_helicoid |
In the geometry of quadratic forms , an isotropic line or null line is a line for which the quadratic form applied to the displacement vector between any pair of its points is zero. An isotropic line occurs only with an isotropic quadratic form , and never with a definite quadratic form .
Using complex geometry , Edmo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_line |
In condensed matter physics and continuum mechanics , an isotropic solid refers to a solid material for which physical properties are independent of the orientation of the system. While the finite sizes of atoms and bonding considerations ensure that true isotropy of atomic position will not exist in the solid state, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_solid |
In physics and geometry , isotropy (from Ancient Greek ἴσος ( ísos ) ' equal ' and τρόπος ( trópos ) ' turn, way ' ) is uniformity in all orientations . Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix a- or an- , hence anisotropy . Anisotropy is also u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropy |
In immunology , antibodies ( immunoglobulins (Ig) ) are classified into several types called isotypes or classes .
The variable (V) regions near the tip of the antibody can differ from molecule to molecule in countless ways, allowing it to specifically target an antigen (or more exactly, an epitope ).
In contrast, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotype_(immunology) |
In chemistry , isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization , the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bond formation when the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovalent_hybridization |
Isovaleryl-CoA (also known as 3-methylbutyryl-CoA) is a metabolic intermediate formed during the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acid, Leucine . It is a short-chain acyl-CoA thioester that plays a key role in mitochondrial energy metabolism. The compound is converted into 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA by the enzyme isova... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA |
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