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Pitch shifting is a sound recording technique in which the original pitch of a sound is raised or lowered. Effects units that raise or lower pitch by a pre-designated musical interval ( transposition ) are known as pitch shifters .
The simplest methods are used to increase pitch and reduce durations or, conversely, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_shifting |
In aerodynamics , the pitching moment on an airfoil is the moment (or torque ) produced by the aerodynamic force with respect to the aerodynamic center on the airfoil . The pitching moment on the wing of an airplane is part of the total moment that must be balanced using the lift on the horizontal stabilizer . [ 1 ] :... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitching_moment |
A pitfall trap is a trapping pit for small animals, such as insects, amphibians and reptiles. Pitfall traps are a sampling technique, mainly used for ecology studies and ecologic pest control. [ 1 ] Animals that enter a pitfall trap are unable to escape. This is a form of passive collection, as opposed to active collec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitfall_trap |
The Pithecometra principle or Pithecometra thesis ( German : Pithecometra-Satz ) describes the evolution of humans; the pithecometra law is analogous to the concept that "man evolved within apes" or "man descended from apes" as advocated by Thomas Henry Huxley .
In evolution, Huxley first developed the concept of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecometra_principle |
Pithoviridae is a family of viruses . [ 1 ]
Pithiviridae contains two subfamilies that are both monotypic down to their sole genera. This taxonomy is shown hereafter: [ 2 ]
This virus -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithoviridae |
A pitot tube ( / ˈ p iː t oʊ / PEE -toh ; also pitot probe ) measures fluid flow velocity . It was invented by French engineer Henri Pitot during his work with aqueducts and published in 1732, [ 1 ] and modified to its modern form in 1858 by Henry Darcy . [ 2 ] It is widely used to determine the airspeed of aircraft; [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube |
Pittcon Editors’ Awards honoured the best new products on show at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy , or Pittcon, [ 1 ] for 20 years from 1996 having been established by Dr Gordon Wilkinson, managing editor of Analytical Instrument Industry Report (later Instrumenta ). On 8 Marc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards |
Pitting corrosion , or pitting , is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the random creation of small holes in metal. The driving power for pitting corrosion is the depassivation of a small area, which becomes anodic (oxidation reaction) while an unknown but potentially vast area becomes cathodic (redu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_corrosion |
Pitting resistance equivalent number ( PREN ) is a predictive measurement of a stainless steel's resistance to localized pitting corrosion based on its chemical composition. In general: the higher PREN-value, the more resistant is the stainless steel to localized pitting corrosion by chloride .
PREN is frequently spec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_resistance_equivalent_number |
Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse ( PLSG ) is an investment firm based in the South Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that provides resources and tools to entrepreneurial life sciences enterprises in Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania in order to advance research and patient care.
Since PLSG began opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Life_Sciences_Greenhouse |
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POU class 1 homeobox 1 , also known as pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1 ( PIT1 ), POU domain, class 1, transcription factor 1 ( POU1F1 ) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary-specific_positive_transcription_factor_1 |
Pitzer equations [ 1 ] are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] They were first described by physical chemist Kenneth Pitzer . [ 5 ] The parameters of the Pitzer equations are linear combinations of parameters, of a v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitzer_equations |
2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride is a branched-chain acyl chloride . [ 1 ] It was first made by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1874 by reacting pivalic acid with phosphorus pentachloride . [ 2 ]
Pivaloyl chloride is used as an input in the manufacture of some drugs, insecticides and herbicides.
This organic chemistry article is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivaloyl_chloride |
The Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro are a pair of Android smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. They serve as the successors to the Pixel 7 and Pixel 7 Pro , respectively. Visually, the phones resemble their respective predecessors, with incremental upgrades to their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_8 |
The Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro are a pair of Android smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. They serve as the successors to the Pixel 7 and Pixel 7 Pro , respectively. Visually, the phones resemble their respective predecessors, with incremental upgrades to their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_8_Pro |
The Pixel 9 , Pixel 9 Pro , and Pixel 9 Pro XL are a group of Android smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. They serve as the successor to the Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro , respectively. Sporting a redesigned appearance and powered by the fourth-generation Google ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9 |
The Pixel 9 , Pixel 9 Pro , and Pixel 9 Pro XL are a group of Android smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. They serve as the successor to the Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro , respectively. Sporting a redesigned appearance and powered by the fourth-generation Google ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro |
The Pixel 9 , Pixel 9 Pro , and Pixel 9 Pro XL are a group of Android smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. They serve as the successor to the Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro , respectively. Sporting a redesigned appearance and powered by the fourth-generation Google ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_XL |
The Pixel Watch is a Wear OS smartwatch designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. First previewed in May 2022 during the Google I/O keynote, it features a round dome-shaped display as well as deep integration with Fitbit , which Google acquired in 2021. Two Pixel-branded smar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch |
The Pixel Watch 2 is a Wear OS smartwatch designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. It serves as the successor to the first-generation Pixel Watch .
The Pixel Watch 2 was officially announced on October 4, 2023, at the annual Made by Google event, and was released in the Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_2 |
The Pixel Watch 3 is a Wear OS smartwatch designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. It is the successor to the second-generation Pixel Watch .
The Pixel Watch 3 was officially announced on August 13, 2024, at the annual Made by Google event, and was released in the United St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_3 |
A pixel aspect ratio ( PAR ) is a mathematical ratio that describes how the width of a pixel in a digital image compares to the height of that pixel.
Most digital imaging systems display an image as a grid of tiny, square pixels. However, some imaging systems, especially those that must be compatible with standard-def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio |
Pixels per inch ( ppi ) and pixels per centimetre ( ppcm or pixels/cm ) are measurements of the pixel density of an electronic image device, such as a computer monitor or television display, or image digitizing device such as a camera or image scanner . Horizontal and vertical density are usually the same, as most devi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_density |
Pixhawk is a project responsible for creating open-source standards for the flight controller hardware that can be installed on various unmanned aerial vehicles . Additionally, any flight controller built to the open standards often includes "Pixhawk" in its name and may be referred to as such.
An unmanned vehicle's f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixhawk |
In elementary geometry , the pizza theorem states the equality of two areas that arise when one partitions a disk in a certain way.
The theorem is so called because it mimics a traditional pizza slicing technique. It shows that if two people share a pizza sliced into 8 pieces (or any multiple of 4 greater than 8), and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_theorem |
Pl@ntNet is a citizen science project for automatic plant identification through photographs and based on machine learning .
This project launched in 2009 has been developed by scientists ( computer engineers and botanists ) from a consortium gathering French research institutes ( Institut de recherche pour le dévelop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl@ntNet |
The placental microbiome is the nonpathogenic , commensal bacteria claimed to be present in a healthy human placenta and is distinct from bacteria that cause infection and preterm birth in chorioamnionitis . [ 1 ] Until recently, the healthy placenta was considered to be a sterile organ but now genera and species have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_microbiome |
The clothing worn by plague doctors was intended to protect them from airborne diseases during outbreaks of bubonic plague in Europe. [ 2 ] It is often seen as a symbol of death and disease. [ 3 ] Contrary to popular belief, no evidence suggests that the beak mask costume was worn during the Black Death or the Middle A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_doctor_costume |
PlaidML is a portable tensor compiler . Tensor compilers bridge the gap between the universal mathematical descriptions of deep learning operations, such as convolution , and the platform and chip-specific code needed to perform those operations with good performance. Internally, PlaidML makes use of the Tile eDSL [ 3 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlaidML |
Plakophilin are proteins of the cytoskeleton. [ 1 ] They are involved in regulating the adhesive activity of cadherin . [ 2 ]
The three types of plakophilin proteins found in humans are PKP1 , PKP2 , and PKP3 ; all exhibiting dual localization in the nucleus as well as desmosomes. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Genes include:
This bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakophilin |
A plan-relief ( French pronunciation: [plɑ̃ ʁəljɛf] ) is a scale model of a landscape and buildings produced for military usage, made to visualize building projects on fortifications or campaigns surrounding fortified locations.
The first examples seem to have been used by the Venetian Republic and more generally by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan-relief |
The Plan of Rome is a model , more precisely a relief map , of ancient Rome in the 4th century. Made of varnished plaster (11 × 6 m), it represents three-fifths of the city at a 1/400 scale, forming a puzzle of around one hundred pieces. It was created by Paul Bigot , an architect and winner of the Grand Prix de Rome i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_Rome_(Bigot) |
The planar Hall sensor is a type of magnetic sensor based on the planar Hall effect of ferromagnetic materials. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It measures the change in anisotropic magnetoresistance caused by an external magnetic field in the Hall geometry. As opposed to an ordinary Hall sensor, which measures field components perpendicu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_Hall_sensor |
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the protein-mediated signaling that coordinates the orientation of cells in a layer of epithelial tissue . In vertebrates, examples of mature PCP oriented tissue are the stereo-cilia bundles in the inner ear, [ 1 ] motile cilia of the epithelium, [ 2 ] and cell motility in epidermal wound ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_cell_polarity |
Planar chirality , also known as 2D chirality, is the special case of chirality for two dimensions .
Most fundamentally, planar chirality is a mathematical term, finding use in chemistry , physics and related physical sciences, for example, in astronomy , optics and metamaterials . Recent occurrences in latter two fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_chirality |
Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is an optical diagnostic technique widely used for flow visualization and quantitative measurements. PLIF has been shown to be used for velocity, concentration, temperature and pressure measurements.
A PLIF setup consists of a source of light (usually a laser ), an arrangement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_laser-induced_fluorescence |
In engineering , a mechanism is a device that transforms input forces and movement into a desired set of output forces and movement. Mechanisms generally consist of moving components which may include Gears and gear trains ; Belts and chain drives ; cams and followers ; Linkages ; Friction devices, such as brakes or cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_mechanism |
In engineering , a mechanism is a device that transforms input forces and movement into a desired set of output forces and movement. Mechanisms generally consist of moving components which may include Gears and gear trains ; Belts and chain drives ; cams and followers ; Linkages ; Friction devices, such as brakes or cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_mechanisms |
The planar process is a manufacturing process used in the semiconductor industry to build individual components of a transistor , and in turn, connect those transistors together. It is the primary process by which silicon integrated circuit chips are built, and it is the most commonly used method of producing junctions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_process |
Planar projections are the subset of 3D graphical projections constructed by linearly mapping points in three-dimensional space to points on a two-dimensional projection plane . The projected point on the plane is chosen such that it is collinear with the corresponding three-dimensional point and the centre of projecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_projection |
The planar reentry equations are the equations of motion governing the unpowered reentry of a spacecraft , based on the assumptions of planar motion and constant mass, in an Earth-fixed reference frame . [ 1 ]
The equations are given by:
{ d V d t = − ρ V 2 2 β + g sin γ d γ d t = − V cos γ r − ρ V 2 β ( L D ) co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_reentry_equations |
In physics , Planck's law (also Planck radiation law [ 1 ] : 1305 ) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment. [ 2 ]
At the end of the 19th cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck's_law |
Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013. It was an ambitious project that aimed to map the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infrared frequencies, with high sensitivity and angular resolution. The mission was highly successful and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft) |
The Planctomycetota are a phylum of widely distributed bacteria , occurring in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. [ 5 ] They play a considerable role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles, with many species of this phylum capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, also known as anammox . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Many Planctomyceto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetota |
In physics , the plane-wave expansion expresses a plane wave as a linear combination of spherical waves : e i k ⋅ r = ∑ ℓ = 0 ∞ ( 2 ℓ + 1 ) i ℓ j ℓ ( k r ) P ℓ ( k ^ ⋅ r ^ ) , {\displaystyle e^{i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} }=\sum _{\ell =0}^{\infty }(2\ell +1)i^{\ell }j_{\ell }(kr)P_{\ell }({\hat {\mathbf {k} }}\cdot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane-wave_expansion |
In mathematics , a plane is a two-dimensional space or flat surface that extends indefinitely.
A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space . When working exclusively in two-dimensional Euclidean space , the definite article is used, so the Eu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics) |
In projective geometry , a plane at infinity is the hyperplane at infinity of a three dimensional projective space or to any plane contained in the hyperplane at infinity of any projective space of higher dimension. This article will be concerned solely with the three-dimensional case.
There are two approaches to defi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_at_infinity |
A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat ( planar ) reflective surface. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. [ 3 ] The angle of the incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the surface normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_mirror |
In describing reflection and refraction in optics , the plane of incidence (also called the incidence plane or the meridional plane [ citation needed ] ) is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation . [ 1 ] (In wave optics , the latter is the k-vector , or wavevect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_of_incidence |
For light and other electromagnetic radiation , the plane of polarization is the plane spanned by the direction of propagation and either the electric vector or the magnetic vector , depending on the convention. It can be defined for polarized light, remains fixed in space for linearly-polarized light, and undergoes ax... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_of_polarization |
In mathematics , reflection symmetry , line symmetry , mirror symmetry , or mirror-image symmetry is symmetry with respect to a reflection . That is, a figure which does not change upon undergoing a reflection has reflectional symmetry.
In 2-dimensional space , there is a line/axis of symmetry, in 3-dimensional space ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_of_symmetry |
In Euclidean geometry , a plane is a flat two- dimensional surface that extends indefinitely. Euclidean planes often arise as subspaces of three-dimensional space R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} .
A prototypical example is one of a room's walls, infinitely extended and assumed infinitesimal thin.
While a pair of r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_orientation |
The plane strain compression test is a specialized test used on some materials ranging from metals [ 1 ] to soils. [ 2 ]
One variation of the test is also known as the Watts-Ford test . It is an engineering test, and is a particularly specialized way of determining some of the material characteristics of the metal be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_strain_compression_test |
In continuum mechanics , a material is said to be under plane stress if the stress vector is zero across a particular plane. When that situation occurs over an entire element of a structure, as is often the case for thin plates, the stress analysis is considerably simplified, as the stress state can be represented by a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_stress |
A plane table ( plain table prior to 1830) [ 1 ] is a device used in surveying , site mapping, exploration mapping, coastal navigation mapping, and related disciplines to provide a solid and level surface on which to make field drawings, charts and maps. The early use of the name plain table reflected its simplicity a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table |
In physics , a plane wave is a special case of a wave or field : a physical quantity whose value, at any given moment, is constant through any plane that is perpendicular to a fixed direction in space. [ 1 ]
For any position x → {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}} in space and any time t {\displaystyle t} , the value of such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave |
PlanetQuest is NASA 's education and public outreach program centered on the science and technology of NASA's long-term search for habitable planets beyond the Solar System .
Major components of the PlanetQuest outreach program include:
Begun in January 2002 and based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , PlanetQuest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlanetQuest |
Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find exoplanets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler space telescope and the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was launched by a team led by Debra Fischer at Yale University , [ 3 ] as part of the Zooniv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Hunters |
Planet Patrol is a NASA citizen science project available in Zooniverse and aimed at discovering new exoplanets with data from the TESS telescope. [ 1 ]
The project is built on results produced by a computer algorithm. The algorithm measures the center-of-light of the images and automatically compares it to the catalo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Patrol_(project) |
The Planet Simulator , also known as a Planetary Simulator , is a climate -controlled simulation chamber designed to aid in the study of the origin of life . The device was announced by researchers at McMaster University on behalf of the Origins Institute on 4 October 2018. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The project beg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Simulator |
Planet V is a hypothetical fifth terrestrial planet posited by NASA scientists John Chambers and Jack J. Lissauer to have once existed between Mars and the asteroid belt . In their hypothesis the Late Heavy Bombardment of the Hadean era began after perturbations from the other terrestrial planets caused Planet V's orbi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_V |
A planetarium ( pl. : planetariums or planetaria ) is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky , or for training in celestial navigation . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
A dominant feature of most planetariums is the large dome -shaped projection screen onto whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium |
Planetarium software is application software that allows a user to simulate the celestial sphere at any time of day, especially at night , on a computer. Such applications can be as rudimentary as displaying a star chart or sky map for a specific time and location, or as complex as rendering photorealistic views of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_software |
The Planetary Habitability Laboratory (PHL) is a research remote laboratory intended to study the habitability of the Solar System and other stellar systems, specifically, potentially habitable exoplanets. [ 1 ] The PHL is managed by the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo with the collaboration of international scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Habitability_Laboratory |
A planetary coordinate system (also referred to as planetographic , planetodetic , or planetocentric ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a generalization of the geographic , geodetic , and the geocentric coordinate systems for planets other than Earth.
Similar coordinate systems are defined for other solid celestial bodies , such as in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_coordinate_system |
Planetary engineering is the development and application of technology for the purpose of influencing the environment of a planet . Planetary engineering encompasses a variety of methods such as terraforming , seeding , and geoengineering .
Widely discussed in the scientific community, terraforming refers to the alter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_engineering |
The planetary equilibrium temperature is a theoretical temperature that a planet would be if it were in radiative equilibrium , typically under the assumption that it radiates as a black body being heated only by its parent star . In this model, the presence or absence of an atmosphere (and therefore any greenhouse eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_equilibrium_temperature |
Planetary habitability in the Solar System is the study that searches the possible existence of past or present extraterrestrial life in those celestial bodies. As exoplanets are too far away and can only be studied by indirect means, the celestial bodies in the Solar System allow for a much more detailed study: direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System |
In astronomy , planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet -like astronomical object . Within the Solar System , planets are usually measured in the astronomical system of units , where the unit of mass is the solar mass ( M ☉ ), the mass of the Sun . In the study of extrasolar planets , the unit of measure is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_mass |
A planetary mnemonic refers to a phrase created to remember the planets and dwarf planets of the Solar System , with the order of words corresponding to increasing sidereal periods of the bodies. One simple visual mnemonic is to hold out both hands side-by-side with thumbs in the same direction (typically left-hand fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_mnemonic |
In astronomy , a planetary parade , also known as a planetary alignment or planetary procession , occurs when multiple planets in the Solar System appear close together in the night sky, visible at the same time from Earth. However, a planetary parade is not a true alignment in space, but rather an apparent alignment t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_parade |
Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission , aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth in the case of sample-return missions. Planetary protection reflects both the unknown nature of the space environment and the desire of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_protection |
Planetary science (or more rarely, planetology ) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth ), celestial bodies (such as moons , asteroids , comets ) and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System ) and the processes of their formation. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science |
Planetary-surface construction is the construction of artificial habitats and other structures on planetary surfaces . Planetary surface construction can be divided into three phases or classes, coinciding with a phased schedule for habitation: [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
• Class I: Pre-integrated hard shell modules ready to use imme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface_construction |
Planetary symbols are used in astrology and traditionally in astronomy to represent a classical planet (which includes the Sun and the Moon) or one of the modern planets. The classical symbols were also used in alchemy for the seven metals known to the ancients , which were associated with the planets , and in calendar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_symbols |
A planetary system is a set of gravitationally bound non-stellar bodies in or out of orbit around a star or star system . Generally speaking, systems with one or more planets constitute a planetary system, although such systems may also consist of bodies such as dwarf planets , asteroids , natural satellites , meteoroi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_system |
In astronomy , planetary transits and occultations occur when a planet passes in front of another object , as seen by an observer. The occulted object may be a distant star , but in rare cases it may be another planet, in which case the event is called a mutual planetary occultation or mutual planetary transit , depend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_transits_and_occultations |
In analytic geometry , the intersection of two planes in three-dimensional space is a line .
The line of intersection between two planes Π 1 : n 1 ⋅ r = h 1 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}:{\boldsymbol {n}}_{1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {r}}=h_{1}} and Π 2 : n 2 ⋅ r = h 2 {\displaystyle \Pi _{2}:{\boldsymbol {n}}_{2}\cdot {\boldsymbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane–plane_intersection |
A planimeter , also known as a platometer , is a measuring instrument used to determine the area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape.
There are several kinds of planimeters, but all operate in a similar way. The precise way in which they are constructed varies, with the main types of mechanical planimeter being pola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planimeter |
Planimetrics is the study of plane measurements, including angles , distances , and areas .
To measure planimetrics a planimeter or dot planimeter is used. This rather advanced analog technology is being taken over by simple image measurement software tools like, ImageJ , Adobe Acrobat , Google Earth Pro , Gimp , Phot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planimetrics |
In astronomy , a planisphere ( / ˈ p l eɪ . n ɪ ˌ s f ɪər , ˈ p l æ n . ɪ -/ ) is a star chart analog computing instrument in the form of two adjustable disks that rotate on a common pivot. It can be adjusted to display the visible stars for any time and date. It is an instrument to assist in learning how to recognize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planisphere |
A planktivore is an aquatic organism that feeds on planktonic food, including zooplankton and phytoplankton . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Planktivorous organisms encompass a range of some of the planet's smallest to largest multicellular animals in both the present day and in the past billion years; basking sharks and copepods are jus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktivore |
Planktology is the study of plankton , various small drifting plants, animals and microorganisms that inhabit bodies of water . Planktology topics include primary production , energy flow and the carbon cycle .
Plankton drive the " biological pump ", a process by which the ocean ecosystem transports carbon from the su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktology |
A plankton net is equipment used for collecting samples of plankton in standing bodies of water. It consists of a towing line and bridles, nylon mesh net, and a cod end. Plankton nets are considered one of the oldest, simplest and least expensive methods of sampling plankton. [ 1 ] The plankton net can be used for bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton_net |
Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal . Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel . Some researchers regard the evolution of forethought - the capacity to think ahead - as a prime mover in human evolution . [ 1 ] Planning is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning |
Plano-convex ingots are lumps of metal with a flat or slightly concave top and a convex base. They are sometimes, misleadingly, referred to as bun ingots which imply the opposite concavity. [ 1 ] They are most often made of copper , although other materials such as copper alloy, lead and tin are used. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano-convex_ingot |
Plant-based digital data storage is a futuristic view that proposes storing digital data in plants and seeds. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The first practical implication showed the possibility of using plants as storage media for digital data. New approaches for data archiving are required due to the constant increase in digital data ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based_digital_data_storage |
A Plant Information Management System (PIMS) collects and integrates information about a production process from different sources. [ 1 ]
Important tasks of a PIMS are:
Manufacturers are:
There are the following subdivisions:
This business software article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Information_Management_System |
Plant Resources of Tropical Africa , known by its acronym PROTA , is a retired NGO and interdisciplinary documentation programme active between 2000 and 2013. PROTA produced a large database and various publications about Africa's useful plants.
PROTA was concerned with increasing accessibility to traditional knowledg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Resources_of_Tropical_Africa |
Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants . Originally, it included plant morphology , the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_anatomy |
Plant arithmetic is a form of plant intelligence whereby plants appear to perform arithmetic operations – a form of number sense in plants. Some such plants include the Venus flytrap and Arabidopsis thaliana.
The Venus flytrap can count to two and five in order to trap and then digest its prey. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The Venus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_arithmetic |
A clan badge , sometimes called a plant badge , is a badge or emblem , usually a sprig of a specific plant, that is used to identify a member of a particular Scottish clan . [ 1 ] They are usually worn affixed to the bonnet [ 2 ] behind the Scottish crest badge , [ 3 ] or pinned at the shoulder of a lady's tartan sash.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_badge |
Plant breeders' rights ( PBR ), also known as plant variety rights ( PVR ), are rights granted in certain places to the breeder of a new variety of plant that give the breeder exclusive control over the propagating material (including seed , cuttings, divisions, tissue culture) and harvested material ( cut flowers , fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeders'_rights |
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. [ 1 ] It is used to improve the quality of plant products for use by humans and animals. [ 2 ] The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of appl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding |
Plants are exposed to many stress factors such as disease, temperature changes, herbivory, injury and more. [ 1 ] Therefore, in order to respond or be ready for any kind of physiological state, they need to develop some sort of system for their survival in the moment and/or for the future. Plant communication encompass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_communication |
A plant community is a collection or association [ 1 ] [ page needed ] of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types . The components of each plant community are influenced by soil type , topography ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_community |
The abundances of plant species are often measured by plant cover , which is the relative area covered by different plant species in a small plot. Plant cover is not biased by the size and distributions of individuals, and is an important and often measured characteristic of the composition of plant communities . [ 1 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cover |
Plant density is the number of individual plants present per unit of ground area. It is most easily interpreted in the case of monospecific stands, where all plants belong to the same species and have germinated at the same time. However, it could also indicate the number of individual plants found at a given location... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_density |
Important structures in plant development are buds , shoots , roots , leaves , and flowers ; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems [ 1 ] located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. By contrast, an animal embryo w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_development |
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant (and hence a reduction of disease), while the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance |
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