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Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology that studies the distribution and abundance of plants , the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, and the interactions among plants and between plants and other organisms. [ 1 ] Examples of these are the distribution of temperate deciduous forests in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ecology |
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) is the study of developmental programs and patterns from an evolutionary perspective. [ 1 ] It seeks to understand the various influences shaping the form and nature of life on the planet. Evo-devo arose as a separate branch of science rather recently. An early sign of this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology |
Plant expressed vaccine or project GreenVax [ 1 ] In 2005 DARPA ’s Accelerated Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals (AMP) program was created In response to emerging and novel biologic threats. [ 2 ] In 2009 DARPA offered a government contract for a Non-GMO plant-based systems expressing recombinant proteins, due to The 2009... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_expressed_vaccine |
Plant floor communications refers to the control and data communications typically found in automation environments, on a manufacturing plant floor or process plant. The difference between manufacturing and process is typically the types of control involved, discrete control or continuous control (aka process control ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_floor_communication |
Plant genetic resources describe the variability within plants that comes from human and natural selection over millennia. Their intrinsic value mainly concerns agricultural crops ( crop biodiversity ).
According to the 1983 revised International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources |
A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.
The genome of plants can vary in their structure and complexity f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_genome_assembly |
Plant health includes the protection of plants, as well as scientific and regulatory frameworks for controlling plant pests or pathogens. [ 1 ] Plant health is concerned with: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_health |
Plant intelligence is a field of plant biology which aims to understand how plants process the information they obtain from their environment . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Plant intelligence has been defined as "any type of intentional and flexible behavior that is beneficial and enables the organism to achieve its goal". [ 4 ]
Plant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_intelligence |
Plant life-form schemes constitute a way of classifying plants alternatively to the ordinary species-genus-family scientific classification . In colloquial speech , plants may be classified as trees , shrubs , herbs ( forbs and graminoids ), etc. The scientific use of life-form schemes emphasizes plant function in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_life-form |
Plant litter (also leaf litter , tree litter , soil litter , litterfall or duff ) is dead plant material (such as leaves , bark , needles , twigs , and cladodes ) that have fallen to the ground. This detritus or dead organic material and its constituent nutrients are added to the top layer of soil, commonly known as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_litter |
The plant microbiome , also known as the phytomicrobiome , plays roles in plant health and productivity and has received significant attention in recent years. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The microbiome has been defined as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_microbiome |
Phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. [ 1 ] This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy , [ 1 ] which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. [ 2 ] Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants. R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_morphology |
Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth and reproduction, plant metabolism and their external supply. In its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle, or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite . This is in acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nutrition |
Plant ontology (PO) is a collection of ontologies developed by the Plant Ontology Consortium. These ontologies describe anatomical structures and growth and developmental stages across Viridiplantae . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The PO is intended for multiple applications, including genetics , genomics , phen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ontology |
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology , of plants . [ 1 ]
Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis , respiration , plant nutrition , plant hormone functions, tropisms , nastic movements , photoperiodism , photomorphogenesis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiology |
A plant press is a set of equipment used by botanists to flatten and dry field samples so that they can be easily stored. A professional plant press is made to the standard maximum size for biological specimens to be filed in a particular herbarium . A flower press is a similar device of no standard size that is used t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_press |
Plant rights are rights to which certain plants may be entitled. Such issues are often raised in connection with discussions about human rights , animal rights , biocentrism , or sentientism .
Samuel Butler 's Erewhon contains a chapter, "The Views of an Erewhonian Philosopher Concerning the Rights of Vegetables". [ 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_rights |
Plant senescence is the process of aging in plants. Plants have both stress-induced and age-related developmental aging. [ 1 ] Chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence reveals the carotenoids , such as anthocyanin and xanthophylls, which are the cause of autumn leaf color in deciduous trees. Leaf senescence has t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_senescence |
A plant soul is the religious philosophical concept that plants contain souls . Religions that recognize the existence of plant souls include Jainism and Manichaeism .
Jains believe that plants have souls ( jīva ) that experience only one sense, which is touch.
The Ācārāṅga Sūtra states that "plants ... and the rest ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_soul |
Plant strategies include mechanisms and responses plants use to reproduce, defend, survive, and compete on the landscape. The term “plant strategy” has existed in the literature since at least 1965, [ 1 ] however multiple definitions exist. Strategies have been classified as adaptive strategies (through a change in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_strategies |
Tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by herbivory . It is one of the general plant defense strategies against herbivores , the other being resistance , which is the ability of plants to prevent damage (Strauss and Agrawal 1999). Plant defense strategies play important roles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tolerance_to_herbivory |
Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants . The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are T-DNA binary vectors and are often replicated in both E. coli , a common lab bacterium , and Agrobacterium tumefaciens , a plant-viru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_transformation_vector |
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense occurs when endophytic fungi , which live symbiotically with the majority of plants by entering their cells, are utilized as an indirect defense against herbivores. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In exchange for carbohydrate energy resources, the fungus provides benefits to the plant which can inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_use_of_endophytic_fungi_in_defense |
Plant viruses are viruses that have the potential to affect plants . Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host . Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants ("higher plants") .
Many plant viruses are rod-shaped... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_virus |
Plantae Delavayanae: Plants from China collected in Yunnan by Father Delavay. is a book by Adrien René Franchet and Père Jean Marie Delavay , with Franchet describing and establishing the taxonomy for flora found by Delavay in Yunnan .
Père Jean Marie Delavay was a missionary sent to China for Missions Etrangères de P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae_Delavayanae |
In the field of computational biology , a planted motif search (PMS) also known as a ( l, d )-motif search (LDMS) is a method for identifying conserved motifs within a set of nucleic acid or peptide sequences .
PMS is known to be NP-complete . The time complexities of most of the planted motif search algorithms depend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planted_motif_search |
A plantibody is an antibody produced by plants that have been genetically engineered with animal DNA encoding a specific human antibody known to neutralize a particular pathogen or toxin. The transgenic plants produce antibodies similar to their human counterparts, and following purification, plantibodies can be admini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantibody |
A plantlet is a young or small plant, produced on the leaf margins or the aerial stems of another plant. [ 1 ]
Many plants such as spider plants naturally create stolons with plantlets on the ends as a form of asexual reproduction . Vegetative propagules or clippings of mature plants may form plantlets.
An example is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantlet |
The growth of plants in outer space has elicited much scientific interest. [ 1 ] In the late 20th and early 21st century, plants were often taken into space in low Earth orbit to be grown in a weightless but pressurized controlled environment, sometimes called space gardens. [ 1 ] In the context of human spaceflight, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_in_space |
A plantsman is an enthusiastic and knowledgeable gardener (amateur or professional), nurseryman or nurserywoman. [ 1 ] "Plantsman" can refer to a male or female person, though the terms plantswoman , [ 2 ] or even plantsperson , [ 3 ] are sometimes used. The word is sometimes said to be synonymous with " botanist " or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantsman |
Plant-animal interactions are important pathways for the transfer of energy within ecosystems, where both advantageous and unfavorable interactions support ecosystem health. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Plant-animal interactions can take on important ecological functions and manifest in a variety of combinations of favorable and unfavo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant–animal_interaction |
Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between individuals in the plant and fungus kingdoms . Horizontal gene transfer is universal in fungi , viruses , bacteria , and other eukaryotes . [ 1 ] Horizontal gene transfer research often focuses on prokaryotes because of the abundant seque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant–fungus_horizontal_gene_transfer |
Plant–soil feedback is a process where plants alter the biotic and abiotic qualities of soil they grow in, which then alters the ability of plants to grow in that soil in the future. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Negative plant–soil feedback occurs when plants are less able to grow in soil that was previously occupied by a member of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant–soil_feedback |
Plaque hybridization is a technique used in Molecular biology for the identification of recombinant phages . [ 1 ] The procedure can also be used for the detection of differentially represented repetitive DNA.
The technique (similar to colony hybridization ) involves hybridizing isolated phage DNA to a label probe for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque_hybridization |
The plaque reduction neutralization test is used to quantify the titer of neutralizing antibody for a virus . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The serum sample or solution of antibody to be tested is diluted and mixed with a viral suspension. This is incubated to allow the antibody to react with the virus. This is poured over a confluent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque_reduction_neutralization_test |
Plascore Incorporated manufactures honeycomb core, cleanrooms, and composite panels marketed under the brand Plascore. Honeycomb is used in aerospace, marine, military, safety, transportation, and other applications. [ 1 ] When honeycomb is sandwiched between two surfaces, it effectively creates a distance between the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plascore_Incorporated |
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( PECVD ) is a chemical vapor deposition process used to deposit thin films from a gas state ( vapor ) to a solid state on a substrate . Chemical reactions are involved in the process, which occur after creation of a plasma of the reacting gases. The plasma is generally created... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-enhanced_chemical_vapor_deposition |
In nuclear fusion power research, the plasma-facing material (or materials) ( PFM ) is any material used to construct the plasma-facing components ( PFC ), those components exposed to the plasma within which nuclear fusion occurs, and particularly the material used for the lining the first wall or divertor region of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-facing_material |
Plasma-immersion ion implantation (PIII) [ 1 ] or pulsed-plasma doping (pulsed PIII) is a surface modification technique of extracting the accelerated ions from the plasma by applying a high voltage pulsed DC or pure DC power supply and targeting them into a suitable substrate or electrode with a semiconductor wafer p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-immersion_ion_implantation |
Plasma Science Society of India [ 1 ] was founded in 1978 at Institute for Plasma Research , Ahmedabad in India for the benefit of the fusion community working on plasma . [ 2 ] This serves the thrive for knowledge [ clarification needed ] towards the fusion research in the field of theoretical and experimental researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India |
A plasma antenna is a type of radio antenna currently in development in which plasma is used instead of the metal elements of a traditional antenna. [ 1 ] A plasma antenna can be used for both transmission and reception . [ 2 ] Although plasma antennas have only become practical in recent years [ when? ] , the idea is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_antenna |
In semiconductor manufacturing plasma ashing is the process of removing the photoresist (light sensitive coating) from an etched wafer. Using a plasma source, a monatomic (single atom) substance known as a reactive species is generated. Oxygen or fluorine are the most common reactive species. Other gases used are N2/H2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_ashing |
Plasma cells , also called plasma B cells or effector B cells , are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B cells [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens . These antibodies are transported from the pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell |
Plasma deep drilling technology is one of several drilling technologies that may be able to replace conventional, contact-based rotary systems. These new technologies include plasma deep drilling, water jet , hydrothermal spallation and laser . Companies that embrace plasma-drilling method include GA Drilling , headqua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_deep_drilling_technology |
Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments, and experimental techniques used to measure properties of a plasma , such as plasma components' density , distribution function over energy ( temperature ), their spatial profiles and dynamics, which enable to derive plasma parameters .
A ball-pen probe is novel t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_diagnostics |
Plasma electrochemistry is a new field of research where the interaction of plasma with an electrolyte solution is studied. It uses plasma to drive chemical reactions in liquid. [ 1 ]
This electrochemistry -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This plasma physics –related article is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_electrochemistry |
Plasma electrolytic oxidation ( PEO ), also known as electrolytic plasma oxidation ( EPO ) or microarc oxidation ( MAO ), is an electrochemical surface treatment process for generating oxide coatings on metals . It is similar to anodizing , but it employs higher potentials , so that discharges [ 1 ] occur and the resu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_electrolytic_oxidation |
Plasma modeling refers to solving equations of motion that describe the state of a plasma . It is generally coupled with Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields or Poisson's equation for electrostatic fields. There are several main types of plasma models: single particle, kinetic, fluid, hybrid kinetic/fluid, gy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_modeling |
Plasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma , an electrically conductive collection of charged and neutral particles of various species ( electrons and ions ) that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces . [ 1 ] Such particle systems can be studied statistically , i.e., their behaviour can be d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_parameters |
Plasma polymerization (or glow discharge polymerization ) uses plasma sources to generate a gas discharge that provides energy to activate or fragment gaseous or liquid monomer , often containing a vinyl group , in order to initiate polymerization . Polymers formed from this technique are generally highly branched and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_polymerization |
Plasma protein binding refers to the degree to which medications attach to blood proteins within the blood plasma . A drug 's efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse or diffuse through cell membranes . Common blood proteins that drugs bind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding |
Plasma recombination is a process by which positive ions of a plasma capture a free (energetic) electron and combine with electrons or negative ions to form new neutral atoms ( gas ). The process of recombination can be described as the reverse of ionization, whereby conditions allow the plasma to evert to a gas. [ 1 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_recombination |
Thermal spraying techniques are coating processes in which melted (or heated) materials are sprayed onto a surface. The "feedstock" (coating precursor) is heated by electrical (plasma or arc) or chemical means (combustion flame).
Thermal spraying can provide thick coatings (approx. thickness range is 20 microns to sev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_spraying |
Plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) thermal spraying is a thermal spraying process that deposits a coating on the internal surface of a cylindrical surface, or external surface of any geometry. It is predominantly known for its use in coating the cylinder bores of an internal combustion engine , enabling the constructio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_transferred_wire_arc_thermal_spraying |
Plasmalysis is a electrochemical process that requires a voltage source . On the one hand, it describes the plasma-chemical dissociation of organic and inorganic compounds (e.g. C-H and N-H compounds) in interaction with a thermal/non-thermal plasma between two electrodes. On the other hand, it describes the synthesis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmalysis |
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria ; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms . [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid |
Plasmid-mediated resistance is the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes which are carried on plasmids . [ 1 ] Plasmids possess mechanisms that ensure their independent replication as well as those that regulate their replication number and guarantee stable inheritance during cell division. By the conjugation process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid-mediated_resistance |
A plasmid partition system is a mechanism that ensures the stable inheritance of plasmids during bacterial cell division. Each plasmid has its independent replication system which controls the number of copies of the plasmid in a cell. The higher the copy number, the more likely the two daughter cells will contain the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_partition_system |
A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA . It is an important step in many molecular biology experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and biotechnology . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid DNA from bacteria . [ 1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_preparation |
An environment's plasmidome refers to the plasmids present in it. [ 1 ] The term is a portmanteau of the two English words Plasmid and Kingdom.
In biological research, plasmidome may refer to the actual plasmids that were found and isolated from a certain microorganism by means of culturing isolated microorganism and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidome |
Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex ( PAP ) is a 1:1 irreversibly formed inactive complex of the enzyme plasmin and its inhibitor α 2 -antiplasmin . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is a marker of the activity of the fibrinolytic system and a marker of net activation of fibrinolysis . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
PAP levels are increased with pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin_complex |
Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi , in which the protoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia ) fuse without the fusion of nuclei , effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell. This state is followed by karyogamy , where the two nuclei fuse and then underg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmogamy |
A plasmoid is a coherent structure of plasma and magnetic fields . Plasmoids have been proposed to explain natural phenomena such as ball lightning , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] magnetic bubbles in the magnetosphere , [ 3 ] and objects in cometary tails, [ 4 ] in the solar wind, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] solar atmosphere, [ 7 ] and in the heliosphe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmoid |
In chemistry , plasmonic catalysis is a type of catalysis that uses plasmons to increase the rate of a chemical reaction. [ 1 ] A plasmonic catalyst is made up of a metal nanoparticle surface (usually gold, silver, or a combination of the two) which generates localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) when excited by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_catalysis |
In nano-optics , a plasmonic lens generally refers to a lens for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), i.e. a device that redirects SPPs to converge towards a single focal point . Because SPPs can have very small wavelength , they can converge into a very small and very intense spot, much smaller than the free space wavel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_lens |
A plasmonic metamaterial is a metamaterial that uses surface plasmons to achieve optical properties not seen in nature. Plasmons are produced from the interaction of light with metal- dielectric materials. Under specific conditions, the incident light couples with the surface plasmons to create self-sustaining, propaga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_metamaterial |
Plasmonic nanoparticles are particles whose electron density can couple with electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that are far larger than the particle due to the nature of the dielectric - metal interface between the medium and the particles: unlike in a pure metal where there is a maximum limit on what size wavel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_nanoparticles |
Plasmonics or nanoplasmonics [ 1 ] refers to the generation, detection, and manipulation of signals at optical frequencies along metal-dielectric interfaces in the nanometer scale. [ 2 ] Inspired by photonics , plasmonics follows the trend of miniaturizing optical devices (see also nanophotonics ), and finds applicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonics |
Plasmonics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering plasmonics , including the theory of plasmonic metamaterials , fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy . It is published by Springer Science+Business Media . Its current editor is Chris D. Geddes, Director of the Institute of Fluorescence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonics_(journal) |
Plastarch Material ( PSM ) is a biodegradable , thermoplastic resin. It is composed of starch combined with several other biodegradable materials. The starch is modified in order to obtain heat-resistant properties, making PSM one of few bioplastics capable of withstanding high temperatures. PSM began to be commercial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastarch_material |
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. [ 1 ] In English, "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. [ 2 ] The term stucco re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster |
Plasterwork is construction or ornamentation done with plaster , such as a layer of plaster on an interior or exterior wall structure, or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls. This is also sometimes called pargeting . The process of creating plasterwork, called plastering or rendering , has been used in bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterwork |
Plastic bending [ 1 ] is a nonlinear behavior particular to members made of ductile materials that frequently achieve much greater ultimate bending strength than indicated by a linear elastic bending analysis. In both the plastic and elastic bending analyses of a straight beam, it is assumed that the strain distributio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bending |
Plastic coating is a term that is commonly used in technology but is nevertheless ambiguous. It can be understood to mean the coating of plastic (e.g., metallization of plastics [ 1 ] ) or the coating of other materials (e.g., electrical cable ) with plastics. [ 2 ]
A polymer coating is a form of plastic coating or su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_coating |
A plastic crystal is a crystal composed of weakly interacting molecules that possess some orientational or conformational degree of freedom. The name plastic crystal refers to the mechanical softness of such phases: they resemble waxes and are easily deformed. If the internal degree of freedom is molecular rotation, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_crystal |
In the structural engineering beam theory , plastic hinge is the deformation of a section of a beam where plastic bending occurs. [ 1 ] In earthquake engineering plastic hinge is also a type of energy damping device allowing plastic rotation [deformation] of an otherwise rigid column connection. [ 2 ]
In plastic limi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_hinge |
Plastic limit theorems in continuum mechanics provide two bounds [ 1 ] that can be used to determine whether material failure is possible by means of plastic deformation for a given external loading scenario. According to the theorems, to find the range within which the true solution must lie, it is necessary to find ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_limit_theorems |
A plastic model kit , ( plamo in Eastern influenced parlance), [ citation needed ] is a consumer-grade plastic scale model manufactured as a kit , primarily assembled by hobbyists , and intended primarily for display. A plastic model kit depicts various subjects, ranging from real life military and civilian vehicles to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_model_kit |
In structural engineering, the plastic moment (M p ) is a property of a structural section. It is defined as the moment at which the entire cross section has reached its yield stress . This is theoretically the maximum bending moment that the section can resist – when this point is reached a plastic hinge is formed and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_moment |
Plastic pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic . It is usually, but not necessarily, of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow—liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pipework |
The Mediterranean Sea has been defined as one of the seas most affected by marine plastic pollution . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ excessive citations ]
It has concentrations of microplastics which are estimated to be higher than those on average found at the global level. [ 8 ] Studies conducted within... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution_in_the_Mediterranean_sea |
In mathematics, the plastic ratio is a geometrical proportion equal to 1.324 717 957 244 746 025 96 ... ; [ 2 ] it is the unique real solution of the equation x 3 = x + 1.
The adjective plastic does not refer to the artificial material , but to the formative and sculptural qualities of this ratio, as in plastic arts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_ratio |
Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described in ISO 472 [ 1 ] as a process of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with the aid of heat (except for solvent welding ). Welding of thermoplastics is accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surface preparation, applic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_welding |
In physics and materials science , plasticity (also known as plastic deformation ) is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation , a non-reversible change of shape in response to applied forces. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plastic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics) |
A plasticolous lichenized fungus is a lichen that grows on plastic surfaces. [ 1 ] This behaviour was first observed in 1994 when foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichens were found growing on plastic tape [ 2 ] but they have since been observed growing on artificial plastic leaves, plastic signs [ 3 ] and nylon nets. [ 4 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticolous_lichen |
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants , algae , and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . [ 1 ]
Examples of plastids include chloroplasts (used for photosynthesis ); chromoplasts (used for synthesis and storage of pigme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid |
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in plants , algae and other eukaryotic organisms that contribute to the production of pigment molecules. Most plastids are photosynthetic , thus leading to color production and energy storage or production. There are many types of plastids in plants alone, but all plastids ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid_evolution |
Plastid terminal oxidase or plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) is an enzyme that resides on the thylakoid membranes of plant and algae chloroplasts and on the membranes of cyanobacteria . The enzyme was hypothesized to exist as a photosynthetic oxidase in 1982 and was verified by sequence similarity to the mitochondr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid_terminal_oxidase |
A plastivore is an organism capable of degrading and metabolising plastic . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] While plastic is normally thought of as non- biodegradable , a variety of bacteria, fungi and insects have been found to degrade it.
Plastivores are "organisms that use plastic as their primary carbon and energy source"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastivore |
As the tip of a plant shoot grows, new leaves are produced at regular time intervals if temperature is held constant. This time interval is termed the plastochron (or plastochrone ). [ 1 ] The plastochrone index and the leaf plastochron index are ways of measuring the age of a plant dependent on morphological traits ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastochron |
Plastocyanin is a copper-containing protein that mediates electron-transfer . It is found in a variety of plants, where it participates in photosynthesis . The protein is a prototype of the blue copper proteins , a family of intensely blue-colored metalloproteins . Specifically, it falls into the group of small type I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastocyanin |
A plastomer is a polymer material which combines qualities of elastomers and plastics , such as rubber -like properties with the processing ability of plastic. [ 1 ] As such, the word plastomer is a portmanteau of the words plastic and elastomer . Significant plastomers are ethylene - alpha olefin copolymers . [ 2 ] [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastomer |
Plastoquinone ( PQ ) is a terpenoid - quinone ( meroterpenoid ) molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis . The most common form of plastoquinone, known as PQ-A or PQ-9, is a 2,3-dimethyl-1,4- benzoquinone molecule with a side chain of nine isoprenyl units. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastoquinone |
A plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger design that uses plates and finned chambers to transfer heat between fluids, most commonly gases. It is often categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasize its relatively high heat transfer surface area to volume ratio.
The plate-fin heat exchanger is widely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate-fin_heat_exchanger |
A plate is a structural element which is characterized by a three-dimensional solid whose thickness is very small when compared with other dimensions. [ 1 ]
The effects of the loads that are expected to be applied on it only generate stresses whose resultants are, in practical terms, exclusively normal to the element'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_(structure) |
The Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) was the geodetic component of the EarthScope Facility. EarthScope was an Earth science program that explored the 4-dimensional structure of the North American Continent. [ 1 ] EarthScope (and PBO) was a 15-year project (2003-2018) funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_Boundary_Observatory |
A roll bender is a mechanical jig having three rollers used to bend a metal bar into a circular arc. The rollers freely rotate about three parallel axes, which are arranged with uniform horizontal spacing. Two outer rollers, usually immobile, cradle the bottom of the material while the inner roller, whose position is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_bending_machine |
A plate column (or tray column [ 1 ] ) is equipment used in chemistry to carry out unit operations where it is necessary to transfer mass between a liquid phase and a gas phase. In other words, it is a particular gas-liquid contactor . [ 2 ] The peculiarity of this gas-liquid contactor is that the gas comes in contact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_column |
A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids . This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids are spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_heat_exchanger |
A plate lifter or plate wobbler is a novelty item [ 1 ] consisting of a tube with a small flat [ 2 ] bladder on one end and a bulb on the other. [ 3 ] The bladder is to be placed under a plate; inflating it will make the plate wobble. [ 4 ] This fake demonstration of psychokinesis [ 2 ] is intended to provoke surprise ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_lifter |
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