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Ramipril , sold under the brand name Altace among others, is an ACE inhibitor type medication used to treat high blood pressure , heart failure , and diabetic kidney disease . [ 1 ] It can also be used as a preventative medication in patients over 55 years old to reduce the risk of having a heart attack, stroke or card... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramipril |
Protestant Reformation Counter-Reformation Aristotelianism Scholasticism Patristics
Second scholasticism of the School of Salamanca Lutheran scholasticism during Lutheran orthodoxy Ramism among the Reformed orthodoxy Metaphysical poets in the Church of England
The Jesuits against Jansenism Labadists against the Jesui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramism |
The term ramogen refers to a biological factor, typically a growth factor or other protein , that causes a developing biological cell or tissue to branch in a tree-like manner. Ramogenic molecules are branch promoting molecules found throughout the human body,. [ 1 ]
Brief History
The term was first coined (from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramogen |
Ramon Torrecillas (Oviedo, 30 August 1963) is a Spanish physicist and materials scientist internationally recognized for his research in the fields of nanomaterials and biomaterials. Since December 2019 he is Head of the Brussels' Office of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , [ 1 ] which holds the institutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Torrecillas |
The Ramsauer–Townsend effect , also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect , is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas . This effect is a result of quantum mechanics . The effect is named for Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend , who each in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsauer–Townsend_effect |
Ramsay , also referred to as Ramsay Malware , is a cyber espionage framework and toolkit that was discovered by ESET Research in 2020. [ 1 ]
Ramsay is specifically tailored for Windows systems on networks that are not connected to the internet and that also isolated from intranets of companies, so called air-gapped ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Malware |
Ramsay grease is a vacuum grease , used as a lubrication and a sealant of ground glass joints and cocks on laboratory glassware , e.g. burettes . It is usable to about 10 −2 mbar (about 1 Pa) and about 30 °C. [ 1 ] Its vapor pressure at 20 °C is about 10 −4 mbar (0.01 Pa). [ 2 ] It is named after Sir William Ramsay . [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_grease |
Ramsbottom carbon residue ( RCR ) is well known in the petroleum industry as a method to calculate the carbon residue of a fuel. The carbon residue value is considered by some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel. [ 1 ]
The Ramsbottom test is used to measur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsbottom_carbon_residue |
In combinatorics , Ramsey's theorem , in one of its graph-theoretic forms, states that one will find monochromatic cliques in any edge labelling (with colours) of a sufficiently large complete graph . To demonstrate the theorem for two colours (say, blue and red), let r and s be any two positive integers . [ a ] Ramsey... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey's_theorem |
Heterodox
The Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model (also known as the Ramsey growth model or the neoclassical growth model ) is a foundational model in neoclassical economics that describes the dynamics of economic growth over time. It builds upon the pioneering work of Frank P. Ramsey (1928), [ 1 ] with later extensions by Dav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans_model |
Ramus Pomifer ( Latin for apple branch ) was a constellation between Hercules and Lyra .
It was depicted in the form of a branch held in Hercules' left hand. The also-obsolete constellation of Cerberus - made up of much the same stars - became combined with it in later depictions, with the name "Cerberus et Ramus". [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramus_Pomifer |
The Ramón Margalef Award for Excellence in Education was launched in 2008 by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography to recognize innovations and excellence in teaching and mentoring students in the fields of limnology and oceanography . Criteria for the award requires "adherence to the highest s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Margalef_Award_for_Excellence_in_Education |
Rancidification is the process of complete or incomplete autoxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture, or bacterial action, producing short-chain aldehydes , ketones and free fatty acids . [ 1 ]
When these processes occur in food, undesirable odors and flavors can result. In process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancidification |
The Randall–Selitto test or paw pressure test is a technique for the measurement of the pain response in animals. It is used in basic pain research and to test the effectiveness of analgetics by observing the reaction to gradually increasing pressure on an inflamed paw. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Pain is deemed to be present if the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall–Selitto_test |
In physics , Randall–Sundrum models (RS) (also called 5-dimensional warped geometry theory ) are models that describe the world in terms of a warped-geometry higher-dimensional universe , or more concretely as a 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space where the elementary particles (except the graviton ) are localized on a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall–Sundrum_model |
The Randić index , also known as the connectivity index , of a graph is the sum of bond contributions 1 / ( d i d j ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 1/(d_{i}d_{j})^{1/2}} where d i {\displaystyle d_{i}} and d j {\displaystyle d_{j}} are
the degrees of the vertices making bond i ~ j .
This graph invariant was introduced by Milan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randić's_molecular_connectivity_index |
The Randle cycle , also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle , is a metabolic process involving the cross inhibition of glucose and fatty acids for substrates . [ 1 ] It is theorized to play a role in explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
It was named for Philip Randle , who described it in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_cycle |
In electrochemistry , the Randles–Ševčík equation describes the effect of scan rate on the peak current ( i p ) for a cyclic voltammetry experiment. For simple redox events where the reaction is electrochemically reversible, and the products and reactants are both soluble, such as the ferrocene / ferrocenium couple, i ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randles–Sevcik_equation |
In mathematics , the random Fibonacci sequence is a stochastic analogue of the Fibonacci sequence defined by the recurrence relation f n = f n − 1 ± f n − 2 {\displaystyle f_{n}=f_{n-1}\pm f_{n-2}} , where the signs + or − are chosen at random with equal probability 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} , independently f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Fibonacci_sequence |
Random amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD ), pronounced "rapid", [ 1 ] is a type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. [ 2 ] The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers (10–12
nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_amplification_of_polymorphic_DNA |
Random chimeragenesis on transient templates (RACHITT) is a method to perform molecular mutagenesis at a high recombination rate. [ 1 ] For example, RACHITT can be used to generate increased rate and extent of biodesulfurization of diesel by modification of dibenzothiophene mono-oxygenase. DNA shuffling is a similar bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_chimeragenesis_on_transient_templates |
In statistical mechanics , probability theory , graph theory , etc. the random cluster model is a random graph that generalizes and unifies the Ising model , Potts model , and percolation model . It is used to study random combinatorial structures, electrical networks , etc. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is also referred to as the RC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_cluster_model |
In polymer chemistry , a random coil is a conformation of polymers where the monomer subunits are oriented randomly while still being bonded to adjacent units. It is not one specific shape, but a statistical distribution of shapes for all the chains in a population of macromolecules . The conformation's name is derived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_coil |
Random coil index (RCI) predicts protein flexibility by calculating an inverse weighted average of backbone secondary chemical shifts and predicting values of model-free order parameters as well as per-residue RMSD of NMR and molecular dynamics ensembles from this parameter. [ 1 ]
The key advantages of this protocol o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_coil_index |
Random column packing is the practice of packing a distillation column with randomly fitting filtration material in order to optimize surface area over which reactants can interact while minimizing the complexity of construction of such columns. Random column packing is an alternative to structured column packing .
Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_column_packing |
In the statistical physics of disordered systems , the random energy model is a toy model of a system with quenched disorder , such as a spin glass , having a first-order phase transition . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It concerns the statistics of a collection of N {\displaystyle N} spins ( i.e. degrees of freedom σ ≡ { σ i } i = 1 N ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_energy_model |
Random flip-flop (RFF) is a theoretical concept of a non-sequential logic circuit capable of generating true randomness. By definition, it operates as an "ordinary" edge-triggered clocked flip-flop , except that its clock input acts randomly and with probability p = 1/2. [ 1 ] Unlike Boolean circuits, which behave dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_flip-flop |
The random generalized Lotka–Volterra model (rGLV) is an ecological model and random set of coupled ordinary differential equations where the parameters of the generalized Lotka–Volterra equation are sampled from a probability distribution , analogously to quenched disorder . The rGLV models dynamics of a community of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_generalized_Lotka–Volterra_model |
A random hexamer or random hexonucleotides are for various PCR applications such as rolling circle amplification to prime the DNA.
They are oligonucleotide sequences of 6 bases which are synthesised entirely randomly to give a numerous range of sequences that have the potential to anneal at many random points on a DNA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_hexamer |
Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator ( RNG ), a sequence of numbers or symbols is generated that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance. This means that the particular outcome sequence will contain some patterns detectable in hindsight but impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation |
The statistics of random permutations , such as the cycle structure of a random permutation are of fundamental importance in the analysis of algorithms , especially of sorting algorithms, which operate on random permutations. Suppose, for example, that we are using quickselect (a cousin of quicksort ) to select a rando... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_permutation_statistics |
The random phase approximation ( RPA ) is an approximation method in condensed matter physics and nuclear physics . It was first introduced by David Bohm and David Pines as an important result in a series of seminal papers of 1952 and 1953. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] For decades physicists had been trying to incorporate the eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_phase_approximation |
Random sample consensus ( RANSAC ) is an iterative method to estimate parameters of a mathematical model from a set of observed data that contains outliers , when outliers are to be accorded no influence [ clarify ] on the values of the estimates. Therefore, it also can be interpreted as an outlier detection method. [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_sample_consensus |
Random sequential adsorption ( RSA ) refers to a process where particles are randomly introduced in a system, and if they do not overlap any previously adsorbed particle, they adsorb and remain fixed for the rest of the process. RSA can be carried out in computer simulation , in a mathematical analysis, or in experimen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_sequential_adsorption |
In statistical mechanics , the random-subcube model (RSM) is an exactly solvable model that reproduces key properties of hard constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) and optimization problems , such as geometrical organization of solutions, the effects of frozen variables, and the limitations of various algorithms like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_subcube_model |
Random walk closeness centrality is a measure of centrality in a network , which describes the average speed with which randomly walking processes reach a node from other nodes of the network. It is similar to the closeness centrality except that the farness is measured by the expected length of a random walk rather th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk_closeness_centrality |
In mobility management , the random waypoint model is a random model for the movement of mobile users, and how their location, velocity and acceleration change over time. [ 1 ] Mobility models are used for simulation purposes when new network protocols are evaluated. The random waypoint model was first proposed by John... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_waypoint_model |
In statistical decision theory , a randomised decision rule or mixed decision rule is a decision rule that associates probabilities with deterministic decision rules. In finite decision problems, randomised decision rules define a risk set which is the convex hull of the risk points of the nonrandomised decision rules.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomised_decision_rule |
Randomized benchmarking is an experimental method for measuring the average error rates of quantum computing hardware platforms. The protocol estimates the average error rates by implementing long sequences of randomly sampled quantum gate operations . [ 1 ] Randomized benchmarking is the industry-standard protocol use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_benchmarking |
In passing through matter, charged particles ionize and thus lose energy in many steps, until their energy is (almost) zero. The distance to this point is called the range of the particle. The range depends on the type of particle, on its initial energy and on the material through which it passes.
For example, if the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(particle_radiation) |
Range coding (or range encoding ) is an entropy coding method defined by G. Nigel N. Martin in a 1979 paper, [ 1 ] which effectively rediscovered the FIFO arithmetic code first introduced by Richard Clark Pasco in 1976. [ 2 ] Given a stream of symbols and their probabilities, a range coder produces a space-efficient st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_coding |
Range Condition Scoring was developed as a way to quantify biodiversity in a given rangeland system. This practice is widely used in the Sand Hills region of Nebraska , as well as the tallgrass prairie regions, as evidenced by the authoritative book on the subject, "Range Judging Handbook and Contest Guide for Nebraska... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_condition_scoring |
In mathematics , the range of a function may refer to either of two closely related concepts:
In some cases the codomain and the image of a function are the same set; such a function is called surjective or onto . For any non-surjective function f : X → Y , {\displaystyle f:X\to Y,} the codomain Y {\displaystyle Y} an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_a_function |
Range of motion (or ROM ) is the linear or angular distance that a moving object may normally travel while properly attached to another.
In biomechanics and strength training , ROM refers to the angular distance and direction a joint can move between the flexed position and the extended position. [ 1 ] The act of atte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_motion |
In geology , range offset is the time difference between the last fossil occurrence of a taxon and the actual disappearance of this taxon. Range offset can be used as a measure of biostratigraphic precision [ 1 ] and determines among others how much information about extinctions can be derived from fossil occurrences.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_offset |
Range state is a term generally used in zoogeography and conservation biology to refer to any nation that exercises jurisdiction over any part of a range which a particular species , taxon or biotope inhabits, or crosses or overflies at any time on its normal migration route. The term is often expanded to also include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_state |
The rangeland health refers to the degree to which the integrity of the soil and ecological processes of rangeland ecosystems are sustained. [ 1 ] The attributes evaluated during rangeland health assessments are 1) Soil and Site Stability 2) Hydrologic Function 3) Biotic Integrity. [ 2 ]
This ecology -related article ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeland_health |
A ranging rod , or range rod , is a surveying instrument used for marking the position of stations, and for sightings of those stations, as well as for ranging straight lines . [ 1 ] Initially these were made of light, thin, and straight bamboo , or of well seasoned wood such as teak , pine , or deodar . They were shod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranging_rod |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes of majority rule
Positive results
In apportionment theory , rank-index methods [ 1 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank-index_method |
Rank-width is a graph width parameter used in graph theory and parameterized complexity , and defined using linear algebra .
It is defined from hierarchical clusterings of the vertices of a given graph, which can be visualized as ternary trees having the vertices as their leaves. Removing any edge from such a tree dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank-width |
In graph theory , a branch of mathematics, the rank of an undirected graph has two unrelated definitions. Let n equal the number of vertices of the graph.
A sample graph and matrix:
(corresponding to the four edges, e1–e4):
( 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}0&1&1&1\\1&0&0&0\\1&0&0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_(graph_theory) |
In linear algebra , the rank of a matrix A is the dimension of the vector space generated (or spanned ) by its columns. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This corresponds to the maximal number of linearly independent columns of A . This, in turn, is identical to the dimension of the vector space spanned by its rows. [ 4 ] Rank is thus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_(linear_algebra) |
A rank abundance curve or Whittaker plot is a chart used by ecologists to display relative species abundance , a component of biodiversity . It can also be used to visualize species richness and species evenness . It overcomes the shortcomings of biodiversity indices that cannot display the relative role different vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_abundance_curve |
In coding theory , rank codes (also called Gabidulin codes ) are non-binary [ 1 ] linear error-correcting codes over not Hamming but rank metric. They described a systematic way of building codes that could detect and correct multiple random rank errors. By adding redundancy with coding k -symbol word to a n -symbol wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_error-correcting_code |
In mathematics , given a field F {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} } , non-negative integers m , n {\displaystyle m,n} , and a matrix A ∈ F m × n {\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {F} ^{m\times n}} , a rank decomposition or rank factorization of A is a factorization of A of the form A = CF , where C ∈ F m × r {\displaystyle C\in \m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_factorization |
The rank product is a biologically motivated rank test for the detection of differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments.
It is a simple non-parametric statistical method based on ranks of fold changes. In addition to its use in expression profiling , it can be used to combine ranked lists in var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_product |
In mathematics , a ranked poset is a partially ordered set in which one of the following (non-equivalent) conditions hold: it is
The second definition differs from the first in that it requires all minimal elements to have the same rank; for posets with a least element, however, the two requirements are equivalent. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_poset |
The Rankine body , discovered by Scottish physicist and engineer William Rankine , is a feature of naval architecture involving the flow of liquid around a body/surface.
In fluid mechanics, a fluid flow pattern formed by combining a uniform stream with a source and a sink of equal strengths, with the line joining the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_body |
In the field of fluid dynamics , a Rankine half body is a feature of fluid flow discovered by Scottish physicist and engineer William Rankine that is formed when a fluid source is added to a fluid undergoing potential flow . Superposition of uniform flow and source flow yields the Rankine half body flow. A practical ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_half_body |
The Rankine–Hugoniot conditions , also referred to as Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions or Rankine–Hugoniot relations , describe the relationship between the states on both sides of a shock wave or a combustion wave ( deflagration or detonation ) in a one-dimensional flow in fluids or a one-dimensional deformation in so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine–Hugoniot_conditions |
A ranking is a relationship between a set of items, often recorded in a list , such that, for any two items, the first is either "ranked higher than", "ranked lower than", or "ranked equal to" the second. [ 1 ] In mathematics , this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects. It is not necessarily a total or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking |
The rank–nullity theorem is a theorem in linear algebra , which asserts:
It follows that for linear transformations of vector spaces of equal finite dimension, either injectivity or surjectivity implies bijectivity .
Let T : V → W {\displaystyle T:V\to W} be a linear transformation between two vector spaces where T {... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank–nullity_theorem |
A Ranney Collector is a type of radial well used to extract water from an aquifer with direct connection to a surface water source like a river or lake . The amount of water available from the collector is typically related more to the surface water source than to the piezometric surface of the aquifer. [ 1 ]
A caiss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranney_collector |
Raon Digital was a Korean company that manufactured Ultra-Mobile PCs (UMPCs) such as the Raon Vega, Raon Everun and Everun Note . [ 1 ] The company closed in 2009. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
This computing article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raon_Digital |
Raoul Bott (September 24, 1923 – December 20, 2005) [ 1 ] was a Hungarian-American mathematician known for numerous foundational contributions to geometry in its broad sense. He is best known for his Bott periodicity theorem , the Morse–Bott functions which he used in this context, and the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem .
Bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Bott |
Raoult's law ( / ˈ r ɑː uː l z / law) is a relation of physical chemistry , with implications in thermodynamics . Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure componen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult's_law |
In statistics , the Rao–Blackwell theorem , sometimes referred to as the Rao–Blackwell–Kolmogorov theorem , is a result that characterizes the transformation of an arbitrarily crude estimator into an estimator that is optimal by the mean-squared-error criterion or any of a variety of similar criteria.
The Rao–Blackwel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao–Blackwell_theorem |
Raphaël Horace Dubois (20 June 1849, Le Mans – 21 January 1929) was a French pharmacologist known for his work on bioluminescence and anesthesia . [ 1 ] He coined the terms proteon and bioproteon, from the Greek "proteon" for matter and "bios" for life. Bioproteon means "living matter". He concluded that there was no ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaël_Dubois |
The RapidIO architecture is a high-performance packet-switched electrical connection technology. It supports messaging, read/write and cache coherency semantics. Based on industry-standard electrical specifications such as those for Ethernet , RapidIO can be used as a chip-to-chip, board-to-board, and chassis-to-chassi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidIO |
Rapid Boot is an EFI BIOS alternative using a Linux kernel (in the BIOS flash part) developed by Intel Corporation , primarily intended for computer clusters .
This computing article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Boot |
Rapid amplification of cDNA ends ( RACE ) is a technique used in molecular biology to obtain the full length sequence of an RNA transcript found within a cell. RACE results in the production of a cDNA copy of the RNA sequence of interest, produced through reverse transcription , followed by PCR amplification of the cDN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_amplification_of_cDNA_ends |
A rapid antigen test ( RAT ), sometimes called a rapid antigen detection test ( RADT ), antigen rapid test ( ART ), or loosely just a rapid test , is a rapid diagnostic test suitable for point-of-care testing that directly detects the presence or absence of an antigen . RATs are a type of lateral flow test detecting an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_antigen_test |
The rapid furfural test is a chemical test used to distinguish between glucose and fructose . The rapid furfural test is similar to Molisch's test but uses concentrated hydrochloric acid instead of concentrated sulfuric acid and the solution is boiled. [ 1 ] Dilute sugar solution is added to ethanolic 1-naphthol and co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_furfural_test |
Rapid modes of evolution have been proposed by several notable biologists after Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolutionary descent by natural selection . In his book On the Origin of Species (1859), Darwin stressed the gradual nature of descent, writing:
Work in developmental biology has identified dynamical a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_modes_of_evolution |
Rapid phase transition or RPT is an explosive boiling phenomenon realized in liquefied natural gas (LNG) incidents, in which LNG vaporizes violently upon coming in contact with water causing what is known as a physical explosion. During such explosions there is no combustion but rather a huge amount of energy is transf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_phase_transition |
Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design ( CAD ) data. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing technology. [ 3 ]
The first methods for rapid prototyping beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prototyping |
The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment system. [ 1 ] These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore less suitable for small communities ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_sand_filter |
In electronics , rapid single flux quantum ( RSFQ ) is a digital electronic device that uses superconducting devices, namely Josephson junctions , to process digital signals. In RSFQ logic, information is stored in the form of magnetic flux quanta and transferred in the form of Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) voltage pulses.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_single_flux_quantum |
A rapier loom is a shuttleless weaving loom in which the filling yarn is carried through the shed of warp yarns to the other side of the loom by finger-like carriers called rapiers. [ 1 ]
A stationary package of yarn is used to supply the weft yarns in the rapier machine. One end of a rapier, a rod or steel tape, carr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapier_loom |
Rapoport's rule is an ecogeographical rule that states that latitudinal ranges of plants and animals are generally smaller at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
Stevens (1989) [ 1 ] named the rule after Eduardo H. Rapoport , who had earlier provided evidence for the phenomenon for subspecies of mammals (Rapopor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapoport's_rule |
In computer science , Raptor codes ( rap id tor nado ; [ 1 ] see Tornado codes ) are the first known class of fountain codes with linear time encoding and decoding. They were invented by Amin Shokrollahi in 2000/2001 and were first published in 2004 as an extended abstract. Raptor codes are a significant theoretical an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_code |
A rare-cutter enzyme is a restriction enzyme with a recognition sequence which occurs only rarely in a genome. An example is NotI, which cuts after the first GC of a 5'-GCGGCCGC-3' sequence; restriction enzymes with seven and eight base pair recognition sequences are often also called rare-cutter enzymes (six bp recog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-cutter_enzyme |
In planetary astronomy and astrobiology , the Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity , such as sexually reproducing , multicellular organisms on Earth , and subsequently human intelligence , required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological event... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis |
Rare biosphere refers to a large number of rare species of microbial life, i.e. bacteria , archaea and fungi , that can be found in very low concentrations in an environment. [ 1 ]
Changes in the biodiversity of an ecosystem , whether marine or terrestrial , may affect its efficiency and function. Climate change or ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_biosphere |
A rare species is a group of organisms that are very uncommon, scarce, or infrequently encountered. This designation may be applied to either a plant or animal taxon , and is distinct from the term endangered or threatened . Designation of a rare species may be made by an official body, such as a national government, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_species |
A rare sugar is a sugar that occurs in limited quantities in nature. [ 2 ] Rare sugars can be made using enzymes, choosing which enzymes to use if you know the substrate can be aided by the Izumoring-strategy. [ 3 ]
Specific examples of rare sugars are:
This article about an organic compound is a stub . You can help ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_sugar |
Rarefaction is the reduction of an item's density, the opposite of compression . [ 1 ] Like compression, which can travel in waves ( sound waves , for instance), rarefaction waves also exist in nature. A common rarefaction wave is the area of low relative pressure following a shock wave (see picture).
Rarefaction wave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarefaction |
In ecology , rarefaction is a technique to assess species richness from the results of sampling . Rarefaction allows the calculation of species richness for a given number of individual samples, based on the construction of so-called rarefaction curves. This curve is a plot of the number of species as a function of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarefaction_(ecology) |
Rarobacteraceae is a monotypic Actinomycetota family. [ 2 ] [ 1 ]
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [ 3 ] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [ 4 ] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarobacteraceae |
Rasagiline , sold under the brand name Azilect among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease . [ 2 ] [ 6 ] It is used as a monotherapy to treat symptoms in early Parkinson's disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases. [ 7 ] The drug is taken by mouth . [ 2 ]
Side effe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasagiline |
Rasaratna Samuccaya ( Devanagari : रसरत्न समुच्चय) is an Indian Sanskrit treatise on alchemy . The text is dated between 13th [ 1 ] to 16th century CE. [ 2 ]
The text contains detailed descriptions of various complex metallurgical processes, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] as well as descriptions of how to set up and equip a laboratory a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasaratna_Samuchaya |
The Raschig process for the production of hydroxylamine is one of three chemical processes developed by German chemist Friedrich Raschig . The main step in this process, patented by Raschig in 1887, is the reduction of nitrite with bisulfite towards hydroxylamine di sulfonate , which is hydrolysed to hydroxylammonium s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig_hydroxylamine_process |
A Raschig ring is a piece of tube, approximately equal in length and diameter, used in large numbers as a packed bed within columns for distillations and other chemical engineering processes. They are usually ceramic, metal, or glass and provide a large surface area within the volume of the column for interaction betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig_ring |
The Raschig–Hooker process is a chemical process for the production of chlorobenzene and phenol . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The Raschig–Hooker process was patented by Friedrich Raschig , a German chemist and politician also known for the Raschig process , the Olin Raschig process and the Raschig ring . [ 3 ] He first begun to use t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig–Hooker_process |
The Rashba–Edelstein effect ( REE ) is a spintronics -related effect, consisting in the conversion of a bidimensional charge current into a spin accumulation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This effect is an intrinsic charge-to-spin conversion mechanism [ 1 ] and it was predicted in 1990 by the scientist V.M. Edelstein. [ 3 ] It has been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashba–Edelstein_effect |
Rat Park was a series of studies into drug addiction conducted in the late 1970s and published between 1978 and 1981 by Canadian psychologist Bruce K. Alexander and his colleagues at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada.
At the time of the studies, research exploring the self-administration of morphine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_Park |
Rat Sound Systems is a sound equipment provider of touring sound reinforcement equipment and services to the concert touring industry, based in Camarillo, California.
Rat Sound Systems was established in 1980 by Dave Rat and Brian Benjamin, and is known for being one of the first sound companies to tour with hard core... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_Sound |
Rata Die ( R.D. ) is a system for assigning numbers to calendar days (optionally with time of day), independent of any calendar, for the purposes of calendrical calculations . It was named (after the Latin ablative feminine singular for "from a fixed date ") by Howard Jacobson. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Rata Die is somewhat similar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rata_Die |
The ratchet effect is a concept in sociology and economics illustrating the difficulty with reversing a course of action once a specific thing has occurred, analogous with the mechanical ratchet that allows movement in one direction and seizes or tightens in the opposite. The concept has been applied to multiple fields... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_effect |
In continuum mechanics , ratcheting , or ratchetting , also known as cyclic creep , is a behavior in which plastic deformation accumulates due to cyclic mechanical or thermal stress. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
In an article written by J. Bree in 1967, [ 3 ] the phenomenon of ratcheting is described as "Unsymmetric cycles of stress b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratcheting |
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