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Software engineering is a branch of both computer science and engineering focused on designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software applications . It involves applying engineering principles and computer programming expertise to develop software systems that meet user needs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
The terms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineer |
Software engineers make up a significant portion of the global workforce . As of 2022, there are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers worldwide, up from 21 million in 2016. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
In 2023, there were an estimated 1.6 million [ 3 ] professional software developers in North America. There are 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering_demographics |
Software engineering professionalism is a movement to make software engineering a profession , with aspects such as degree and certification programs, professional associations , professional ethics , and government licensing. The field is a licensed discipline in Texas in the United States [ 1 ] ( Texas Board of Prof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering_professionalism |
A feature is "a prominent or distinctive user-visible aspect, quality, or characteristic of a software system or systems", as defined by Kang et al. [ 1 ] At the implementation level, "it is a structure that extends and modifies the structure of a given software in order to satisfy a stakeholder’s requirement, to imple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_feature |
Software incompatibility is a characteristic of software components or systems which cannot operate satisfactorily together on the same computer , or on different computers linked by a computer network . They may be components or systems which are intended to operate cooperatively or independently. Software compatibili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_incompatibility |
Software intelligence is insight into the inner workings and structural condition of software assets produced by software designed to analyze database structure, software framework and source code to better understand and control complex software systems in information technology environments. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Similarly to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_intelligence |
Software law refers to the legal remedies available to protect software-based assets. Software may, under various circumstances and in various countries, be restricted by patent or copyright or both. Most commercial software is sold under some kind of software license agreement . [ 1 ]
This software article is a stub ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_law |
Software metering is the monitoring and controlling of software for analytics and enforcing of agreements . It can be either passive data collection, or active restriction. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Software metering can take different forms:
This computer science article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_metering |
Software of unknown pedigree (SOUP) is software that was developed with a unknown process or methodology , or which has unknown or no safety-related properties. [ 1 ] In the medical device development standard IEC 62304 , SOUP expands to software of unknown provenance , and in some contexts uncertain is used instead of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_of_unknown_pedigree |
Software vendor liability is the issue of product liability for software bugs that cause harm, such as security bugs [ 1 ] or bugs causing medical errors. [ 2 ] For the most part, this liability does not exist in the United States. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The possibility of liability is excluded for most software in the Euro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_product_liability |
A software quality assurance ( QA ) analyst , also referred to as a software quality analyst or simply a quality assurance ( QA ) analyst , is an individual who is responsible for applying the principles and practices of software quality assurance throughout the software development life cycle . [ 1 ]
Software testing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality_assurance_analyst |
Software requirements [ 1 ] for a system are the description of what the system should do, the service or services that it provides and the constraints on its operation. The IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology defines a requirement as: [ 2 ]
The activities related to working with software requi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements |
Software safety (sometimes called software system safety) is an engineering discipline that aims to ensure that software, which is used in safety-related systems (i.e. safety-related software), does not contribute to any hazards such a system might pose.
There are numerous standards that govern the way how safety-relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_safety |
Software installed in medical devices is assessed for health and safety issues according to international standards.
Software classification is based on the potential for hazard(s) that could cause injury to the user or patient. [ 1 ]
Per [[IEC 62304|IEC 62304:2006] + A1:2015], the software can be divided into three ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_safety_classification |
Software studies is an emerging interdisciplinary research field, which studies software systems and their social and cultural effects. The implementation and use of software has been studied in recent fields such as cyberculture , Internet studies , new media studies , and digital culture , yet prior to software studi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_studies |
A software system is a system of intercommunicating components based on software forming part of a computer system (a combination of hardware and software). It "consists of a number of separate programs , configuration files, which are used to set up these programs, system documentation , which describes the structure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_system |
Software visualization [ 1 ] [ 2 ] or software visualisation refers to the visualization of information of and related to software systems—either the architecture of its source code or metrics of their runtime behavior —and their development process by means of static, interactive or animated 2-D or 3-D [ 3 ] visual re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_visualization |
Sofya Aleksandrovna Yanovskaya (also Janovskaja ; Russian : Софи́я Алекса́ндровна Яно́вская ; 31 January 1896 – 24 October 1966) was a Soviet mathematician , philosopher and historian , specializing in the history of mathematics , mathematical logic , and philosophy of mathematics . She is best known for her efforts in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofya_Yanovskaya |
Empirically derived NDVI products have been shown to be unstable, varying with soil colour, soil moisture , and saturation effects from high density vegetation. In an attempt to improve NDVI, Huete [ 1 ] developed a vegetation index that accounted for the differential red and near-infrared extinction through the vegeta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-adjusted_vegetation_index |
The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum ( SPAC ) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere . Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway. The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water pot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-plant-atmosphere_continuum |
Ground–structure interaction ( SSI ) consists of the interaction between soil (ground) and a structure built upon it. It is primarily an exchange of mutual stress , whereby the movement of the ground-structure system is influenced by both the type of ground and the type of structure. This is especially applicable to ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction |
Soil Biology and Biochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1969 and published by Elsevier . It focuses on research papers that explain biological processes in soil. The founding editor-in-chief was John Saville Waid , and the current editors-in-chief are Karl Ritz from the University of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry |
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity ( SMOS ) is a satellite which forms part of ESA 's Living Planet Programme . It is intended to provide new insights into Earth's water cycle and climate . In addition, it is intended to provide improved weather forecasting and monitoring of snow and ice accumulation. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity |
Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations , which reduces the soil pH . Chemically, this happens when a proton donor gets added to the soil. The donor can be an acid , such as nitric acid , sulfuric acid , or carbonic acid . It can also be a compound such as aluminium sulfate , which reacts in the soil to r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_acidification |
Soil biodiversity refers to the relationship of soil to biodiversity and to aspects of the soil that can be managed in relative to biodiversity. Soil biodiversity relates to some catchment management considerations.
According to the Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources , biodiversity is "the va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biodiversity |
Soil and Water Bioengineering is a discipline of civil engineering . It pursues technological, ecological, economic as well as design goals and seeks to achieve these primarily by making use of living materials, i.e. seeds, plants, part of plants and plant communities, and employing them in near–natural constructions w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_bioengineering |
Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil . Soil life , soil biota , soil fauna , or edaphon is a collective term that encompasses all organisms that spend a significant portion of their life cycle within a soil profile, or at the soil- litter interface.
These organisms include ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biology |
Soil chemistry is the study of the chemical characteristics of soil . Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors. In the early 1870s a consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society in England, named J. Thomas Way, performed many experiments on how soils exchange i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_chemistry |
Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the topmost layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification , salinization or other chemical soil contamination
Slash-and-burn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conservation |
Soil contamination , soil pollution , or land pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste . The most common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination |
Soil contamination , soil pollution , or land pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste . The most common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination_in_China |
Soil crusts are soil surface layers that are distinct from the rest of the bulk soil, often hardened with a platy surface. Depending on the manner of formation, soil crusts can be biological or physical. Biological soil crusts are formed by communities of microorganisms that live on the soil surface whereas physical cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_crust |
Soil ecology studies interactions among soil organisms , and their environment. [ 1 ] It is particularly concerned with the cycling of nutrients , soil aggregate formation and soil biodiversity . [ 2 ]
Soil is made up of a multitude of physical , chemical , and biological entities, with many interactions occurring amo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_ecology |
The soil food web is the community of organisms living all or part of their lives in the soil. It describes a complex living system in the soil and how it interacts with the environment, plants, and animals.
Food webs describe the transfer of energy between species in an ecosystem . While a food chain examines one, l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_food_web |
Soil gases ( soil atmosphere [ 1 ] ) are the gases found in the air space between soil components. The spaces between the solid soil particles, if they do not contain water , are filled with air . The primary soil gases are nitrogen , carbon dioxide and oxygen . [ 2 ] Oxygen is critical because it allows for respiratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_gas |
Soil liquefaction occurs when a cohesionless saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake or other sudden change in stress condition, in which material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid. In soil mech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefaction |
Soil mesofauna are invertebrates between 0.1mm and 2mm in size, [ 1 ] which live in the soil or in a leaf litter layer on the soil surface. Members of this group include nematodes , mites , springtails (collembola), proturans , pauropods , rotifers , earthworms , tardigrades , small spiders , pseudoscorpions , opilione... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mesofauna |
Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms in soil , their functions, and how they affect soil properties. [ 1 ] It is believed that between two and four billion years ago, the first ancient bacteria and microorganisms came about on Earth's oceans. These bacteria could fix nitrogen , in time multiplied , and as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_microbiology |
Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil . [ 1 ] Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighing of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as electrica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_sensor |
The soil moisture velocity equation [ 1 ] describes the speed that water moves vertically through unsaturated soil under the combined actions of gravity and capillarity, a process known as infiltration . The equation is alternative form of the Richardson/ Richards' equation . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The key difference being that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_velocity_equation |
Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil . Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics. [ 1 ] pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydronium ions ( H + or, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pH |
Pollution is an environmental issue in Canada . It has posed health risks to the Canadian population and is an area of concern for Canadian lawmakers. Air, water and soil pollution as well as the associated health effects are prominent points of contention in modern Canadian society.
Air pollution in Canada is caused ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollution_in_Canada |
Soil contamination , soil pollution , or land pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste . The most common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollution_in_India |
There are a range of environmental issues in Southern Africa , such as climate change , land , water , deforestation , land degradation , and pollution . The Southern Africa region itself, except for South Africa , [ 1 ] produces less carbon emissions but is a recipient of climate change impacts characterized by change... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollution_in_Southern_Africa |
Soil quality refers to the condition of soil based on its capacity to perform ecosystem services that meet the needs of human and non-human life. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Soil quality reflects how well a soil performs the functions of maintaining biodiversity and productivity, partitioning water and solute flow, filter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_quality |
Soil regeneration , as a particular form of ecological regeneration within the field of restoration ecology , is creating new soil and rejuvenating soil health by: minimizing the loss of topsoil , retaining more carbon than is depleted, boosting biodiversity , and maintaining proper water and nutrient cycling. [ 1 ] Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_regeneration |
Soil respiration refers to the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms respire. This includes respiration of plant roots , the rhizosphere , microbes and fauna .
Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of CO 2 . CO 2 is acquired by plants from the atmosphere ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_respiration |
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil ; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization (also called salination in American English ). [ 1 ] Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salinization can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity |
Soil salinity control refers to controlling the process and progress of soil salinity to prevent soil degradation by salination and reclamation of already salty (saline) soils. Soil reclamation is also known as soil improvement, rehabilitation, remediation , recuperation, or amelioration.
The primary man-made cause of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity_control |
The soil seed bank is the natural storage of seeds , often dormant, within the soil of most ecosystems . [ 1 ] The study of soil seed banks started in 1859 when Charles Darwin observed the emergence of seedlings using soil samples from the bottom of a lake. The first scientific paper on the subject was published in 188... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_seed_bank |
A soil stockpile is formed with excavated topsoil during the construction of buildings or infrastructure. It is considered to be an important resource in construction and ecology . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Soil is stockpiled for later use in landscaping or restoration of the region following the removal of construction infrastructu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_stockpile |
The thermal properties of soil are a component of soil physics that has found important uses in engineering , climatology and agriculture . These properties influence how energy is partitioned in the soil profile . While related to soil temperature , it is more accurately associated with the transfer of energy (mostly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_thermal_properties |
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in vadose zone (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012). SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on mass transfer of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_vapor_extraction |
Soil zoology or pedozoology is the study of animals living fully or partially in the soil ( soil fauna ). The field of study was developed in the 1940s by Mercury Ghilarov in Russia. Ghilarov noted inverse relationships between size and numbers of soil organisms. He also suggested that soil included water, air and soli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_zoology |
The Sokal affair , also known as the Sokal hoax , [ 1 ] was a demonstrative scholarly hoax performed by Alan Sokal , a physics professor at New York University and University College London . In 1996, Sokal submitted an article to Social Text , an academic journal of cultural studies . The submission was an experiment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokal_affair |
The Sokolov–Ternov effect is the effect of self-polarization of relativistic electrons or positrons moving at high energy in a magnetic field . The self-polarization occurs through the emission of spin-flip synchrotron radiation . The effect was predicted by Igor Ternov and the prediction rigorously justified by Arseny... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolov–Ternov_effect |
Sokratis Famellos ( Greek : Σωκράτης Φάμελλος ; born 27 March 1966) is a Greek politician and former chemical engineer who has been the president of Syriza since November 2024. He previously served as de jure Leader of the Official Opposition in the Hellenic Parliament from 2023 to 2024.
Sokratis Famellos was born on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokratis_Famellos |
Sol-air temperature ( T sol-air ) is a variable used to calculate cooling load of a building and determine the total heat gain through exterior surfaces. It is an improvement over:
Where:
The above equation only takes into account the temperature differences and ignores two important parameters, being 1) solar radiat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol-air_temperature |
A sol is a colloidal suspension made out of tiny solid particles [ 1 ] in a continuous liquid medium. Sols are stable, so that they do not settle down when left undisturbed, and exhibit the Tyndall effect , which is the scattering of light by the particles in the colloid. The size of the particles can vary from 1 nm - ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(colloid) |
A solar-assisted heat pump ( SAHP ) is a system that combines a heat pump and thermal solar panels and/or PV solar panels in a single integrated system. [ 1 ] Heat pumps require a low temperature heat source which can be provided by solar energy. Typically, these two technologies are used separately (or only placing th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump |
Solar-blind technology is a set of technologies to produce images without interference from the Sun. This is done by using wavelengths of ultraviolet light that are totally absorbed by the ozone layer , yet are transmitted in the Earth's atmosphere. Wavelengths from 240 to 280 nm are completely absorbed by the ozone la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-blind_technology |
A solar-powered desalination unit produces potable water from saline water through direct or indirect methods of desalination powered by sunlight. Solar energy is the most promising renewable energy source due to its ability to drive the more popular thermal desalination systems directly through solar collectors and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-powered_desalination_unit |
The Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer ( SAMPEX or Explorer 68 ) was a NASA solar and magnetospheric observatory and was the first spacecraft in the Small Explorer program . It was launched into low Earth orbit on 3 July 1992, from Vandenberg Air Force Base ( Western Test Range ) aboard a Scout G-1 la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer |
The Solar Decathlon AFRICA is an international competition that challenges collegiate teams to design and build houses powered exclusively by the sun. The winner of the competition is the team that is able to score the most points in ten contests.
On November 15, 2016, the Moroccan Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Decathlon_Africa |
The Solar Decathlon China (SDC) is a cooperative student competition in China focused on the design and construction of sustainable housing. It was instituted in 2011 during the Strategic Economic Dialogue between China and the United States. Competitions took place in 2013, 2018 and 2022. [ 1 ]
The 2018 edition took ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Decathlon_China |
The Solar Decathlon Europe (SDE) is an international student-based Competition that challenges collegiate Teams to design, build and operate highly efficient and innovative buildings powered by renewable energy. [ 3 ] The winner of the Competition is the Team able to score the most points in 10 contests.
On Oct. 18, 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Decathlon_Europe |
The Solar Decathlon is an initiative of the Department of Energy of the United States (DOE) in which universities around the world compete with the design and construction of sustainable housing that works 100% with solar energy . It is called “Decathlon" since universities and their prototypes are evaluated in 10 crit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Decathlon_Latin_America_and_Caribbean |
The 2018 edition of the Solar Decathlon Middle East will take place in Dubai , United Arab Emirates .
The teams selected to compete in Solar Decathlon Middle East 2018 are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Decathlon_Middle_East |
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells is a scientific journal published by Elsevier covering research related to solar energy materials and solar cells . According to the Journal Citation Reports , Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells has a 2020 impact factor of 7.267. [ 1 ]
A paper titled "Ageing effects of perovs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Materials_and_Solar_Cells |
Solar System belts are asteroid and comet belts that orbit the Sun in the Solar System in interplanetary space . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Solar System belts' size and placement are mostly a result of the Solar System having four giant planets : Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune far from the sun. The giant planets must be in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System_belts |
Solar System models , especially mechanical models, called orreries , that illustrate the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons in the Solar System have been built for centuries. While they often showed relative sizes, these models were usually not built to scale. The enormous ratio of interplanetary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System_model |
Solar air conditioning , or "solar-powered air conditioning", refers to any air conditioning (cooling) system that uses solar power .
This can be done through passive solar design, solar thermal energy conversion, and photovoltaic conversion (sunlight to electricity). The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_air_conditioning |
A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell ( PV cell ), is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect . [ 1 ] It is a type of photoelectric cell, a device whose electrical characteristics (such as current , voltage , or resistance ) vary whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
A solar chimney – often referred to as a thermal chimney – is a way of improving the natural ventilation of buildings by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. A simple description of a solar chimney is that of a vertical shaft utilizing solar energy to enhance the natural stack ventilation through a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_chimney |
In solar observation and imaging , coordinate systems are used to identify and communicate locations on and around the Sun . The Sun is made of plasma , so there are no permanent demarcated points that can be referenced.
The Sun is a rotating sphere of plasma at the center of the Solar System. It lacks a solid or liqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_coordinate_systems |
Solar desalination is a desalination technique powered by solar energy . The two common methods are direct (thermal) and indirect (photovoltaic). [ 1 ]
Solar distillation has been used for thousands of years. Early Greek mariners and Persian alchemists produced both freshwater and medicinal distillates. Solar stills w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_desalination |
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially food . Solar dryers use the heat from the Sun to reduce the moisture content of food substances. There are two general types of solar dryers: direct and indirect. [ 1 ]
Direct solar dryers expose the substance to be dehydrated to direct sunli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_dryer |
The solar dynamo is a physical process that generates the Sun 's magnetic field . It is explained with a variant of the dynamo theory . A naturally occurring electric generator in the Sun's interior produces electric currents and a magnetic field, following the laws of Ampère , Faraday and Ohm , as well as the laws of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_dynamo |
Solar energy conversion describes technologies devoted to the transformation of solar energy to other (useful) forms of energy, including electricity, fuel, and heat. [ 1 ] It covers light-harvesting technologies including traditional semiconductor photovoltaic devices (PVs), emerging photovoltaics, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy_conversion |
A solar flare is a relatively intense, localized emission of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun 's atmosphere . Flares occur in active regions and are often, but not always, accompanied by coronal mass ejections , solar particle events , and other eruptive solar phenomena . The occurrence of solar flares varies with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare_classification |
The solar flux unit (sfu) is a convenient measure of spectral flux density often used in solar radio observations, such as the F10.7 solar activity index: [ 1 ]
See jansky for further information about related units; one Jy = 10 -4 sfu =
10 −26 W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1 = 10 −23 erg⋅s −1 ⋅cm −2 ⋅Hz −1 .
This standards - or meas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flux_unit |
A solar fuel is a synthetic fuel produced using solar energy , through photochemical (i.e. photon activation of certain chemical reactions ), photobiological (i.e., artificial photosynthesis ), electrochemical (i.e. using solar electricity to drive an endogenic reaction such as hydroelectrolysis ), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_fuel |
Solar gain (also known as solar heat gain or passive solar gain ) is the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation . The amount of solar gain a space experiences is a function of the total incident solar irradiance and of the ability of any intervening material to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_gain |
The solar humidification–dehumidification method ( HDH ) is a thermal water desalination method. It is based on evaporation of sea water or brackish water and subsequent condensation of the generated humid air, mostly at ambient pressure. This process mimics the natural water cycle , but over a much shorter time frame.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_humidification |
A solar hydrogen panel is a device for artificial photosynthesis that produces photohydrogen from sunlight and water. The panel uses electrochemical water splitting, where energy captured from solar panels powers water electrolysis , producing hydrogen and oxygen . The oxygen is discarded into the atmosphere while the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hydrogen_panel |
Solar irradiance is the power per unit area ( surface power density ) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument.
Solar irradiance is measured in watts per square metre (W/m 2 ) in SI units .
Solar irradiance is often integrated over a given time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
A solar lamp , also known as a solar light or solar lantern , is a lighting system composed of an LED lamp , solar panels , battery , charge controller and there may also be an inverter . The lamp operates on electricity from batteries , charged through the use of a solar photovoltaic panel.
Solar-powered household li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_lamp |
Solar longitude , commonly abbreviated as L s (pronounced ell sub ess ), is the longitude of the Sun as seen from a given body, i.e. the position of the Sun on the celestial sphere along the orbital plane of that body. It is also an effective measure of the position of the Earth (or any other Sun-orbiting body) in its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_longitude |
The solar luminosity ( L ☉ ) is a unit of radiant flux ( power emitted in the form of photons ) conventionally used by astronomers to measure the luminosity of stars , galaxies and other celestial objects in terms of the output of the Sun .
One nominal solar luminosity is defined by the International Astronomical Unio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_luminosity |
The solar mass ( M ☉ ) is a standard unit of mass in astronomy , equal to approximately 2 × 10 30 kg (2 nonillion kilograms in US short scale). It is approximately equal to the mass of the Sun . It is often used to indicate the masses of other stars , as well as stellar clusters , nebulae , galaxies and black holes . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass |
Solar myth (Latin: solaris «solar») — mythologization of the Sun and its impact on earthly life; usually closely associated with lunar myths.
Contrary to the assumptions of ethnographers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, in the "primitive", archaic religious and mythological systems, a particularly revered "cult o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_myths |
A solar neutrino is a neutrino originating from nuclear fusion in the Sun 's core , and is the most common type of neutrino passing through any source observed on Earth at any particular moment. [ citation needed ] Neutrinos are elementary particles with extremely small rest mass and a neutral electric charge . They on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_neutrino |
The solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun 's luminosity and as measured directly. The discrepancy was first observed in the mid-1960s and was resolved around 2002.
The flux of neutrinos at Earth is several tens of billions per square centimet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_neutrino_problem |
Solar observation is the scientific endeavor of studying the Sun and its behavior and relation to the Earth and the remainder of the Solar System . Deliberate solar observation began thousands of years ago. That initial era of direct observation gave way to telescopes in the 1600s followed by satellites in the twentiet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_observation |
Solar physics is the branch of astrophysics that specializes in the study of the Sun . It intersects with many disciplines of pure physics and astrophysics.
Because the Sun is uniquely situated for close-range observing (other stars cannot be resolved with anything like the spatial or temporal resolution that the Sun ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_physics |
Solar radiation modification ( SRM ) (or solar geoengineering) is a group of large-scale approaches to reduce global warming by increasing the amount of sunlight that is reflected away from Earth and back to space . It is not intended to replace efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , [ 1 ] but rather to complemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_modification |
Solar radio emission refers to radio waves that are naturally produced by the Sun , primarily from the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere called the chromosphere and corona , respectively. The Sun produces radio emissions through four known mechanisms, each of which operates primarily by converting the energy of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radio_emission |
Solar reforming is the sunlight-driven conversion of diverse carbon waste resources (including solid, liquid, and gaseous waste streams such as biomass , plastics , industrial by-products, atmospheric carbon dioxide , etc.) into sustainable fuels (or energy vectors) and value-added chemicals. It encompasses a set of id... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_reforming |
A solar still distills water with substances dissolved in it by using the heat of the Sun to evaporate water so that it may be cooled and collected, thereby purifying it. They are used in areas where drinking water is unavailable, so that clean water is obtained from dirty water or from plants by exposing them to sunli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_still |
A solar symbol is a symbol representing the Sun .
Common solar symbols include circles (with or without rays), crosses, and spirals.
In religious iconography, personifications of the Sun or solar attributes are often indicated by means of a halo or a radiate crown .
When the systematic study of comparative mythology f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_symbol |
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