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The Stuart number ( N ), also known as magnetic interaction parameter, is a dimensionless number of fluids , i.e. gases or liquids. It is named after mathematician John Trevor Stuart . [ 1 ]
It is defined as the ratio of electromagnetic to inertial forces, which gives an estimate of the relative importance of a magnet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_number |
The Stuart–Landau equation describes the behavior of a nonlinear oscillating system near the Hopf bifurcation , named after John Trevor Stuart and Lev Landau . In 1944, Landau proposed an equation for the evolution of the magnitude of the disturbance, which is now called as the Landau equation , to explain the transiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart–Landau_equation |
In microwave and radio-frequency engineering, a stub or resonant stub is a length of transmission line or waveguide that is connected at one end only. The free end of the stub is either left open-circuit, or short-circuited (as is always the case for waveguides). Neglecting transmission line losses, the input impedance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_(electronics) |
A stubroutine (also known as a stub function , null script , null subroutine , or null function ) is a command script or program subroutine which does nothing but return a constant value . The term itself is a portmanteau of "stub" and "subroutine", and typically refers to a placeholder function or subroutine that is n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubroutine |
Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start and Why They Don't Go Away (2020), published by Oxford University Press and written by the director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 's Vaccine Confidence Project , Heidi Larson , looks at what influences attitudes to vaccination . It was largely compiled before the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck:_How_Vaccine_Rumors_Start_and_Why_They_Don't_Go_Away |
Student Pugwash USA is the U.S. affiliate of International Student/Young Pugwash , and the US student affiliate of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs , recipients of the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize .
As an educational nonprofit organization, SPUSA does not adopt advocacy positions on policy or political i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Pugwash_USA |
Student Switch Off is a campaign that aims to encourage students to save energy when living in University halls of residence . [ 1 ] It is run by the Students Organising for Sustainability UK , a student-led education charity focusing on sustainability.
As of March 2022, the campaign currently runs at 18 universities ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Switch_Off |
A student information system ( SIS ), student management system , school administration software or student administration system is a management information system for education sector establishments used to manage student data. It integrates students, parents, teachers and the administration. Student information sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_information_system |
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space ( SEDS ) is a non-profit international student organization whose purpose is to drive space advocacy of space exploration and development through educational and engineering projects. [ 1 ]
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space was founded in 1980 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space |
Studio monitors are loudspeakers in speaker enclosures specifically designed for professional audio production applications, such as recording studios , filmmaking , television studios , radio studios and project or home studios, where accurate audio reproduction is crucial. Among audio engineers , the term monitor imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_monitor |
Study of Environmental Arctic Change ( SEARCH ) is a collaborative program of Arctic researchers, funding agencies, and others that facilitates the synthesis of Arctic science and communicates the current understanding to help society respond to a rapidly changing Arctic.
SEARCH activities are supported by a collabora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_of_Environmental_Arctic_Change |
In field theory , the Stueckelberg action (named after Ernst Stueckelberg [ 1 ] ) describes a massive spin-1 field as an R (the real numbers are the Lie algebra of U(1) ) Yang–Mills theory coupled to a real scalar field ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } . This scalar field takes on values in a real 1D affine representation of R ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stueckelberg_action |
Stuff Matters: Exploring the Marvelous Materials That Shape Our Man-Made World is a 2014 non-fiction book by the British materials scientist Mark Miodownik . The book explores many of the common materials people encounter during their daily lives and seeks to explain the science behind them in an accessible manner. Mio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_Matters |
The Sturgeon Refinery also NWR Sturgeon Refinery is an 80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m 3 /d) bitumen refinery built and operated by North West Redwater Partnership (NWRP) in a public-private partnership with the Alberta provincial government. It is located in Sturgeon County northeast of Edmonton , Alberta , [ 3 ] in Alberta's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon_Refinery |
Sturges's rule [ 1 ] is a method to choose the number of bins for a histogram . Given n {\displaystyle n} observations, Sturges's rule suggests using
bins in the histogram. This rule is widely employed in data analysis software including Python [ 2 ] and R , where it is the default bin selection method. [ 3 ]
Sturges... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturges's_rule |
In mathematics , the Sturm sequence of a univariate polynomial p is a sequence of polynomials associated with p and its derivative by a variant of Euclid's algorithm for polynomials . Sturm's theorem expresses the number of distinct real roots of p located in an interval in terms of the number of changes of signs of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm's_theorem |
In mathematics , in the field of ordinary differential equations , Sturm separation theorem , named after Jacques Charles François Sturm , describes the location of roots of solutions of homogeneous second order linear differential equations . Basically the theorem states that given two linear independent solutions of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_separation_theorem |
In mathematics, the Sturm series [ 1 ] associated with a pair of polynomials is named after Jacques Charles François Sturm .
Let p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} and p 1 {\displaystyle p_{1}} two univariate polynomials. Suppose that they do not have a common root and the degree of p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} is greater than th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_series |
In mathematics , in the field of ordinary differential equations , the Sturm–Picone comparison theorem , named after Jacques Charles François Sturm and Mauro Picone , is a classical theorem which provides criteria for the oscillation and non-oscillation of solutions of certain linear differential equations in the real ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm–Picone_comparison_theorem |
In embryology , sturt is a measure of distance. On the fate map , the further apart two regions are, the more likely the resulting structures are to form different genotypes . A difference of 1% in the ratio of differing genotypes is described as one sturt, after Alfred Henry Sturtevant . [ 1 ]
It was named by Yoshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturt_(biology) |
Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm first uncovered in 2010 and thought to have been in development since at least 2005. Stuxnet targets supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the Iran nuclear program . [ 2 ] Although neither the Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet |
Stygofauna are any fauna that live in groundwater systems or aquifers, such as caves , fissures and vugs . Stygofauna and troglofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna are associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygofauna |
Stylebase for Eclipse is a free and open-source tool for software architects and designers. The tool is an extension to Eclipse , the most widely used open source integrated development environment . Stylebase is a knowledge base of architectural models, e.g. architectural patterns , design patterns , reference archite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylebase_for_Eclipse |
Styphnic acid (from Greek stryphnos "astringent" [ 1 ] ), or 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol, is a yellow astringent acid that forms hexagonal crystals . It is used in the manufacture of dyes , pigments , inks, medicines, and explosives such as lead styphnate . It is itself a low-sensitivity explosive, similar to picric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styphnic_acid |
Styrene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH=CH 2 . Its structure consists of a vinyl group as substituent on benzene . Styrene is a colorless, oily liquid , although aged samples can appear yellowish. The compound evaporates easily and has a sweet smell, although high concentrations have a less ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene |
Styrene-butadiene or styrene-butadiene rubber ( SBR ) describe families of synthetic rubbers derived from styrene and butadiene (the version developed by Goodyear is called Neolite [ 1 ] ). These materials have good abrasion resistance and good aging stability when protected by additives. In 2012, more than 5.4 millio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene-butadiene |
Styrofoam is a brand of closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), manufactured to provide continuous building insulation board used in walls, roofs, and foundations as thermal insulation and as a water barrier. This material is light blue in color and is owned and manufactured by DuPont . DuPont also has produced a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam |
The Stöber process is a chemical process used to prepare silica ( SiO 2 ) particles [ 1 ] of controllable and uniform size [ 2 ] for applications in materials science . It was pioneering [ 3 ] when it was reported by Werner Stöber and his team in 1968, [ 1 ] and remains today the most widely used wet chemistry syntheti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stöber_process |
In number theory , Størmer's theorem , named after Carl Størmer , gives a finite bound on the number of consecutive pairs of smooth numbers that exist, for a given degree of smoothness, and provides a method for finding all such pairs using Pell equations . It follows from the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem that there are on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Størmer's_theorem |
Sub-Doppler cooling is a class of laser cooling techniques that reduce the temperature of atoms and molecules below the Doppler cooling limit . In experiment implementation, Doppler cooling is limited by the broad natural linewidth of the lasers used in cooling. [ 1 ] Regardless of the transition used, however, Doppler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Doppler_cooling |
The term sub-Neptune can refer to a planet with a smaller radius than Neptune even though it may have a larger mass [ 1 ] or to a planet with a smaller mass than Neptune even though it may have a larger radius like a super-puff and both meanings can even be used in the same publication. [ 2 ]
Neptune-like planets are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Neptune |
In signal processing , sub-band coding ( SBC ) is any form of transform coding that breaks a signal into a number of different frequency bands , typically by using a fast Fourier transform , and encodes each one independently. This decomposition is often the first step in data compression for audio and video signals.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-band_coding |
In analytical chemistry , sub-sampling is a procedure by which a small, representative sample is taken from a larger sample. Good sub-sampling technique becomes important when the large sample is not homogeneous .
Coning and quartering is a method used by analytical chemists to reduce the sample size of a powder witho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-sampling_(chemistry) |
SubEthaEdit is a collaborative real-time editor designed for Mac OS X . The name comes from the Sub-Etha communication network in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series. [ 2 ]
SubEthaEdit was first released under the name Hydra in early 2003 but, for legal reasons, the name was changed to SubEthaEdit in late 2004... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubEthaEdit |
In computing, a SubOS may mean several related concepts:
It can also make processes easier and add details to the main operating system.
This security software article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubOS |
In mathematics , subadditivity is a property of a function that states, roughly, that evaluating the function for the sum of two elements of the domain always returns something less than or equal to the sum of the function's values at each element. There are numerous examples of subadditive functions in various areas o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subadditivity |
The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate , or boreal climate ) is a continental climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50°N to 70°N, poleward of the hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate |
In physics , a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom . [ 1 ] According to the Standard Model of particle physics , a subatomic particle can be either a composite particle , which is composed of other particles (for example, a baryon , like a proton or a neutron , composed of three quarks ; or a meson , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle |
The cells of eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments. Some major constituents of eukaryotic cells are: extracellular space , plasma membrane , cytoplasm , nucleus , mitochondria , Golgi apparatus , endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisome , vacuoles , cytoske... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcellular_localization |
In genetics , a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup . [ 1 ]
Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in a similar manner, their names belong to completely separate systems. [ 2 ]
mtDNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of single-nuc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclade |
In molecular biology , subcloning is a technique used to move a particular DNA sequence from a parent vector to a destination vector .
Subcloning is not to be confused with molecular cloning , a related technique.
Restriction enzymes are used to excise the gene of interest (the insert ) from the parent. The insert i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcloning |
A subcritical reactor is a nuclear fission reactor concept that produces fission without achieving criticality . Instead of sustaining a chain reaction , a subcritical reactor uses additional neutrons from an outside source. There are two general classes of such devices. One uses neutrons provided by a nuclear fusion m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcritical_reactor |
In biology , a subculture is either a new cell culture or a microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium . This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculturing is used to prolong the lifespan and/or increase the number of cells or micro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture_(biology) |
In topological data analysis , a subdivision bifiltration is a collection of filtered simplicial complexes , typically built upon a set of data points in a metric space , that captures shape and density information about the underlying data set. The subdivision bifiltration relies on a natural filtration of the barycen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivision_bifiltration |
In algebra, a subfield of an algebra A over a field F is an F - subalgebra that is also a field. A maximal subfield is a subfield that is not contained in a strictly larger subfield of A .
If A is a finite-dimensional central simple algebra , then a subfield E of A is called a strictly maximal subfield if [ E : F ] = ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfield_of_an_algebra |
A subframe is a structural component of a vehicle, such as an automobile or an aircraft , that uses a discrete, separate structure within a larger body-on-frame or unibody to carry specific components like the powertrain , drivetrain , and suspension . The subframe is typically bolted or welded to the vehicle. When bol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subframe |
In game theory , a subgame is any part (a subset) of a game that meets the following criteria (the following terms allude to a game described in extensive form ): [ 1 ]
It is a notion used in the solution concept of subgame perfect Nash equilibrium , a refinement of the Nash equilibrium that eliminates non-credible th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgame |
In metallurgy , materials science and structural geology , subgrain rotation recrystallization is recognized as an important mechanism for dynamic recrystallisation . It involves the rotation of initially low-angle sub-grain boundaries until the mismatch between the crystal lattices across the boundary is sufficient fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgrain_rotation_recrystallization |
In abstract algebra , every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic. Moreover, for a finite cyclic group of order n , every subgroup's order is a divisor of n , and there is exactly one subgroup for each divisor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This result has been called the fundamental theorem of cyclic groups . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
For every fini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroups_of_cyclic_groups |
In chemistry, subhalide usually refers to inorganic compounds that have a low ratio of halide to metal, made possible by metal–metal bonding (or element–element bonding for nonmetals), sometimes extensive. Many compounds meet this definition. [ citation needed ]
The normal halide of boron is BF 3 . Boron forms many su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhalide |
Subitizing is the rapid, accurate, and effortless ability to perceive small quantities of items in a set , typically when there are four or fewer items, without relying on linguistic or arithmetic processes. The term refers to the sensation of instantly knowing how many objects are in the visual scene when their number... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subitizing |
Subjective expected relative similarity (SERS) is a normative and descriptive theory that predicts and explains cooperation levels in a family of games termed Similarity Sensitive Games (SSG) , among them the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma game (PD). [ 1 ] SERS was originally developed in order to (i) provide a new rati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_expected_relative_similarity |
In decision theory , subjective expected utility is the attractiveness of an economic opportunity as perceived by a decision-maker in the presence of risk . Characterizing the behavior of decision-makers as using subjective expected utility was promoted and axiomatized by L. J. Savage in 1954 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] following pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_expected_utility |
The sublimation sandwich method (also called the sublimation sandwich process and the sublimation sandwich technique ) is a kind of physical vapor deposition used for creating man-made crystals. Silicon carbide is the most common crystal grown this way, though other crystals may also be created with it (notably gallium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_sandwich_method |
A sublimatory [ 1 ] [ 2 ] or sublimation apparatus is equipment, commonly laboratory glassware , for purification of compounds by selective sublimation . In principle, the operation resembles purification by distillation , except that the products do not pass through a liquid phase .
A typical sublimation apparatus se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatory |
Depth ratings are primary design parameters and measures of a submarine 's ability to operate underwater. The depths to which submarines can dive are limited by the strengths of their hulls .
The hull of a submarine must be able to withstand the forces created by the outside water pressure being greater than the insid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_depth_ratings |
Submarine groundwater discharge ( SGD ) is a hydrological process which commonly occurs in coastal areas. It is described as submarine inflow of fresh-, and brackish groundwater from land into the sea. Submarine groundwater discharge is controlled by several forcing mechanisms, which cause a hydraulic gradient between ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_groundwater_discharge |
A submerged floating tunnel ( SFT ), also known as submerged floating tube bridge ( SFTB ), suspended tunnel , or Archimedes bridge , is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy (specifically, by employing the hydrostatic thrust, or Archimedes' principle ). [ 1 ]
The tube would be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged_floating_tunnel |
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite ( SWAS , also Explorer 74 and SMEX-3 ) is a NASA submillimetre astronomy satellite, and is the fourth spacecraft in the Small Explorer program (SMEX). It was launched on 6 December 1998, at 00:57:54 UTC , from Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard a Pegasus XL launch vehicle . [ 1 ] Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite |
A submitochondrial particle (SMP) is an artificial vesicle made from the inner mitochondrial membrane . They can be formed by subjecting isolated mitochondria to sonication , freezing and thawing, high pressure, or osmotic shock . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] SMPs can be used to study the electron transport chain in a cell-free context... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submitochondrial_particle |
Submittals in construction management can include: shop drawings , material data, samples, and product data. Submittals are required primarily for the architect and engineer to verify that the correct products will be installed on the project. [ 1 ]
This process also gives the architect and sub-consultants the opportu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submittals_(construction) |
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a subnet is a generalization of the concept of subsequence to the case of nets . The analogue of "subsequence" for nets is the notion of a "subnet". The definition is not completely straightforward, but is designed to allow as many theorems about subsequences to generalize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnet_(mathematics) |
In computer science , subnormal numbers are the subset of denormalized numbers (sometimes called denormals ) that fill the underflow gap around zero in floating-point arithmetic . Any non-zero number with magnitude smaller than the smallest positive normal number is subnormal , while denormal can also refer to numbers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnormal_number |
In mathematics , a subpaving is a set of nonoverlapping boxes of R⁺ . A subset X of Rⁿ can be approximated by two subpavings X⁻ and X⁺ such that X⁻ ⊂ X ⊂ X⁺ .
In R¹ the boxes are line segments, in R² rectangles and in Rⁿ hyperrectangles. A R² subpaving can be also a " non-regular tiling by rectangles", when it has no ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpaving |
In zoological nomenclature , a subphylum is a taxonomic rank below the rank of phylum .
The taxonomic rank of " subdivision " in fungi and plant taxonomy is equivalent to "subphylum" in zoological taxonomy. Some plant taxonomists have also used the rank of subphylum, for instance monocotyledons as a subphylum of phylu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subphylum |
A subpulmonic effusion is excess fluid that collects at the base of the lung , in the space between the pleura and diaphragm. It is a type of pleural effusion in which the fluid collects in this particular space but can be "layered out" with decubitus chest radiographs. There is minimal nature of costophrenic angle blu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpulmonic_effusion |
In the mathematical fields of category theory and abstract algebra , a subquotient is a quotient object of a subobject . Subquotients are particularly important in abelian categories , and in group theory , where they are also known as sections , though this conflicts with a different meaning in category theory.
So in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subquotient |
A satellite ground track or satellite ground trace is the path on the surface of a planet directly below a satellite 's trajectory . It is also known as a suborbital track or subsatellite track , and is the vertical projection of the satellite's orbit onto the surface of the Earth (or whatever body the satellite is orb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsatellite_point |
Subsea 7 S.A. (stylised as Subsea7 ) is a Luxembourgish multinational services company involved in subsea engineering and construction serving the offshore energy industry . [ 4 ] The company is registered in Luxembourg with its headquarters in London . [ 5 ] Subsea 7 delivers offshore projects and provides services fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsea_7 |
In mathematics , a subsequence of a given sequence is a sequence that can be derived from the given sequence by deleting some or no elements without changing the order of the remaining elements. For example, the sequence ⟨ A , B , D ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle A,B,D\rangle } is a subsequence of ⟨ A , B , C , D , E , F ⟩ {... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsequence |
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if all elements of A are also elements of B ; B is then a superset of A . It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B . The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment ). A ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset |
The subsolar point on a planet or a moon is the point at which its Sun is perceived to be directly overhead (at the zenith ); [ 1 ] that is, where the Sun's rays strike the planet exactly perpendicular to its surface. The subsolar point occurs at the location on a planet or a moon where the Sun culminates at the locati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsolar_point |
In mathematics, the subspace theorem says that points of small height in projective space lie in a finite number of hyperplanes . It is a result obtained by Wolfgang M. Schmidt ( 1972 ).
The subspace theorem states that if L 1 ,..., L n are linearly independent linear forms in n variables with algebraic coefficients a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspace_theorem |
In topology and related areas of mathematics , a subspace of a topological space ( X , 𝜏 ) is a subset S of X which is equipped with a topology induced from that of 𝜏 called the subspace topology [ 1 ] (or the relative topology , [ 1 ] or the induced topology , [ 1 ] or the trace topology ). [ 2 ]
Given a topologica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspace_topology |
In biological classification , subspecies ( pl. : subspecies) is a rank below species , used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics ( morphology ), but that can successfully interbreed. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies |
A substance of very high concern ( SVHC ) is a chemical substance (or part of a group of chemical substances) which has been proposed as a candidate for inclusion on the Authorization or Restriction list (see: ECHA Lists ) of REACH . [ 1 ] The addition of a substance to the SVHC Candidate List [ 2 ] by the European Che... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_of_very_high_concern |
In food safety , the concept of substantial equivalence holds that the safety of a new food, particularly one that has been genetically modified (GM), may be assessed by comparing it with a similar traditional food that has proven safe in normal use over time. [ 1 ] It was first formulated as a food safety policy in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantial_equivalence |
Substantial truth is a legal doctrine affecting libel and slander laws in common law jurisdictions such as the United States or the United Kingdom .
Under the United States law, a statement cannot be held to be actionable as slanderous or libellous if the statement is true but has "slight inaccuracies of expression". ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantial_truth |
In organic chemistry , a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule . [ 1 ] [ note 1 ]
The suffix -yl is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen; -ylidene and -ylidyne are used with dou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent |
The Substitute It Now! List is a database developed by the International Chemical Secretariat (ChemSec) of chemicals the uses of which are likely to become legally restricted under EU REACH regulation . The list is being used by public interest groups as a campaign tool to advocate for increasing the pace of implementa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_It_Now!_list |
Substitute natural gas ( SNG ), or synthetic natural gas , is a fuel gas (predominantly methane , CH 4 ) that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal , oil shale , or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG ) or using electricity with power-to-gas systems.
SNG in the form of LNG or CNG can be used in ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_natural_gas |
Substituted tryptamines , or simply tryptamines , also known as serotonin analogues (i.e., 5-hydroxytryptamine analogues ), are organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from tryptamine itself. The molecular structures of all tryptamines contain an indole ring, joined to an amino (NH 2 ) group via an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine |
A substitution is a syntactic transformation on formal expressions.
To apply a substitution to an expression means to consistently replace its variable, or placeholder, symbols with other expressions.
The resulting expression is called a substitution instance , or instance for short, of the original expression.
Where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_(logic) |
In bioinformatics and evolutionary biology , a substitution matrix describes the frequency at which a character in a nucleotide sequence or a protein sequence changes to other character states over evolutionary time. The information is often in the form of log odds of finding two specific character states aligned and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_matrix |
In biology, a substitution model , also called models of sequence evolution , are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary changes in macromolecules, such as DNA sequences or protein sequences , that can be represented as sequence of symbols (e.g., A, C, G, and T in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_model |
The substitution of dangerous chemicals in the workplace is the process of replacing or eliminating the use chemicals that have significant chemical hazards . The goal of the substitution process is to improve occupational health and safety and minimize harmful environmental impacts . [ 1 ] The process can be time-cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_of_dangerous_chemicals |
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP supported by the energy released from another high-energy bond that leads to phosphorylation of ADP or GDP to ATP or GTP (note that the reaction catalyzed by creatine kinase is not considered as "substrate-level phosph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation |
Substrate is the earthy material that forms or collects at the bottom of an aquatic habitat. It is made of sediments that may consist of:
Stream substrate can affect the life found within the stream habitat. Muddy streams generally have more sediment in the water, reducing clarity. Clarity is one guide to stream healt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(aquatic_environment) |
In biology , a substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant , fungus , or animal ) lives. A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. For example, encrusting algae that lives on a rock (its substrate) can be itself a substrate for an animal that lives on top of the algae. Inert su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biology) |
The word substrate comes from the Latin sub - stratum meaning 'the level below' and refers to any material existing or extracted from beneath the topsoil , including sand , chalk and clay . [ 1 ] The term is also used for materials used in building foundations or else incorporated into plaster , brick , ceramic and con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(building) |
In chemistry , the term substrate is highly context-dependent. [ 1 ] Broadly speaking, it can refer either to a chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction , or to a surface on which other chemical reactions or microscopy are performed.
In the former sense, a reagent is added to the substrate to generate a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry) |
Substrate is a term used in materials science and engineering to describe the base material on which processing is conducted. Surfaces have different uses, including producing new film or layers of material and being a base to which another substance is bonded.
In materials science and engineering , a substrate refers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science) |
Substrate analogs ( substrate state analogues ), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resemble the substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction . Substrate analogs can act as competitive inhibitors of an enzymatic reaction. An example is phosphoramidate to the Tetrahymena group I ribozym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_analog |
In an integrated circuit , a signal can couple from one node to another via the substrate. This phenomenon is referred to as substrate coupling or substrate noise coupling .
The push for reduced cost, more compact circuit boards, and added customer features has provided
incentives for the inclusion of analog functions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_coupling |
Substrate inhibition in bioreactors occurs when the concentration of substrate (such as glucose , salts, or phenols [ 1 ] ) exceeds the optimal parameters and reduces the growth rate of the cells within the bioreactor. This is often confused with substrate limitation, which describes environments in which cell growth i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_inhibition_in_bioreactors |
In molecular biology , substrate presentation is a biological process that activates a protein . The protein is sequestered away from its substrate and then activated by release and exposure to its substrate. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A substrate is typically the substance on which an enzyme acts but can also be a protein surface to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_presentation |
In logic , a substructural logic is a logic lacking one of the usual structural rules (e.g. of classical and intuitionistic logic ), such as weakening , contraction , exchange or associativity. Two of the more significant substructural logics are relevance logic and linear logic .
In a sequent calculus , one writes e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructural_logic |
The substructure of a building transfers the load of the building to the ground and isolates it horizontally from the ground. This includes foundations and basement retaining walls . [ 1 ] It is differentiated from the superstructure .
It safeguards the building against the forces of wind, uplift, soil pressure etc. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructure_(engineering) |
In mathematical logic , an ( induced ) substructure or ( induced ) subalgebra is a structure whose domain is a subset of that of a bigger structure, and whose functions and relations are restricted to the substructure's domain. Some examples of subalgebras are subgroups , submonoids , subrings , subfields , subalgebras... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructure_(mathematics) |
Substructure search ( SSS ) is a method to retrieve from a database only those chemicals matching a pattern of atoms and bonds which a user specifies. It is an application of graph theory , specifically subgraph matching in which the query is a hydrogen-depleted molecular graph . The mathematical foundations for the me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructure_search |
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