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Sum frequency generation spectroscopy ( SFG ) is a nonlinear laser spectroscopy technique used to analyze surfaces and interfaces. It can be expressed as a sum of a series of Lorentz oscillators . In a typical SFG setup, two laser beams mix at an interface and generate an output beam with a frequency equal to the sum o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_frequency_generation_spectroscopy |
In a Euclidean space , the sum of angles of a triangle equals a straight angle (180 degrees , π radians , two right angles , or a half- turn ). A triangle has three angles, one at each vertex , bounded by a pair of adjacent sides .
The sum can be computed directly using the definition of angle based on the dot product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_of_angles_of_a_triangle |
The sum of four cubes problem [ 1 ] asks whether every integer is the sum of four cubes of integers. It is conjectured the answer is affirmative, but this conjecture has been neither proven nor disproven. [ 2 ] Some of the cubes may be negative numbers , in contrast to Waring's problem on sums of cubes, where they are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_of_four_cubes_problem |
In mathematics , the sum of two cubes is a cubed number added to another cubed number.
Every sum of cubes may be factored according to the identity a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − a b + b 2 ) {\displaystyle a^{3}+b^{3}=(a+b)(a^{2}-ab+b^{2})} in elementary algebra . [ 1 ]
Binomial numbers generalize this factorization t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_of_two_cubes |
In number theory , the sum of two squares theorem relates the prime decomposition of any integer n > 1 to whether it can be written as a sum of two squares , such that n = a 2 + b 2 for some integers a , b . [ 1 ]
An integer greater than one can be written as a sum of two squares if and only if its prime decomposition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_of_two_squares_theorem |
In quantum mechanics , a sum rule is a formula for transitions between energy levels, in which the sum of the transition strengths is expressed in a simple form. Sum rules are used to describe the properties of many physical systems, including solids, atoms, atomic nuclei, and nuclear constituents such as protons and n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_rule_in_quantum_mechanics |
In quantum field theory , a sum rule is a relation between a static quantity and an integral over a dynamical quantity. Therefore, they have a form such as:
∫ A ( x ) d x = B {\displaystyle \int A(x)dx=B}
where A ( x ) {\displaystyle A(x)} is the dynamical quantity, for example a structure function characterizing a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_rules_(quantum_field_theory) |
Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. ( 住友化学株式会社 , Sumitomo Kagaku Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a major Japanese chemical company . The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the on the Nikkei 225 [ 3 ] stock index . It's a member of the Sumitomo group and was founded in 1913 as a fer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Chemical |
In mathematics, a summability kernel is a family or sequence of periodic integrable functions satisfying a certain set of properties, listed below. Certain kernels, such as the Fejér kernel , are particularly useful in Fourier analysis . Summability kernels are related to approximation of the identity ; definitions of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summability_kernel |
In mathematics , summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers , called addends or summands ; the result is their sum or total . Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions , vectors , matrices , polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation |
In telecommunications , the term summation check ( sum check ) has the following meanings:
This article related to telecommunications is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_check |
In mathematics , a summation equation or discrete integral equation is an equation in which an unknown function appears under a summation sign. The theories of summation equations and integral equations can be unified as integral equations on time scales [ 1 ] using time scale calculus . A summation equation compares t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_equation |
In metabolic control analysis , a variety of theorems have been discovered and discussed in the literature. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The most well known of these are flux and concentration control coefficient summation relationships. These theorems are the result of the stoichiometric structure and mass conservation pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_theorems_(biochemistry) |
A sump , or siphon , is a passage in a cave that is submerged under water. [ 1 ] A sump may be static, with no inward or outward flow, or active, with continuous through-flow. Static sumps may also be connected underwater to an active stream passage. When short in length, a sump may be called a duck ; however, this can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_(cave) |
A sump buster is a device installed within a bus route to limit that thoroughfare to buses. It discourages traffic from entering a lane by promising to destroy the oil pan of any vehicle with insufficient ground clearance to get over it, making them similar in use (but not design) to rising bollards . [ 1 ] A sump bust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_buster |
In additive combinatorics , the sumset (also called the Minkowski sum ) of two subsets A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} of an abelian group G {\displaystyle G} (written additively) is defined to be the set of all sums of an element from A {\displaystyle A} with an element from B {\displaystyle B} . That is,
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumset |
The Sumudu transform is an integral transform introduced in 1990 by G K Watagala. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is defined over the set of functions [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
A = { f ( t ) :∋ M , p , q > 0 , | f ( t ) | = M exp ( 1 / u ) } {\displaystyle A=\{f(t):\ni M,p,q>0,|f(t)|=M\exp(1/u)\}}
where p ≤ u ≤ q {\displaystyle p\leq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumudu_transform |
Sun-Earth Day is a joint educational program established in 2000 by NASA and ESA . The goal of the program is to popularize the knowledge about the Sun , and the way it influences life on Earth , among students and the public. [ 1 ] The day itself is mainly celebrated in the United States near the time of the spring eq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Earth_Day |
SunPass is an electronic toll collection system within the state of Florida, United States. It was created in 1999 by the Florida Department of Transportation 's (FDOT's) Office of Toll Operations, operating as a division of Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE). The system utilizes windshield-mounted RFID transponders m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunPass |
The Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment ( SunRISE ), is a set of CubeSats designed to study solar activity by acting as an aperture synthesis radio telescope . [ 1 ] It is intended to monitor giant solar particle storms . [ 2 ]
The satellites will occupy a supersynchronous geosynchronous Earth orbit . [ 3 ]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Radio_Interferometer_Space_Experiment |
Sun SPOT (Sun Small Programmable Object Technology) was a sensor node for a wireless sensor network developed by Sun Microsystems announced in 2007. The device used the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for its networking, and unlike other available sensor nodes, used the Squawk Java virtual machine .
After the acquisition of S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_SPOT |
A Sun sensor is a navigational instrument used by spacecraft to detect the position of the Sun . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Sun sensors are used for attitude control , solar array pointing, gyro updating, and fail-safe recovery. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
In addition to spacecraft, Sun sensors find use in ground-based weather stations and Sun-trac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_sensor |
The Sunbury Research Centre -- also known as ICBT Sunbury—is a main research institute of BP in north-east Surrey .
It began in 1917 as the Sunbury Research Station. Research began with the employment of two chemists to look into the viscosity of fuel oil for the Navy in the First World War , and the production of tol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre |
Sundaland [ 1 ] (also called Sundaica or the Sundaic region ) is a biogeographical region of Southeast Asia corresponding to a larger landmass that was exposed throughout the last 2.6 million years during periods when sea levels were lower. It includes Bali , Borneo , Java , and Sumatra in Indonesia , and their surroun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaland |
Sundew was a large electrically powered dragline excavator used in mining operations in Rutland and Northamptonshire in the United Kingdom from 1957. It was the lead ship of a series of four Type W1400-series dragline excavators. [ 1 ]
Built by Ransomes & Rapier and named after the winning horse of the 1957 Grand Nati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundew_(dragline) |
In the mathematical fields of set theory and extremal combinatorics , a sunflower or Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } -system [ 1 ] is a collection of sets in which all possible distinct pairs of sets share the same intersection . This common intersection is called the kernel of the sunflower.
The naming arises from a visual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_(mathematics) |
Sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI) is a small, circular peptide produced in sunflower seeds , and is a potent inhibitor of trypsin . It is the smallest known member of the Bowman-Birk family of serine protease inhibitors. [ 1 ]
One example of Sunflower trypsin inhibitor is Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1). Sunfl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_trypsin_inhibitor |
In economics and business decision-making , a sunk cost (also known as retrospective cost ) is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Sunk costs are contrasted with prospective costs , which are future costs that may be avoided if action is taken. [ 3 ] In other words, a sunk cost is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunk_cost |
In photography, the sunny 16 rule (also known as the sunny f /16 rule ) is a method of estimating correct daylight exposures without a light meter . Apart from the advantage of independence from a light meter, the sunny 16 rule can also aid in achieving correct exposure of difficult subjects. As the rule is based on i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_16_rule |
The sunrise equation or sunset equation can be used to derive the time of sunrise or sunset for any solar declination and latitude in terms of local solar time when sunrise and sunset actually occur.
It is formulated as:
where:
The Earth rotates at an angular velocity of 15°/hour. Therefore, the expression ω ∘ / 15 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_equation |
In information technology (IT), to sunset a server , service, software feature, etc. is to plan to intentionally remove or discontinue it. In most cases, the term also connotes that this discontinuation is announced to users in advance, generally with an expected timeline. After sunsetting is announced, usually very ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_(computing) |
Sunset yellow FCF (also known as orange yellow S , or C.I. 15985 ) is a petroleum -derived orange azo dye with a pH -dependent maximum absorption at about 480 nm at pH 1 and 443 nm at pH 13, with a shoulder at 500 nm. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] : 463 When added to foods sold in the United States, it is known as FD&C Yellow 6 ; when s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_yellow_FCF |
The Sunshine Project was an international NGO dedicated to upholding prohibitions against biological warfare and, particularly, to preventing military abuse of biotechnology . It was directed by Edward Hammond.
With offices in Austin, Texas , and Hamburg, Germany , the Sunshine Project worked by exposing research on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project |
The Sunway BlueLight ( 神威蓝光 ) is a Chinese massively parallel supercomputer . It is the first publicly announced PFLOPS supercomputer using Sunway processors solely developed by the People's Republic of China. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
It ranked #2 in the 2011 China HPC Top100, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] #14 on the November 2011 TOP500 list, [ 5 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway_BlueLight |
The SW26010 is a 260-core manycore processor designed by the Shanghai Integrated Circuit Technology and Industry Promotion Center (ICC for short)( Chinese : 上海集成电路技术与产业促进中心 (简称ICC)). It implements the Sunway architecture , a 64-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture designed in China . [ 1 ] The SW26... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway_SW26010 |
Sunwise , sunward or deasil (sometimes spelled deosil ), are terms meaning to go clockwise or in the direction of the sun, as seen from the Northern Hemisphere . The opposite term is widdershins ( Middle Low German ), or tuathal ( Scottish Gaelic ). [ 1 ] In Scottish culture , this turning direction is also considered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwise |
Super-LumiNova is a brand name under which strontium aluminate –based non- radioactive and nontoxic photoluminescent or afterglow pigments for illuminating markings on watch dials , hands and bezels , etc. in the dark are marketed. When activated with a suitable dopant ( Europium and Dysprosium ), it acts as a photolum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-LumiNova |
Cell differentiation in multicellular organisms with different cell types is determined, in each cell type, by the expression of genes under the regulatory control of typical enhancers and super-enhancers.
A typical enhancer (TE), as illustrated in the top panel of the Figure, is a several hundred base pair region of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-enhancer |
Super-resolution dipole orientation mapping (SDOM) is a form of fluorescence polarization microscopy (FPM) that achieved super resolution through polarization demodulation. It was first described by Karl Zhanghao and others in 2016. [ 1 ] Fluorescence polarization (FP) is related to the dipole orientation of chromophor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_dipole_orientation_mapping |
Super-resolution microscopy is a series of techniques in optical microscopy that allow such images to have resolutions higher than those imposed by the diffraction limit , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] which is due to the diffraction of light. [ 3 ] Super-resolution imaging techniques rely on the near-field (photon-tunneling microscopy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_microscopy |
Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging ( SOFI ) is a post-processing method for the calculation of super-resolved images from recorded image time series that is based on the temporal correlations of independently fluctuating fluorescent emitters.
SOFI has been developed for super-resolution of biological specime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_optical_fluctuation_imaging |
SuperBBS is a DOS Bulletin Board System (BBS) software package written by Aki Antman and Risto Virkkala. [ 1 ] It was born as a functional clone of RemoteAccess BBS (which in turn was a clone of QuickBBS ), but extended the functionality with several newer technology a different way from RA. SuperBBS offered news, emai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperBBS |
The SuperCPU is a processor upgrade for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 personal computer platforms. It uses the W65C816S 8/16 bit microprocessor , and takes the form of an expansion port cartridge, rather than a replacement for the 6510 CPU.
The SuperCPU was developed by Creative Micro Designs , Inc and released o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperCPU |
SuperCam is a suite of remote-sensing instruments for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover mission that performs remote analyses of rocks and soils with a camera, two lasers and four spectrometers to seek organic compounds that could hold biosignatures of past microbial life on Mars , if it ever existed there.
SuperCam wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperCam |
In lossless power transmission, a supergrid with hydrogen is an idea for combining very long distance electric power transmission with liquid hydrogen distribution, to achieve superconductivity in the cables. The hydrogen is both a distributed fuel and a cryogenic coolant for the power lines, rendering them superconduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperGrid_(hydrogen) |
The SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS) is a network of neutrino detectors designed to give early warning to astronomers in the event of a supernova in the Milky Way , our home galaxy, or in a nearby galaxy such as the Large Magellanic Cloud .
SNEWS has been operating since 2005. As of March 2021 [update] , [ 1 ] i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperNova_Early_Warning_System |
In physics , a Super Bloch oscillation describes a certain type of motion of a particle in a lattice potential under external periodic driving. The term super refers to the fact that the amplitude in position space of such an oscillation is several orders of magnitude larger than for 'normal' Bloch oscillations .
Norm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bloch_oscillations |
In physics , the super Tonks–Girardeau gas represents an excited quantum gas phase with strong attractive interactions in a one-dimensional spatial geometry.
Usually, strongly attractive quantum gases are expected to form dense particle clusters and lose all gas-like properties. But in 2005, it was proposed by Stefano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tonks–Girardeau_gas |
Super black is a surface treatment developed at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom. It absorbs approximately 99.6% of visible light at normal incidence, while conventional black paint absorbs about 97.5%. At other angles of incidence, super black is even more effective: at an angle of 45°, it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_black |
A super soldier (or supersoldier ) is a concept soldier capable of operating beyond normal human abilities through technological augmentation or (in fictional depictions) genetic modification or cybernetic augmentation. Soldiers that obtain greater-than-normal physical abilities by wearing powered armor or a technologi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_soldier |
A superabsorbent polymer (SAP) (also called slush powder ) is a water-absorbing hydrophilic homopolymers or copolymers [ 1 ] that can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to its own mass . [ 2 ]
Water-absorbing polymers , which are classified as hydrogels when mixed, [ 3 ] absorb aqueous solu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superabsorbent_polymer |
A superalloy , or high-performance alloy , is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. [ 1 ] Key characteristics of a superalloy include mechanical strength , thermal creep deformation resistance, surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance.
The crystal structure is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superalloy |
An immediate inference is an inference which can be made from only one statement or proposition . [ 1 ] For instance, from the statement "All toads are green", the immediate inference can be made that "no toads are not green" or "no toads are non-green" (Obverse). There are a number of immediate inferences which can va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superaltern |
Superantigens ( SAgs ) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system . Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. Superantigens act by binding to the MHC proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superantigen |
In organic chemistry , aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds , lone pairs , or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected from conjugation alone. The earliest use of the term was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superaromaticity |
In chemistry , a superatom is any cluster of atoms that seem to exhibit some of the properties of elemental atoms. [ 1 ] One example of a superatom is the cluster Al 13 − . [ 2 ]
Sodium atoms, when cooled from vapor , naturally condense into clusters, preferentially containing a magic number of atoms (2, 8, 20, 40, 58... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superatom |
Supercavitation is the use of a cavitation bubble to reduce skin friction drag on a submerged object and enable high speeds . Applications include torpedoes and propellers , but in theory, the technique could be extended to an entire underwater vessel.
Cavitation is the formation of vapour bubbles in liquid caused by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercavitation |
In solid-state physics and crystallography , a crystal structure is described by a unit cell repeating periodically over space. There are an infinite number of choices for unit cells, with different shapes and sizes, which can describe the same crystal, and different choices can be useful for different purposes.
Say t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell_(crystal) |
A supercentenarian , sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian , is a person who is 110 or older. This age is achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians . [ 1 ] [ obsolete source ] Supercentenarians typically live a life free of significant age-related diseases until shortly before the maximum human lifespan is reache... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercentenarian |
Modern biological research has revealed strong evidence that the enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain assemble into larger, supramolecular structures called supercomplexes , instead of the traditional fluid model of discrete enzymes dispersed in the inner mitochondrial membrane . These supercomplexes are fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomplex |
The high performance supercomputing program started in mid-to-late 1980s in Pakistan . [ 1 ] Supercomputing is a recent area of Computer science in which Pakistan has made progress, driven in part by the growth of the information technology age in the country. Developing on the ingenious supercomputer program started i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputing_in_Pakistan |
The superconducting camera , SCAM, is an ultra-fast photon-counting camera developed by the European Space Agency . It is cooled to just 0.3 K (three-tenths of a degree Celsius above absolute zero ). This enables its sensitive electronic detectors, known as superconducting tunnel junction detectors, to register almost ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_camera |
In superconductivity , the superconducting coherence length , usually denoted as ξ {\displaystyle \xi } (Greek lowercase xi ), is the characteristic exponent of the variations of the density of superconducting component.
The superconducting coherence length is one of two parameters in the Ginzburg–Landau theory of sup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_coherence_length |
A superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire . They must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures during operation. In its superconducting state the wire has no electrical resistance and therefore can conduct much larger electric currents than ordinary wire, creating intense magnetic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_magnet |
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil that has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature . This use of superconducting coils to store magnetic energy was in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage |
The superconducting nanowire single-photon detector ( SNSPD or SSPD ) is a type of optical and near-infrared single- photon detector based on a current-biased superconducting nanowire . [ 1 ] It was first developed by scientists at Moscow State Pedagogical University and at the University of Rochester in 2001. [ 2 ] [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_nanowire_single-photon_detector |
Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) science and technology involves the application of electrical superconductors to radio frequency devices. The ultra-low electrical resistivity of a superconducting material allows an RF resonator to obtain an extremely high quality factor , Q . For example, it is commonplace for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_radio_frequency |
The superconducting tunnel junction ( STJ ) – also known as a superconductor–insulator–superconductor tunnel junction ( SIS ) – is an electronic device consisting of two superconductors separated by a very thin layer of insulating material. Current passes through the junction via the process of quantum tunneling . The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_tunnel_junction |
Superconducting wires are electrical wires made of superconductive material. When cooled below their transition temperatures , they have zero electrical resistance . Most commonly, conventional superconductors such as niobium–titanium are used, [ 1 ] but high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO are entering the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_wire |
Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors : materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor , whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity |
Superconductors can be classified in accordance with several criteria that depend on physical properties, current understanding, and the expense of cooling them or their material.
This criterion is useful as BCS theory has successfully explained the properties of conventional superconductors since 1957, yet there have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor_classification |
The superconductor–insulator transition is an example of a quantum phase transition , whereupon tuning some parameter in the Hamiltonian , a dramatic change in the behavior of the electrons occurs. The nature of how this transition occurs is disputed, and many studies seek to understand how the order parameter, Ψ = Δ e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor–insulator_transition |
Supercooling , [ 1 ] also known as undercooling , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid. Per the established international definition, supercooling means ‘cooling a substance below the normal freezing point without solidification’. [ 4 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercooling |
Supercritical adsorption also referred to as the adsorption of supercritical fluids , is the adsorption at above-critical temperatures. There are different tacit understandings of supercritical fluids. For example, “a fluid is considered to be ‘supercritical’ when its temperature and pressure exceed the temperature and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_adsorption |
Supercritical angle fluorescence microscopy ( SAF ) is a technique to detect and characterize fluorescent species (proteins, biomolecules, pharmaceuticals, etc.) and their behaviour close or even adsorbed or linked at surfaces. The method is able to observe molecules in a distance of less than 100 to 0 nanometer from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_angle_fluorescence_microscopy |
Supercritical carbon dioxide ( s CO 2 ) is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure .
Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), or as a solid called dry ice when cooled and/or pressurised sufficiently. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide |
Supercritical drying , also known as critical point drying , is a process to remove liquid in a precise and controlled way. [ 1 ] It is useful in the production of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), the drying of spices , the production of aerogel , the decaffeination of coffee and in the preparation of biological ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_drying |
A supercritical flow is a flow whose velocity is larger than the wave velocity. [ clarification needed ] The analogous condition in gas dynamics is supersonic speed .
According to the website Civil Engineering Terms, supercritical flow is defined as follows:
The flow at which depth of the channel is less than critic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_flow |
A supercritical fluid ( SCF ) is a substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point , where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist, but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid . [ 1 ] It can effuse through porous solids like a gas, overcoming the mass transfer limitations that slow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid |
Supercritical fluid chromatography ( SFC ) [ 1 ] is a form of normal phase chromatography that uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is used for the analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight , thermally labile molecules and can also be used for the sep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid_chromatography |
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent . Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, but can also be from liquids . SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid_extraction |
Supercritical hydrolysis is a chemical engineering process in which water in the supercritical state can be employed to achieve a variety of reactions within seconds. To cope with the extremely short times of reaction on an industrial scale, the process should be continuous . This continuity enables the ratio of the am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_hydrolysis |
Supercritical liquid–gas boundaries are lines in the pressure-temperature (pT) diagram that delimit more liquid-like and more gas-like states of a supercritical fluid . They comprise the Fisher–Widom line , the Widom line , and the Frenkel line .
According to textbook knowledge, it is possible to transform a liquid co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_liquid–gas_boundaries |
A supercritical steam generator is a type of boiler that operates at supercritical pressure and temperature, frequently used in the production of electric power .
In contrast to a subcritical boiler in which steam bubbles form, a supercritical steam generator operates above the critical pressure – 22 megapascals (3,20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_steam_generator |
Supercritical water oxidation ( SCWO ) is a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point . Under these conditions water becomes a fluid with unique properties that can be used to advantage in the destruction of recalcitrant and hazardous wastes such as polych... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_water_oxidation |
A supercurrent is a superconducting current, that is, electric current which flows without dissipation in a superconductor . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Under certain conditions, an electric current can also flow without dissipation in microscopically small non-superconducting metals. However, currents in such perfect conductors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercurrent |
In nuclear physics a superdeformed nucleus is a nucleus that is very far from spherical , forming an ellipsoid with axes in ratios of approximately 2:1:1. [ 1 ] Normal deformation is approximately 1.3:1:1. Only some nuclei can exist in superdeformed states.
The first superdeformed states to be observed were the fissio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdeformation |
Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism ) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures , characterised by the complete absence of magnetic permeability (i.e. a volume magnetic susceptibility χ V {\displaystyle \chi _{\rm {V}}} = −1) and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field .
Superdiama... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdiamagnetism |
In geometry , a superegg is a solid of revolution obtained by rotating an elongated superellipse with exponent greater than 2 around its longest axis . It is a special case of superellipsoid .
Unlike an elongated ellipsoid , an elongated superegg can stand upright on a flat surface, or on top of another superegg. [ 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superegg |
In mathematics , a superellipsoid (or super-ellipsoid ) is a solid whose horizontal sections are superellipses (Lamé curves) with the same squareness parameter ϵ 2 {\displaystyle \epsilon _{2}} , and whose vertical sections through the center are superellipses with the squareness parameter ϵ 1 {\displaystyle \epsilon _... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superellipsoid |
In 1931 RCA introduced a new line of Superette radio receivers. These used the superheterodyne principle but were lower cost than earlier products, in an attempt to maintain sales during the onset of the Great Depression.
Edwin Howard Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiver in 1918. [ 1 ] Armstrong and RCA (un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superette_(radio) |
Superexchange or Kramers–Anderson superexchange interaction , is a prototypical indirect exchange coupling between neighboring magnetic moments (usually next-nearest neighboring cations , see the schematic illustration of MnO below) by virtue of exchanging electrons through a non-magnetic anion known as the superexchan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superexchange |
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains , especially into SCOP superfamilies. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Domains are functional, structural, and evoluti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfamily_database |
Superfecundation is the fertilization of two or more ova from the same menstrual cycle by sperm from the same or different males, whether through separate acts of intercourse or during a single sexual encounter with multiple males (e.g. double penetration). This can potentially result in twin babies that have different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfecundation |
Superferromagnetism is the magnetism of an ensemble of magnetically interacting super-moment-bearing material particles that would be superparamagnetic if they were not interacting. [ 1 ] Nanoparticles of iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite (nominally FeOOH), often cluster and interact magnetically. These interactions c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superferromagnetism |
Superficial velocity (or superficial flow velocity ), in engineering of multiphase flows and flows in porous media , is a hypothetical (artificial) flow velocity calculated as if the given phase or fluid were the only one flowing or present in a given cross sectional area. Other phases, particles, the skeleton of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_velocity |
Superfluid helium-4 ( helium II or He-II ) is the superfluid form of helium-4 , the most common isotope of the element helium . A superfluid is a state of matter in which matter behaves like a fluid with zero viscosity . The substance, which resembles other liquids such as helium I (conventional, non-superfluid liquid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid_helium-4 |
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy . When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium ( helium-3 and helium-4 ) when they are liquefied by cooli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity |
The supergalactic coordinate system is a reference frame for the supercluster of galaxies that contains the Milky Way galaxy, referenced to a local relatively flat collection of galaxy clusters used to define the supergalactic plane.
The supergalactic plane is more or less perpendicular to the plane of the Milky Way; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergalactic_coordinate_system |
A superglass is a phase of matter which is characterized by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure at the same time. [ 1 ]
J.C. Séamus Davis theorised that frozen helium-4 (at 0.2 K and 50 atm) may be a superglass. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
This physics -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superglass |
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