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Semasiography('writing with signs', fromGreeksemasia'signification' +graphia'writing') is the use of symbols, calledsemasiographs, to "communicate information without the necessary intercession of forms of speech". This non-phonetic based technique is studied insemasiologywithin the field oflinguistics.
Semasiography ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semasiography |
Incomputer science,syntactic sugarissyntaxwithin aprogramming languagethat is designed to make things easier to read or to express. It makes the language "sweeter" for human use: things can be expressed more clearly, more concisely, or in an alternative style that some may prefer. Syntactic sugar is usually a shorthand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_sugar |
Inmathematicsandphysics,vector notationis a commonly usednotationfor representingvectors,[1][2]which may beEuclidean vectors, or more generally,membersof avector space.
For denoting a vector, the commontypographic conventionis lower case, upright boldface type, as inv. TheInternational Organization for Standardization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_notation |
Abinary-safefunction is one that treats its input as a raw stream of bytes and ignores every textual aspect it may have. The term is mainly used in thePHPprogramming language to describe expected behaviour when passing binary data intofunctionswhose main responsibility is text andstringmanipulating, and is used widel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-safe |
Abit array(also known asbitmask,[1]bit map,bit set,bit string, orbit vector) is anarray data structurethat compactly storesbits. It can be used to implement a simpleset data structure. A bit array is effective at exploitingbit-level parallelismin hardware to perform operations quickly. A typical bit array storeskwbits,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_array |
TheC programming languagehas a set of functions implementing operations onstrings(character strings and byte strings) in itsstandard library. Various operations, such as copying,concatenation,tokenizationand searching are supported. For character strings, the standard library uses the convention that strings arenull-te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_string_handling |
TheC++programming language has support forstring handling, mostly implemented in itsstandard library. The language standard specifies several string types, some inherited fromC, some designed to make use of the language's features, such as classes andRAII. The most-used of these isstd::string.
Since the initial versio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_string_handling |
Stringfunctionsare used in computerprogramming languagesto manipulate astringor query information about a string (some do both).
Most programming languages that have a stringdatatypewill have some string functions although there may be other low-level ways within each language to handle strings directly. In object-ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(string_functions) |
In computing, aconnection stringis astringthat specifies information about a data source and the means of connecting to it. It is passed in code to an underlyingdriveror provider in order to initiate the connection. Whilst commonly used for adatabase connection, the data source could also be aspreadsheetor text file.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_string |
Informal language theory, theempty string, orempty word, is the uniquestringof length zero.
Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence ofcharacterssuch as letters, digits or spaces. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string.
There is only one e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_string |
Anincompressible stringis astringwithKolmogorov complexityequal to its length, so that it has no shorter encodings.[1]Thepigeonhole principlecan be used to be prove that for anylossless compressionalgorithm, there must exist many incompressible strings.
Suppose we have the string12349999123499991234, and we are using ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressible_string |
Incomputer programming, arope, orcord, is adata structurecomposed of smallerstringsthat is used to efficiently store and manipulate longer strings or entire texts. For example, atext editingprogram may use a rope to represent the text being edited, so that operations such as insertion, deletion, and random access can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_(data_structure) |
Incognitive psychology,chunkingis a process by which small individual pieces of a set of information are bound together to create a meaningful whole later on in memory.[1]The chunks, by which the information is grouped, are meant to improve short-term retention of the material, thus bypassing the limited capacity ofwor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(psychology) |
Acreole language,[2][3][4]or simplycreole, is a stable form ofcontact languagethat develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing into a new form (often apidgin), and then that form expanding and elaborating into a full-fledged language withnative speakers, all within a fairly brief period.[5]W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language |
Evolutionary linguisticsorDarwinian linguisticsis asociobiologicalapproach to the study oflanguage.[1][2]Evolutionary linguists consider linguistics as a subfield ofsociobiologyandevolutionary psychology. The approach is also closely linked withevolutionary anthropology,cognitive linguisticsandbiolinguistics. Studying ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics |
Evolutionary psychology of languageis the study of the evolutionary history of language as a psychological faculty within the discipline ofevolutionary psychology. It makes the assumption that language is the result of aDarwinian adaptation.
There are many competing theories of how language might have evolved, if inde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language |
Thefis phenomenonis a phenomenon during a child'slanguage acquisitionthat demonstrates that perception ofphonemesoccurs earlier than a child's ability to produce the appropriateallophone. It is also illustrative of a larger theme in child language acquisition: that skills inlinguistic comprehensiongenerally precede cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fis_phenomenon |
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Forkhead box protein P2(FOXP2) is aproteinthat, in humans, is encoded by theFOXP2gene. FOXP2 is a member of thef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2 |
Gestures in language acquisitionare a form ofnon-verbal communicationinvolving movements of the hands, arms, and/or other parts of the body. Children can usegestureto communicate before they have the ability to use spoken words and phrases. In this way gestures can prepare children to learn a spoken language, creating ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestures_in_language_acquisition |
Language teaching, like other educational activities, may employ specializedvocabularyandword use. This list is aglossaryforEnglish language learning and teachingusing thecommunicative approach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_language_education_terms |
Inlanguage learningresearch,identityrefers to the personal orientation to time, space, and society, and the manner in which it develops together with, and because of, speech development.[1]
Languageis a largely social practice, and this socialization is reliant on, and develops concurrently with ones understanding of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_and_language_learning |
TheKE familyis a medical name designated for aBritishfamily, about half of whom exhibit a severespeech disordercalleddevelopmental verbal dyspraxia.[1]It is the first family with speech disorder to be investigated usinggenetic analyses, by which the speech impairment is discovered to be due togenetic mutation, and from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KE_family |
Language attritionis the process of decreasing proficiency in or losing a language. For first or native language attrition, this process is generally caused by both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of asecond language("L2"), which interferes with the correct production an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_attrition |
Language transferis the application of linguistic features from one language to another by a bilingual or multilingual speaker. Language transfer may occur across both languages in the acquisition of asimultaneous bilingual. It may also occur from a mature speaker'sfirst language(L1) to asecond language(L2) they are ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_transfer |
Achild speech corpusis aspeech corpusdocumenting first-languagelanguage acquisition. Such databases are used in the development ofcomputer-assisted language learning systemsand the characterization ofchildren's speech at difference ages.[1]Children's speech varies not only by language, but also by region within a langu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_children%27s_speech_corpora |
Below are some notable researchers inlanguage acquisitionlisted by intellectual orientation and research topic.
Nativists
Empiricists
Generative Language Acquisition
Second language acquisition researchers
Complex Dynamic Systems Theoryapproach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_acquisition_researchers |
Metalinguistic awareness, also known asmetalinguistic ability, refers to the ability to consciously reflect on the nature oflanguageand to usemetalanguageto describe it. The concept of metalinguistic awareness is helpful in explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g.code-switchi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistic_awareness |
Anon-native speech databaseis aspeech databaseofnon-native pronunciations of English. Such databases are used in the development of: multilingualautomatic speech recognitionsystems,text to speechsystems, pronunciation trainers, andsecond language learning systems.[1]
The actual table with information about the differe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_speech_database |
Apassive speaker(also referred to as areceptive bilingualorpassive bilingual) is acategory of speakerwho has had enough exposure to a language in childhood to have anative-likecomprehension of it, but has little or no active command of it.[1]Passive fluency is often brought about by being raised in one language (which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_speaker_(language) |
Second-language attritionrefers to atrophy ofsecond-languageskills. It is commonly found in individuals who live in environments in which the presence of the attrited language is limited.
It is common for people who have learned aforeign languageto gradually forget much of the acquired language skills once the period ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-language_attrition |
Aspoken languageis a form ofcommunicationproduced through articulate sounds or, in some cases, through manual gestures, as opposed towritten language.Oralorvocal languagesare those produced using the vocal tract, whereas sign languages are produced with the body and hands.
The term "spoken language" is sometimes used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language |
Abiogenesisis the natural process by whichlifearises fromnon-living matter, such as simpleorganic compounds. The prevailing scientifichypothesisis that the transition from non-living toliving entitieson Earth was not a single event, but a process of increasing complexity involving the formation of ahabitable planet, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis |
Biolinguisticscan be defined as thebiologicalandevolutionarystudy oflanguage. It is highly interdisciplinary as it draws from various fields such associobiology,linguistics,psychology,anthropology,mathematics, andneurolinguisticsto elucidate the formation of language. It seeks to yield a framework by which one can unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolinguistics |
Thebouba–kiki effect(/ˈbuːbəˈkiːkiː/) ortakete–malumaphenomenon[1][2][3]is a non-arbitrarymental associationbetween certain speech sounds and certain visual shapes. The most typical research finding is that people, when presented withnonsense words, tend to associate certain ones (likeboubaandmaluma) with a rounded sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouba/kiki_effect |
Abow-wow theory(orcuckoo theory) is any of the theories by various scholars, includingJean-Jacques RousseauandJohann Gottfried Herder, on the speculative origins of human language.[1][2]
According to bow-wow theories, the first human languages developed fromonomatopoeia, that is, imitations of natural sounds.[3]The te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow-wow_theory |
Essay on the Origin of Languages(French:Essai sur l'origine des langues) is an essay byJean-Jacques Rousseaupublished posthumously in 1781.[1]Rousseau had meant to publish the essay in a short volume which was also to include essaysOn Theatrical ImitationandThe Levite of Ephraim.In the preface to this would-be volume, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay_on_the_Origin_of_Languages |
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NP_683698NP_001166237.1NP_683697.2
NP_001273536NP_444472NP_997600
Forkhead box protein P2(FOXP2) is aproteinthat, in humans, is encoded by theFOXP2gene. FOXP2 is a member of thef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2_and_human_evolution |
Generative anthropologyis a field of study based on thehypothesisthat the origin of human language happened in a singular event. The discipline of Generative Anthropology centers upon this original event whichEric Ganscalls The Originary Scene. This scene is a kind of origin story that hypothesizes the specific event w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_anthropology |
Historical linguistics, also known asdiachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of howlanguages changeover time.[1]It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics |
Languagehas a long evolutionary history and is closely related to thebrain, but what makes thehumanbrain uniquely adapted to language is unclear. The regions of the brain that are involved in language in humans have similar analogues in apes and monkeys, and yet they do not use language. There may also be ageneticcompo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_origins_of_language |
Theorigins of society— the evolutionary emergence of distinctively human social organization — is an important topic within evolutionary biology, anthropology, prehistory and palaeolithic archaeology.[1][2]While little is known for certain, debates since Hobbes[3]and Rousseau[4]have returned again and again to the phil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_society |
Theorigin of speechdiffers from theorigin of languagebecause language is not necessarily spoken; it could equally bewrittenorsigned. Speech is a fundamental aspect of human communication and plays a vital role in the everyday lives of humans. It allows them to convey thoughts, emotions, and ideas, and providing the abi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech |
In thetree modelofhistorical linguistics, aproto-languageis a postulated ancestral language from which a number ofattested languagesare believed to have descended by evolution, forming alanguage family. Proto-languages are usually unattested, or partially attested at best. They are reconstructed by way of thecomparativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-language |
Theory of languageis a topic inphilosophy of languageandtheoretical linguistics.[1]It has the goal of answering the questions "What is language?";[2][3]"Why do languages have the properties they do?";[4]or "What is theorigin of language?". In addition to these fundamental questions, the theory of language also seeks to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_language |
Alternative semantics(orHamblin semantics) is a framework informal semanticsandlogic. In alternative semantics, expressionsdenotealternative sets, understood as sets of objects of the samesemantic type. For instance, while the word "Lena" might denote Lena herself in a classical semantics, it would denote the singleton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_semantics |
Insemantics,mathematical logicand related disciplines, theprinciple of compositionalityis the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them. The principle is also calledFrege's principle, becauseGottlob Fregeis widely c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositionality |
Computational semanticsis the study of how to automate the process of constructing and reasoning withmeaning representationsofnatural languageexpressions.[1]It consequently plays an important role innatural-language processingandcomputational linguistics.
Some traditional topics of interest are:construction of meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semantics |
Informal linguistics,discourse representation theory(DRT) is a framework for exploring meaning under aformal semanticsapproach. One of the main differences between DRT-style approaches and traditionalMontagovianapproaches is that DRT includes a level of abstractmental representations(discourse representation structures... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_representation_theory |
Frame semanticsis a theory oflinguisticmeaningdeveloped byCharles J. Fillmore[1]that extends his earliercase grammar. It relateslinguisticsemanticstoencyclopedicknowledge. The basic idea is that one cannot understand the meaning of a single word without access to all the essential knowledge that relates to that word. F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_semantics_(linguistics) |
Inquisitive semanticsis a framework inlogicandnatural language semantics. In inquisitive semantics, the semantic content of a sentence captures both the information that the sentence conveys and the issue that it raises. The framework provides a foundation for the linguistic analysis of statements and questions.[1][2]I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics |
Philosophy of languagerefers to thephilosophicalstudy of the nature oflanguage. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world.[1]Investigations may include inquiry into the nature ofmeaning,intentionality,reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts,learning, andthought.
Gottlo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language |
Inlinguisticsand related fields,pragmaticsis the study of howcontextcontributes to meaning. The field of study evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the interpreted.[1]Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are calledpragmaticians. The f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics |
Inlinguistics, thesyntax–semantics interfaceis the interaction betweensyntaxandsemantics. Its study encompasses phenomena that pertain to both syntax and semantics, with the goal of explaining correlations between form and meaning.[1]Specific topics includescope,[2][3]binding,[2]andlexical semanticproperties such asver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface |
Musical languagesareconstructed languagesbased onmusicalsounds, which tend to incorporatearticulation. Whistled languages are dependent on an underlying spoken languages and are used in various cultures as a means for communication over distance, or as secret codes. The mystical concept of alanguage of the birdstries t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_language |
In Abrahamic and Europeanmythology,medieval literatureandoccultism, thelanguage of the birdsis postulated as a mystical, perfectdivine language,Adamic language,Enochian,angelic languageor amythicalor magical language used bybirdsto communicate with the initiated.
InIndo-European religion, the behavior of birds has lon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_the_birds |
Solresol(Solfège:Sol-Re-Sol), originally calledLangue universelleand thenLangue musicale universelle, is amusicalconstructed languagedevised byFrançois Sudre, beginning in 1817. His major book on it,Langue Musicale Universelle, was published after his death in 1866,[1]though he had already been publicizing it for some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solresol |
Kickapoo whistled speechis a means of communication among theKickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, aKickapootribe in Texas and Mexico.Whistled speechis a system of whistled communication that allows subjects to transmit and exchange a potentially unlimited set of messages over long distances.[1]
Whistled language occur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_whistled_speech |
Sweepis a Britishpuppetand television character popular in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and other countries.
Sweep is a grey glove puppet dog with long black ears who joinedThe Sooty Showin 1957, as a friend to fellow puppetSooty.[1]He is a dim-witted dog with a penchant f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweep_(puppet) |
Clangers(usually referred to asThe Clangers)[2]is a Britishstop-motionanimatedchildren's television series, consisting of short films about a family ofmouse-likecreatures who live on, and inside, a small moon-like planet. They speak only in awhistled language, and eat green soup (supplied by the Soup Dragon) and blue s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clangers |
Sibilants(fromLatin:sibilans'hissing') arefricativeconsonants of higheramplitudeandpitch, made bydirectinga stream of air with the tongue towards theteeth.[1]Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of theEnglishwordssip,zip,ship, andgenre. The symbols in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetused to denot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistled_fricative |
This article is a list of things named afterAndrey Markov, an influential Russian mathematician. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Andrey_Markov |
Inmathematical analysis, theChebyshev–Markov–Stieltjesinequalitiesare inequalities related to theproblem of momentsthat were formulated in the 1880s byPafnuty Chebyshevand proved independently byAndrey Markovand (somewhat later) byThomas Jan Stieltjes.[1]Informally, they provide sharp bounds on ameasurefrom above and f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%E2%80%93Markov%E2%80%93Stieltjes_inequalities |
Gauss–Markov stochastic processes(named afterCarl Friedrich GaussandAndrey Markov) arestochastic processesthat satisfy the requirements for bothGaussian processesandMarkov processes.[1][2]A stationary Gauss–Markov process is unique[citation needed]up to rescaling; such a process is also known as anOrnstein–Uhlenbeck pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Markov_process |
Instatisticsandmachine learning, when one wants to infer a random variable with a set of variables, usually a subset is enough, and other variables are useless. Such a subset that contains all the useful information is called aMarkov blanket. If a Markov blanket is minimal, meaning that it cannot drop any variable with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_blanket |
Markov decision process(MDP), also called astochastic dynamic programor stochastic control problem, is a model forsequential decision makingwhenoutcomesare uncertain.[1]
Originating fromoperations researchin the 1950s,[2][3]MDPs have since gained recognition in a variety of fields, includingecology,economics,healthcar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process |
Inprobability theory,Markov's inequalitygives anupper boundon theprobabilitythat anon-negativerandom variableis greater than or equal to some positiveconstant. Markov's inequality is tight in the sense that for each chosen positive constant, there exists a random variable such that the inequality is in fact an equality... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%27s_inequality |
Inmathematics, theMarkov brothers' inequalityis aninequality,provedin the 1890s by brothersAndrey MarkovandVladimir Markov, two Russian mathematicians. This inequalityboundsthe maximum of thederivativesof apolynomialon anintervalin terms of the maximum of the polynomial.[1]Fork= 1 it was proved by Andrey Markov,[2]and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_brothers%27_inequality |
Inmathematics, aMarkov information source, or simply, aMarkov source, is aninformation sourcewhose underlying dynamics are given by a stationary finiteMarkov chain.
Aninformation sourceis a sequence ofrandom variablesranging over a finite alphabetΓ{\displaystyle \Gamma }, having astationary distribution.
A Markov inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_information_source |
In the domain ofphysicsandprobability, aMarkov random field(MRF),Markov networkorundirectedgraphical modelis a set ofrandom variableshaving aMarkov propertydescribed by anundirected graph. In other words, arandom fieldis said to be aMarkovrandom field if it satisfies Markov properties. The concept originates from theSh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_random_field |
AMarkov numberorMarkoff numberis a positiveintegerx,yorzthat is part of a solution to the MarkovDiophantine equation
studied byAndrey Markoff(1879,1880).
The first few Markov numbers are
appearing as coordinates of the Markov triples
There are infinitely many Markov numbers and Markov triples.
There are two simple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_number |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, the termMarkov propertyrefers to thememorylessproperty of astochastic process, which means that its future evolution is independent of its history. It is named after theRussianmathematicianAndrey Markov. The termstrong Markov propertyis similar to the Markov property, except that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_property |
In probability theory and statistics, aMarkov chainorMarkov processis astochastic processdescribing asequenceof possible events in which theprobabilityof each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. Informally, this may be thought of as, "What happens next depends only on the state of affairsnow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_process |
In mathematics, astochastic matrixis asquare matrixused to describe the transitions of aMarkov chain. Each of its entries is anonnegativereal numberrepresenting aprobability.[1][2]: 10It is also called aprobability matrix,transition matrix,substitution matrix, orMarkov matrix. The stochastic matrix was first developed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_matrix |
Subjunctive possibility(also calledalethicpossibility) is a form of modality studied inmodal logic. Subjunctive possibilities are the sorts of possibilities considered when conceivingcounterfactualsituations; subjunctive modalities are modalities that bear on whether a statementmight have beenorcould betrue—such asmigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_possibility |
Credibility theoryis a branch ofactuarial mathematicsconcerned with determiningrisk premiums.[1]To achieve this, it uses mathematical models in an effort to forecast the (expected) number of insurance claims based on past observations. Technically speaking, the problem is to find the best linear approximation to the me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credibility_theory |
Epistemologyis the branch ofphilosophythat examines the nature, origin, and limits ofknowledge. Also called "thetheory of knowledge", it explores different types of knowledge, such aspropositional knowledgeabout facts,practical knowledgein the form of skills, andknowledge by acquaintanceas a familiarity through experie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology |
Thefree energy principleis a mathematical principle of information physics. Its application to fMRI brain imaging data as a theoretical framework suggests that the brain reducessurpriseoruncertaintyby making predictions based oninternal modelsand usessensory inputto update its models so as to improve theaccuracy of its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy_principle |
Inductive probabilityattempts to give theprobabilityof future events based on past events. It is the basis forinductive reasoning, and gives the mathematical basis forlearningand the perception of patterns. It is a source ofknowledgeabout the world.
There are three sources of knowledge:inference, communication, and de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_probability |
Information field theory(IFT) is aBayesianstatistical field theoryrelating tosignal reconstruction,cosmography, and other related areas.[1][2]IFT summarizes the information available on aphysical fieldusingBayesian probabilities. It uses computational techniques developed forquantum field theoryandstatistical field the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_field_theory |
Probabilistic programming(PP) is aprogramming paradigmbased on the declarative specification ofprobabilistic models, for which inference is performed automatically.[1]Probabilistic programming attempts to unify probabilistic modeling and traditional general purpose programming in order to make the former easier and mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
Thislist ofstatisticianslists people who have made notable contributions to the theories or application ofstatistics, or to the related fields ofprobabilityormachine learning. It includes thefounders of statisticsand others. It includes some 17th- and 18th-centurymathematiciansandpolymathswhose work is regarded as infl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians |
TheHammersley–Clifford theoremis a result inprobability theory,mathematical statisticsandstatistical mechanicsthat gives necessary and sufficient conditions under which a strictly positiveprobability distributioncan be represented as events generated by aMarkov network(also known as aMarkov random field). It is thefund... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersley%E2%80%93Clifford_theorem |
Instatistics, amaximum-entropy Markov model(MEMM), orconditional Markov model(CMM), is agraphical modelforsequence labelingthat combines features ofhidden Markov models(HMMs) andmaximum entropy(MaxEnt) models. An MEMM is adiscriminative modelthat extends a standardmaximum entropy classifierby assuming that the unknown ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_Markov_model |
Instatistics, theGauss–Markov theorem(or simplyGauss theoremfor some authors)[1]states that theordinary least squares(OLS) estimator has the lowestsampling variancewithin theclassoflinearunbiasedestimators, if theerrorsin thelinear regression modelareuncorrelated, haveequal variancesand expectation value of zero.[2]The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_linear_unbiased_estimator |
Instatistics,completenessis a property of astatisticcomputed on asample datasetin relation to a parametric model of the dataset. It is opposed to the concept of anancillary statistic. While an ancillary statistic contains no information about the model parameters, a complete statistic contains only information about th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(statistics) |
Detection theoryorsignal detection theoryis a means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns (calledstimulusin living organisms,signalin machines) and random patterns that distract from the information (callednoise, consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_theory |
In statistics,efficiencyis a measure of quality of anestimator, of an experimental design,[1]or of ahypothesis testingprocedure.[2]Essentially, a more efficient estimator needs fewer input data or observations than a less efficient one to achieve theCramér–Rao bound.
Anefficient estimatoris characterized by having the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics) |
Insignal processing, the output of thematched filteris given bycorrelatinga known delayedsignal, ortemplate, with an unknown signal to detect the presence of the template in the unknown signal.[1][2]This is equivalent toconvolvingthe unknown signal with aconjugatedtime-reversed version of the template. The matched filt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matched_filter |
Maximum entropy spectral estimationis a method ofspectral density estimation. The goal is to improve thespectralquality based on theprinciple of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whoseautocorrelationfunction agrees wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_spectral_estimation |
Instatistics, anuisance parameteris anyparameterwhich is unspecified[1]but which must be accounted for in the hypothesis testing of the parameters which are of interest.
The classic example of a nuisance parameter comes from thenormal distribution, a member of thelocation–scale family. For at least one normal distribu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance_parameter |
Inmathematics, aparametric equationexpresses several quantities, such as thecoordinatesof apoint, asfunctionsof one or severalvariablescalledparameters.[1]
In the case of a single parameter, parametric equations are commonly used to express thetrajectoryof a moving point, in which case, the parameter is often, but not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_equation |
Instatistical analysis, therule of threestates that if a certain event did not occur in a sample withnsubjects, the interval from 0 to 3/nis a 95%confidence intervalfor the rate of occurrences in thepopulation. Whennis greater than 30, this is a good approximation of results from more sensitive tests. For example, a pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(statistics) |
Incontrol theory, astate observer,state estimator, orLuenberger observeris a system that provides anestimateof theinternal stateof a given real system, from measurements of theinputand output of the real system. It is typically computer-implemented, and provides the basis of many practical applications.
Knowing the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_estimator |
Signal processingis anelectrical engineeringsubfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizingsignals, such assound,images,potential fields,seismic signals,altimetry processing, andscientific measurements.[1]Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions,digital storageefficiency, correctin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_signal_processing |
Instatistics,sufficiencyis a property of astatisticcomputed on asample datasetin relation to a parametric model of the dataset. A sufficient statistic contains all of the information that the dataset provides about the model parameters. It is closely related to the concepts of anancillary statisticwhich contains no inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufficiency_(statistics) |
Thislist of sequence alignment softwareis a compilation of software tools and web portals used in pairwisesequence alignmentandmultiple sequence alignment. Seestructural alignment softwareforstructural alignmentof proteins.
*Sequence type:protein or nucleotide
*Sequence type:protein or nucleotide **Alignment type:loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment_software |
Protein structure predictionis the inference of the three-dimensional structure of aproteinfrom itsamino acidsequence—that is, the prediction of itssecondaryandtertiary structurefromprimary structure. Structure prediction is different from the inverse problem ofprotein design.
Protein structure prediction is one of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction |
Aposition weight matrix (PWM), also known as aposition-specific weight matrix (PSWM)orposition-specific scoring matrix (PSSM), is a commonly used representation ofmotifs(patterns) in biological sequences.
PWMs are often derived from a set of aligned sequences that are thought to be functionally related and have become... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-specific_scoring_matrix |
Multiple sequence alignment(MSA) is the process or the result ofsequence alignmentof three or morebiological sequences, generallyprotein,DNA, orRNA. These alignments are used to inferevolutionaryrelationships viaphylogeneticanalysis and can highlighthomologousfeatures between sequences. Alignments highlightmutationeven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment |
Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction(CASP), sometimes calledCritical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction, is a community-wide, worldwide experiment forprotein structure predictiontaking place every two years since 1994.[1][2]CASP provides research groups with an opportunity to objectively test their struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASP |
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