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Inbioinformatics,BLAST(basic local alignment search tool)[3]is analgorithmand program for comparingprimarybiological sequence information, such as theamino-acidsequences ofproteinsor thenucleotidesofDNAand/orRNAsequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to compare a subject protein or nucleotide sequence (called a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology) |
CS-BLAST[1][2][3](Context-Specific BLAST) is a tool that searches aproteinsequence that extendsBLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool),[4]using context-specific mutation probabilities. More specifically, CS-BLAST derives context-specificamino-acidsimilarities on each query sequence from short windows on the query seq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-BLAST |
Pfamis a database ofprotein familiesthat includes their annotations andmultiple sequence alignmentsgenerated usinghidden Markov models.[1][2][3]The latest version of Pfam, 37.0, was released in June 2024 and contains 21,979 families.[4]It is currently provided throughInterProwebsite.
The general purpose of the Pfam da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam |
UGENEis computersoftwareforbioinformatics.[1][2]It helps biologists to analyze variousbiologicalgeneticsdata, such assequences, annotations,multiple alignments,phylogenetic trees,NGS assemblies, and others. UGENE integrates dozens of well-known biological tools, algorithms, and original tools in the context ofgenomics,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGENE |
Markov renewal processesare a class ofrandom processesin probability and statistics that generalize the class ofMarkovjump processes. Other classes of random processes, such asMarkov chainsandPoisson processes, can be derived as special cases among the class of Markov renewal processes, while Markov renewal processes a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_renewal_process |
Hierarchical temporal memory(HTM) is a biologically constrainedmachine intelligencetechnology developed byNumenta. Originally described in the 2004 bookOn IntelligencebyJeff HawkinswithSandra Blakeslee, HTM is primarily used today foranomaly detectionin streaming data. The technology is based onneuroscienceand thephysi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_temporal_memory |
Inmathematics, the concept ofgraph dynamical systemscan be used to capture a wide range of processes taking place on graphs or networks. A major theme in the mathematical and computational analysis of GDSs is to relate their structural properties (e.g. the network connectivity) and the global dynamics that result.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_dynamical_system |
ABoolean networkconsists of a discrete set ofBoolean variableseach of which has aBoolean function(possibly different for each variable) assigned to it which takes inputs from a subset of those variables and output that determines the state of the variable it is assigned to. This set of functions in effect determines a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_network |
Agene(orgenetic)regulatory network(GRN) is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern thegene expressionlevels ofmRNAand proteins which, in turn, determine the function of the cell. GRN also play a central role inmorphogenesis, the creation of body... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network |
Adynamic Bayesian network(DBN) is aBayesian network(BN) which relates variables to each other over adjacent time steps.
A dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is often called a "two-timeslice" BN (2TBN) because it says that at any point in time T, the value of a variable can be calculated from the internal regressors and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Bayesian_network |
In thenatural sciences, especially inatmosphericandEarth sciencesinvolvingapplied statistics, ananomalyis a persistingdeviationin aphysical quantityfrom its expected value, e.g., thesystematicdifference between a measurement and a trend or a model prediction.[1]Similarly, astandardized anomalyequals an anomaly divided ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_time_series |
Achirpis asignalin which thefrequencyincreases (up-chirp) or decreases (down-chirp) with time. In some sources, the termchirpis used interchangeably withsweep signal.[1]It is commonly applied tosonar,radar, andlasersystems, and to other applications, such as inspread-spectrumcommunications (seechirp spread spectrum). T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp |
Thedecomposition of time seriesis astatisticaltask that deconstructs atime seriesinto several components, each representing one of the underlying categories of patterns.[1]There are two principal types of decomposition, which are outlined below.
This is an important technique for all types oftime series analysis, espe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_of_time_series |
Instochastic processes,chaos theoryandtime series analysis,detrended fluctuation analysis(DFA) is a method for determining the statisticalself-affinityof a signal. It is useful for analysingtime seriesthat appear to belong-memoryprocesses (divergingcorrelation time, e.g. power-law decayingautocorrelation function) or1/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrended_fluctuation_analysis |
Instatisticsandeconometrics, adistributed lag modelis a model fortime seriesdata in which aregressionequation is used to predict current values of adependent variablebased on both the current values of anexplanatory variableand the lagged (past period) values of this explanatory variable.[1][2]
The starting point for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_lag |
Insignal processing, the power spectrumSxx(f){\displaystyle S_{xx}(f)}of acontinuous timesignalx(t){\displaystyle x(t)}describes the distribution ofpowerinto frequency componentsf{\displaystyle f}composing that signal.[1]According toFourier analysis, any physical signal can be decomposed into a number of discrete frequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrum |
TheHurst exponentis used as a measure oflong-term memoryoftime series. It relates to theautocorrelationsof the time series, and the rate at which these decrease as the lag between pairs of values increases. Studies involving the Hurst exponent were originally developed inhydrologyfor the practical matter of determining... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurst_exponent |
Monte Carlo methods, orMonte Carlo experiments, are a broad class ofcomputationalalgorithmsthat rely onrepeatedrandom samplingto obtain numerical results. The underlying concept is to userandomnessto solve problems that might bedeterministicin principle. The name comes from theMonte Carlo Casinoin Monaco, where the pri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method |
Panel(data)analysisis a statistical method, widely used insocial science,epidemiology, andeconometricsto analyze two-dimensional (typically cross sectional and longitudinal)panel data.[1]The data are usually collected over time and over the same individuals and then aregressionis run over these two dimensions.Multidime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_analysis |
Instatistics,scaled correlationis a form of a coefficient ofcorrelationapplicable to data that have a temporal component such astime series. It is the average short-term correlation. If the signals have multiple components (slow and fast), scaled coefficient of correlation can be computed only for the fast components o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled_correlation |
Seasonal adjustmentordeseasonalizationis astatisticalmethod for removing theseasonal componentof atime series. It is usually done when wanting to analyse the trend, and cyclical deviations from trend, of a time series independently of the seasonal components. Many economic phenomena have seasonal cycles, such asagricul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_adjustment |
Inbioinformatics,sequence analysisis the process of subjecting aDNA,RNAorpeptide sequenceto any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. It can be performed on the entire genome, transcriptome or proteome of an organism, and can also involve only selected segm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_analysis |
Signal processingis anelectrical engineeringsubfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizingsignals, such assound,images,potential fields,seismic signals,altimetry processing, andscientific measurements.[1]Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions,digital storageefficiency, correctin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing |
Atime series databaseis a software system that is optimized for storing and servingtime seriesthrough associated pairs of time(s) and value(s).[1]In some fields,time seriesmay be called profiles, curves, traces or trends.[2]Several early time series databases are associated with industrial applications which could effi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series_database |
Instatistics,signal processing, andeconometrics, anunevenly(orunequallyorirregularly)spaced time seriesis a sequence of observation time and value pairs (tn, Xn) in which the spacing of observation times is not constant.
Unevenly spacedtime seriesnaturally occur in many industrial and scientific domains:natural disast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unevenly_spaced_time_series |
Stochastic chains with memory of variable lengthare a family ofstochastic chainsof finite order in a finite alphabet, such as, for every time pass, only one finite suffix of the past, called context, is necessary to predict the next symbol. These models were introduced in the information theory literature byJorma Rissa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_chains_with_memory_of_variable_length |
This article contains examples ofMarkov chainsand Markov processes in action.
All examples are in the countablestate space. For an overview of Markov chains in general state space, seeMarkov chains on a measurable state space.
A game ofsnakes and laddersor any other game whose moves are determined entirely bydiceis a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples_of_Markov_chains |
Variable-order Bayesian network (VOBN)models provide an important extension of both theBayesian networkmodels and thevariable-order Markov models. VOBN models are used inmachine learningin general and have shown great potential inbioinformaticsapplications.[1][2]These models extend the widely usedposition weight matrix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_order_Bayesian_network |
Markov renewal processesare a class ofrandom processesin probability and statistics that generalize the class ofMarkovjump processes. Other classes of random processes, such asMarkov chainsandPoisson processes, can be derived as special cases among the class of Markov renewal processes, while Markov renewal processes a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Markov_process |
Artificial intelligence(AI) refers to the capability ofcomputational systemsto perform tasks typically associated withhuman intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is afield of researchincomputer sciencethat develops and studies methods andsoftwarethat enable mach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence |
The Art of Grammar(Greek:Τέχνη Γραμματική- or romanized, Téchnē Grammatikḗ) is a treatise onGreekgrammar, attributed toDionysius Thrax, who wrote in the 2nd century BC.
It is the first work on grammar in Greek, and also the first concerning a Western language.[citation needed]It sought mainly to help speakers ofKoine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Grammar |
Linguistic prescription[a]is the establishment of rules defining publicly preferredusageoflanguage,[1][2]including rules ofspelling,pronunciation,vocabulary,grammar, etc. Linguistic prescriptivism may aim to establish astandard language, teach what a particular society or sector of a society perceives as a correct or p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription |
Apedagogical grammaris a modern approach inlinguisticsintended to aid in teaching an additional language.
This method of teaching is divided into the descriptive: grammatical analysis, and the prescriptive: the articulation of a set of rules. Following an analysis of the context in which it is to be used, one grammati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogical_grammar |
Aregular verbis anyverbwhoseconjugationfollows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called anirregular verb. This is one instance of the distinction betweenregular and irregular inflection, which can also apply ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs |
Asentence diagramis a pictorial representation of thegrammaticalstructure of asentence. The term "sentence diagram" is used more whenteachingwritten language, where sentences arediagrammed. The model shows the relations between words and the nature of sentence structure and can be used as a tool to help recognize which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_diagram |
Modern standardEnglishhas variousverbforms, including:
They can be used to expresstense(time reference),aspect,mood,modalityandvoice, in various configurations.
For details of how inflected forms of verbs are produced in English, seeEnglish verbs. For the grammatical structure of clauses, including word order, seeEng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms |
Insociolinguistics,hypercorrectionis thenonstandarduse of languagethat results from the overapplication of a perceived rule oflanguage-usage prescription. A speaker or writer who produces a hypercorrection generally believes through a misunderstanding of such rules that the form or phrase they use is more "correct",sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercorrection |
Inlogicandformal semantics,term logic, also known astraditional logic,syllogistic logicorAristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach toformal logicthat began withAristotleand was developed further inancient historymostly by his followers, thePeripatetics. It was revived after the third century CE byPorphyry'sIs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_logic |
ThegrammarofAmerican Sign Language(ASL) has rules just like any othersign languageor spoken language. ASL grammar studies date back toWilliam Stokoein the 1960s.[1][2]This sign language consists of parameters that determine many other grammar rules. Typical word structure in ASL conforms to theSVO/OSVand topic-comment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar |
Southern Athabascan(alsoApachean,Southern Athabaskan) is a subfamily ofAthabaskan languagesspoken in the North American Southwest. Refer toSouthern Athabascan languagesfor the main article.
Typologically, Southern Athabaskan languages are mostlyfusional,polysynthetic,nominative–accusativehead-markinglanguages. These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Athabascan_grammar#Classificatory_verbs |
Inlinguistics, anoun classis a particularcategoryofnouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of itsreferent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", but other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_class |
Ananalytic languageis a type ofnatural languagein which a series of root/stem words is accompanied byprepositions,postpositions,particlesandmodifiers, usingaffixesvery rarely. This is opposed tosynthetic languages, which synthesize many concepts into a single word, using affixes regularly.
Syntacticroles are assigned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_language |
Determiner, also calleddeterminative(abbreviatedDET), is a term used in some models of grammatical description to describe a word or affix belonging to a class of noun modifiers. A determiner combines with anounto express itsreference.[1][2]Examples in English includearticles(theanda/an),demonstratives(this,that),posse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics) |
Kenneth Jon Barwise(/ˈbɑːrwaɪz/; June 29, 1942 – March 5, 2000)[1]was an Americanmathematician,philosopherandlogicianwho proposed some fundamental revisions to the way thatlogicis understood and used.
He was born inIndependence, Missouri, to Kenneth T. and Evelyn Barwise.
A pupil ofSolomon FefermanatStanford Universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Barwise |
Universal grammar(UG), in modernlinguistics, is the theory of the innate biological component of thelanguage faculty, usually credited toNoam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that there areinnateconstraints on what the grammar of a possible human language could be. When linguistic stimuli are received in the cours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_grammar |
Inlinguistics,grammaris the set of rules for how anatural languageis structured, as demonstrated by its speakers orwriters. Grammar rules may concern the use ofclauses,phrases, andwords. The term may also refer to the study of such rules, a subject that includesphonology,morphology, andsyntax, together withphonetics,se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar |
Inlinguistics, adeterminer phrase(DP) is a type ofphraseheaded by adeterminersuch asmany.[1]Controversially, many approaches take a phrase likenot very many applesto be a DP,headed, in this case, by the determinermany. This is called the DP analysis or the DP hypothesis. Others reject this analysis in favor of the more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_phrase |
This is alist ofEnglish determiners.
All cardinal numerals are also included.[1]: 385
Any genitive noun phrase such asthe cat's,the cats',Geoff's, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_determiners |
TheEnglishpronounsform a relatively smallcategory of wordsinModern Englishwhose primarysemanticfunction is that of apro-formfor anoun phrase.[1]Traditional grammarsconsider them to be a distinct part of speech, while mostmodern grammarssee them as a subcategory ofnoun, contrasting withcommon and proper nouns.[2]: 22Sti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronouns |
Ingrammar, anoun adjunct,attributive noun,qualifying noun,noun(pre)modifier, orapposite nounis an optionalnounthatmodifiesanother noun; functioning similarly to anadjective, it is, more specifically, a noun functioning as a pre-modifier in anoun phrase. For example, in the phrase "chicken soup" the nounadjunct"chicken"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_adjunct |
Incomputer science, anabstract semanticgraph(ASG) orterm graphis a form ofabstract syntaxin which anexpressionof aformalorprogramming languageis represented by agraphwhose vertices are the expression'ssubterms. An ASG is at a higherlevel of abstractionthan anabstract syntax tree(or AST), which is used to express thesyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_semantic_graph |
CmapToolsisconcept mappingsoftware developed by theFlorida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition(IHMC).[1]It allows users to easily create graphical nodes representing concepts, and to connect nodes using lines and linking words to form anetwork of interrelated propositionsthat represent knowledge of a topic.[2]The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CmapTools |
Incomputer science, aknowledge base(KB) is a set of sentences, each sentence given in aknowledge representation language, withinterfacesto tell new sentences and to ask questions about what is known, where either of these interfaces might useinference.[1]It is a technology used tostorecomplexstructured dataused by acom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base |
Graph drawingis an area ofmathematicsandcomputer sciencecombining methods fromgeometric graph theoryandinformation visualizationto derive two-dimensional depictions ofgraphsarising from applications such associal network analysis,cartography,linguistics, andbioinformatics.[1]
A drawing of a graph ornetwork diagramis a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_diagram |
Therepertory gridis an interviewing technique which usesnonparametricfactor analysisto determine anidiographicmeasure of personality.[1][2]It was devised byGeorge Kellyin around 1955 and is based on hispersonal construct theoryofpersonality.[3]
The repertory grid is a technique for identifying the ways that a person c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertory_grid |
Asemantic lexiconis a digitaldictionaryofwordslabeled withsemanticclasses so associations can be drawn between words that have not previously been encountered.[1]Semantic lexicons are built uponsemantic networks, which represent the semantic relations between words. The difference between a semantic lexicon and a seman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_lexicon |
Semantic neural network(SNN) is based onJohn von Neumann's neural network [von Neumann, 1966] andNikolai AmosovM-Network.[1][2]There are limitations to a link topology for the von Neumann’s network but SNN accept a case without these limitations. Onlylogical valuescan be processed, but SNN accept that fuzzy values can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_neural_network |
SemEval(SemanticEvaluation) is an ongoing series of evaluations ofcomputational semantic analysissystems; it evolved from theSensevalword senseevaluation series. The evaluations are intended to explore the nature ofmeaningin language. While meaning is intuitive to humans, transferring those intuitions to computational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SemEval |
Semantic analysis (computational)withinapplied linguisticsandcomputer science, is a composite ofsemantic analysisand computational components.Semantic analysisrefers to a formal analysis of meaning,[1]andcomputationalrefers to approaches that in principle support effective implementation in digital computers.[2]
Thisc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(computational) |
Taxonomyis a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation of things to the classes (classification).
Originally, taxonomy referred only to theclassification of organismson t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(general) |
TheUnified Medical Language System(UMLS) is acompendiumof manycontrolled vocabulariesin thebiomedicalsciences (created 1986).[1]It provides a mapping structure among these vocabularies and thus allows one to translate among the various terminology systems; it may also be viewed as a comprehensivethesaurusandontologyof ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Medical_Language_System |
Artificial intelligence detection softwareaims to determine whether somecontent(text, image, video or audio) wasgeneratedusingartificial intelligence(AI).
However, the reliability of such software is a topic of debate,[1]and there are concerns about the potential misapplication of AI detection software by educators.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_content_detection |
In the design of moderncomputers,memory geometrydescribes the internal structure ofrandom-access memory. Memory geometry is of concern to consumers upgrading their computers, since older memory controllers may not be compatible with later products. Memory geometry terminology can be confusing because of the number of o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_geometry |
Memory organization is an aspect of computer architecture that is concerned with the storage and transfer of data and programs.[1]
There are several ways to organisememorieswith respect to the way they are connected to thecache:
The memory is onewordwide and connected via a one-word-widebusto the cache.
The memory i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_organization |
Aprocessor registeris a quickly accessible location available to a computer'sprocessor.[1]Registers usually consist of a small amount of faststorage, although some registers have specific hardware functions, and may be read-only or write-only. Incomputer architecture, registers are typically addressed by mechanisms oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register |
Universal memoryrefers to acomputer data storagedevice combining the cost benefits ofDRAM, the speed ofSRAM, the non-volatility offlash memoryalong with infinite durability, and longevity. Such a device, if it ever becomes possible to develop, would have a far-reaching impact on the computer market. Some[1]doubt that s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_memory |
Ininformation science,authority controlis a process that organizes information, for example inlibrary catalogs,[1][2][3]by using a single, distinct spelling of a name (heading) or an identifier (generallypersistentandalphanumeric) for each topic or concept. The wordauthorityinauthority controlderives from the idea that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_control |
Adefining vocabularyis a list of words used by lexicographers to write dictionary definitions. The underlying principle goes back toSamuel Johnson's notion that words should be defined using 'terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained',[1]and a defining vocabulary provides the lexicographer with a restricte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining_vocabulary |
IMS Vocabulary Definition Exchange(IMS VDEX) is a mark-up language or grammar forcontrolled vocabulariesdeveloped by IMS Global as an open specification, with the Final Specification being approved in February 2004.
IMS VDEX allows the exchange and expression of simple machine-readable lists of human language terms, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS_VDEX |
Named-entity recognition(NER) (also known as(named)entity identification,entity chunking, andentity extraction) is a subtask ofinformation extractionthat seeks to locate and classifynamed entitiesmentioned inunstructured textinto pre-defined categories such as person names, organizations, locations,medical codes, time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named-entity_recognition |
Nomenclature(UK:/noʊˈmɛŋklətʃə,nə-/,US:/ˈnoʊmənkleɪtʃər/)[1][2]is asystemofnamesor terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences.[3](The theoretical field studying nomenclature is sometimes referred to asonymologyortaxonymy[4]). The principles of naming vary from the relatively i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature |
Ininformation science, anontologyencompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or alldomains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science) |
Terminologyis a group of specialized words and respective meanings in a particular field, and also the study of such terms and their use;[1]the latter meaning is also known asterminology science. Atermis a word,compound word, or multi-wordexpressionthat in specificcontextsis given specific meanings—these may deviate fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology |
TheUniversal Data Element Framework(UDEF) was[1]acontrolled vocabularydeveloped byThe Open Group. It provided a framework for categorizing, naming, and indexing data. It assigned to every item of data a structured alphanumeric tag plus a controlled vocabulary name that describes the meaning of the data. This allowed re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Data_Element_Framework |
Inmetadata, avocabulary-based transformation(VBT) is a transformation aided by the use of asemantic equivalencestatements within acontrolled vocabulary.
Many organizations today require communication between two or more computers. Although many standards exist to exchange data between computers such asHTMLoremail, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary-based_transformation |
TheEXtensible Cross-Linguistic Automatic Information Machine (EXCLAIM)was an integrated tool forcross-language information retrieval(CLIR), created at theUniversity of California, Santa Cruzin early 2006, with some support for more than a dozen languages. The lead developers were Justin Nuger and Jesse Saba Kirchner.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXCLAIM |
TheConference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum(formerlyCross-Language Evaluation Forum), orCLEF, is an organization promoting research in multilingualinformation access(currently focusing onEuropean languages). Its specific functions are to maintain an underlying framework for testinginformation retrievalsystems and to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEF |
Agent miningis a research field that combines two areas of computer science:multiagent systemsanddata mining. It explores how intelligent computer agents can work together to discover, analyze, and learn from large amounts of data more effectively than traditional methods.[1][2]
The interaction and the integration bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_mining |
Indata analysis,anomaly detection(also referred to asoutlier detectionand sometimes asnovelty detection) is generally understood to be the identification of rare items, events or observations which deviate significantly from the majority of the data and do not conform to a well defined notion of normal behavior.[1]Such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_detection |
Factor analysisis astatisticalmethod used to describevariabilityamong observed, correlatedvariablesin terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables calledfactors. For example, it is possible that variations in six observed variables mainly reflect the variations in two unobserved (underlying) variables. F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis |
Incomputer scienceandoperations research, agenetic algorithm(GA) is ametaheuristicinspired by the process ofnatural selectionthat belongs to the larger class ofevolutionary algorithms(EA).[1]Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions tooptimizationandsearch problemsvia biologically inspired... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithms |
InArtificial Intelligence,intention miningorintent miningis the problem of determining auser's intentionfromlogsof his/her behavior ininteractionwith a computer system, such as insearch engines, where there has been research onuser intentor query intent prediction since 2002 (see Section 7.2.3 in[1]); and commercial in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_mining |
Text mining,text data mining(TDM) ortext analyticsis the process of deriving high-qualityinformationfromtext. It involves "the discovery by computer of new, previously unknown information, by automatically extracting information from different written resources."[1]Written resources may includewebsites,books,emails,rev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_mining |
Inmathematics, atime seriesis a series ofdata pointsindexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is asequencetaken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence ofdiscrete-timedata. Examples of time series are heights of oceantides, counts ofsunspots, and the daily cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series_analysis |
Adatabase modelis a type ofdata modelthat determines the logical structure of adatabase. It fundamentally determines in which mannerdatacan be stored, organized and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is therelational model, which uses a table-based format.
Commonlogical data modelsfor databases ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model |
Data managementcomprises alldisciplinesrelated to handlingdataas a valuable resource, it is the practice of managing an organization's data so it can be analyzed fordecision making.[1]
The concept of data management emerged alongside the evolution of computing technology. In the 1950s, as computers became more preval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_maintenance |
Query by Example(QBE) is adatabasequery languageforrelational databases. It was devised byMoshé M. ZloofatIBM Researchduring the mid-1970s, in parallel to the development ofSQL.[1]It is the first graphical query language, using visual tables where the user would enter commands, example elements and conditions. Many gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_by_Example |
Browsingis a kind of orienting strategy. It is supposed to identify something ofrelevancefor the browsing organism. In context of humans, it is ametaphortaken from the animal kingdom. It is used, for example, about people browsing open shelves in libraries,window shopping, or browsing databases or the Internet.
Inlibr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browse |
TheFBI Seeking Terror Information listis the third major"wanted" listto have been created by theUnited States Department of Justice'sFederal Bureau of Investigationto be used as a primary tool for publicly identifying and tracking down suspectedterroristsoperating againstUnited Statesnationals at home and abroad. The f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Seeking_Information_%E2%80%93_War_on_Terrorism_list |
Information foragingis a theory that applies the ideas fromoptimal foraging theoryto understand how human users search for information. The theory is based on the assumption that, when searching for information, humans use "built-in" foraging mechanisms that evolved to help our animal ancestors find food. Importantly,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_foraging |
Onboardingororganizational socializationis the American term for the mechanism through which newemployeesacquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviors to become effective organizational members and insiders. In other than American English, such as in British and Australasian dialects, this is referred to as "i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onboarding |
Collaboration(fromLatincom-"with" +laborare"to labor", "to work") is the process of two or more people, entities ororganizationsworking together to complete a task or achieve a goal.[1]Collaboration is similar tocooperation. The form of leadership can be social within adecentralizedandegalitariangroup.[2]Teams that wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration |
Collaborative learningis a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together.[1]Unlike individual learning, people engaged in collaborative learning capitalize on one another's resources and skills (asking one another for information, evaluating one another's ideas, monitoring one anoth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_learning |
Collaborative softwareorgroupwareisapplication softwaredesigned to help people working on a common task to attain their goals. One of the earliest definitions of groupware is "intentional group processes plus software to support them."[1]
Regarding available interaction, collaborative software may be divided intoreal-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software |
Acollaborative working environment(CWE) supports people, such ase-professionals, in their individual and cooperative work. Research in CWE involves focusing on organizational, technical, and social issues.
Working practices in a collaborative working environment evolved from the traditional or geographical co-location... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_working_environment |
Acollaborative working environment(CWE) supports people, such ase-professionals, in their individual and cooperative work. Research in CWE involves focusing on organizational, technical, and social issues.
Working practices in a collaborative working environment evolved from the traditional or geographical co-location... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_working_system |
Computer-supported collaborationresearch focuses on technology that affects groups, organizations, communities and societies, e.g.,voice mailandtext chat. It grew fromcooperative workstudy of supporting people's work activities and working relationships. As net technology increasingly supported a wide range of recreati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-supported_collaboration |
Computer-supported collaborative learning(CSCL) is apedagogicalapproach wherein learning takes place via social interaction using a computer or through the Internet. This kind of learning is characterized by the sharing andconstruction of knowledgeamong participants using technology as their primary means of communicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-supported_collaborative_learning |
Anintegrated collaboration environment(ICE) is an environment in which avirtual teamdoes its work. Such environments allow companies to realize a number of competitive advantages by using their existing computers and network infrastructure for group and personal collaboration. These fully featured environments combine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_collaboration_environment |
Graphical perceptionis the human capacity forvisuallyinterpreting information ongraphs and charts. Both quantitative and qualitative information can be said to be encoded into the image, and the human capacity to interpret it is sometimes called decoding.[1]The importance of human graphical perception, what we discern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_perception |
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