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Human Geography is a branch of knowledge which *seeks to venture descriptions of and explanations for the uneven distribution of human activity across the surface of the earth.* Or to phrase it slightly differently, Human Geography *seeks to describe and explain variations from place to place in the ways in which human...
{ "Header 1": "**A Concise Introduction to Human Geography**", "Header 3": "What is Human Geography?", "token_count": 1256, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
A useful way to become more familiar with the five key themes in Human Geography is to apply them to particular places. Start with the place you call home and then – if different – the place you are currently studying in. How might you use the five key themes to make sense of the Human Geography of both places? In what...
{ "Header 1": "**A Concise Introduction to Human Geography**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 1.2:** Five Key Themes in Human Geography: The Case of London", "token_count": 581, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
flood defense systems introduced along the River Thames have to an extent mitigated these risks. *Movement*: London is a key node in large-scale flows of people, trade, culture, information, investment, and finance. London plays a command and control role in networks of global finance, connecting with other leading f...
{ "Header 1": "**A Concise Introduction to Human Geography**", "Header 3": "**Box 1.2** (*Continued*)", "token_count": 582, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Denis E Cosgrove was a British historical and cultural geographer. His core concern was with the history of Western ways of thinking about landscapes, regions, and places – and in later years the whole of planet earth. His musings focused initially upon cultures in early modern Europe (1450–1650 – his early work, for i...
{ "Header 1": "**A Concise Introduction to Human Geography**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 1.3:** Denis E Cosgrove's Plea for Historical Understanding", "token_count": 1268, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Standing proudly on the northern bank of the River Tagus in the city of Lisbon is the famous Portuguese Monument to the Discoveries (Plate 1.2). This monument commemorates Portugal's pioneering role in the European Age of Discovery; that period commencing in the fifteenth century when European explorers began to ventur...
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This book will be structured as follows. Chapter 2 will provide you with a brief history of Human Geography and will introduce you to the idea that Human Geography itself is a child of Western civilization and to this day remains a quintessential Western subject. Chapter 3 will examine key watersheds in human history t...
{ "Header 1": "**A Concise Introduction to Human Geography**", "Header 3": "How to Read This Book", "token_count": 1581, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The purpose of the book is to help you register, nourish, expand, and fortify your geographical imagination. The mission of Human Geography is to describe and explain the irregular distribution of human activity over the face of the earth (location), the variety of places which are emerging today (place), the ecologica...
{ "Header 1": "**A Concise Introduction to Human Geography**", "Header 3": "Conclusion", "token_count": 224, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Key ideas to take from this chapter include the following: - 1) Everyone has a geographical imagination, that is, a mental map of the different ways in which human beings have occupied the surface of the earth in different parts of the world. Becoming conscious of one's own geographical imagination is a prelude to st...
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The purpose of this chapter is to provide you with a brief history of Human Geography as a distinctive branch of knowledge. The story of Human Geography's genesis and mutation over time is an epic one. Reflecting the overarching framework that guides this book, we might say that the birth of Human Geography and the man...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "Introduction", "token_count": 347, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
It is common to speak today of Physical Geography and Human Geography as two distinctive specialisms. But it has to be remembered that both Physical Geography and Human Geography have their origins in the unified discipline of Geography. The date at which it was deemed necessary to break Geography into two streams, Phy...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "A Framework for Studying the History of Geography", "token_count": 1012, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Arguably, geographical understanding in one form or another pervaded all prior civilizations. But it was Greek scholars and thereafter scholars from the **Greco-Roman world** who first conceived the idea of "Geography" and who achieved the most impressive breakthroughs in geographical understanding. Greek scholarship r...
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Although in no way representative of the entire tradition, a sense of Greco-Roman Geography can be gleaned from the work of a number of its more famous alumni: *Eratosthenes* (circa 275–195 bce): Eratosthenes was a native of Cyrene, modern-day Libya, then part of the Greek empire. He is commonly credited with introdu...
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The European Enlightenment effectively gave life to the formal discipline of Geography. In the modern era Human Geography became, in its ideals and its mission, a quintessential European branch of knowledge. The early modern period begins in the fifteenth century with the Age of European exploration and Age of Reason, ...
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With the rise of the West came the Age of European exploration, when first Portuguese and then later other European pioneers, seafarers, and adventures began to develop new navigation skills, traverse the world, and "discover" and explore the lands of Latin America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the poles. In 1418, the Po...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "*Early modern period*", "token_count": 761, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
European exploration exposed the existence of different natural ecosystems and human cultures and laid down a challenge: why so? Of course, for most of human history human beings attributed differentiation across the face of planet earth to the maker of the earth: God. It was God who had created the earth and it was ...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "*Modern period*", "token_count": 1125, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The book *All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas* was first published in 1972 by US geographer Preston E James and updated in a fourth edition by the Association of American Geographers archivist Geoffrey J Martin in 2005 (Martin and James, 2005). This book presents a full account of the emergence of Geog...
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In the late modern period, confidence in the power of human reason to figure out the laws that governed nature and society began to ebb. Human reason it turned out was not as dependable as first considered. Great historical experiments conducted in the name of human reason often resulted in disastrous outcomes. Europe ...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "*Late modern period*", "token_count": 979, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
In his famous 1925 essay "The Morphology of Landscape," US geographer and leader of the Berkeley School of Geography Carl Sauer set out to define the field of Geography. According to Sauer, Geography was best thought of as the study of the cultural landscape (Sauer, 1925). In 1925, the doctrine of Environmental Deter...
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For over a century now a growing number of voices have sought to claim that Western civilization has passed its peak and is now in terminal decline. The audibility of these voices has risen to a crescendo in the last 40 years. The fall of the great European empires throughout the twentieth century is taken to be the cl...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "Human Geography in the Postmodern Era", "token_count": 444, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Postmodern Human Geography approaches the explanatory frameworks that modern Geography birthed with a degree of incredulity. It would simplify matters greatly were it possible to find a single overarching explanation for the varied ways in which human beings have inhabited the face of the earth. But experience instruct...
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We live today in a world of Big Data. At precisely the same moment that postmodern human geographers are concluding that the world is ultimately unknowable, Big Data is radically changing the ability of human geographers to make sense of the world and its workings. Like postmodern human geographers, human geographers w...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "*Human Geography and Big Data*", "token_count": 1488, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Geography has a long and complex premodern history, coming of age properly in the Greco-Roman period. But the subject as we know it today was effectively forged only in the modern era in conjunction with the rise of Western civilization from the fifteenth century. For much of the past 500 years, Geography has been esse...
{ "Header 1": "**Human Geography: A Brief History**", "Header 3": "Conclusion", "token_count": 373, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Key ideas to take from this chapter include the following: 1) There exist at least two ways to tell the story of the history of Human Geography: an internalist story and a contextualist story. This chapter adopts the latter. The rise of Western civilization was a pivotal moment in the emergence of Geography and there...
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By the end of this chapter you should be able to: - 1) reflect upon the idea that human history is the history of how one species emerged from, struggled with, secured victories over, and now to a certain extent lives free from limitations imposed by the natural environment; - 2) describe and comment upon Darwin's th...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "Chapter Learning Objectives", "token_count": 239, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Arguably, the rise, reign, and faltering of Western civilization has been the single most significant event to have occurred in world history in the past 500 years. But human history pre-dates the ascendance of the West and it is important to remind ourselves that many prior developments in human culture and civilizati...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "Introduction", "token_count": 465, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The HMS *Beagle* set sail from Plymouth, England, on December 27, 1831. Following a circumnavigation of the globe which incorporated visits to the Canary Islands, South America (and famously the Galapagos Islands), Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Azores, it returned to Falmouth, England, on October 2, 183...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "First Watershed: The Origins of the Human Species", "token_count": 685, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Darwin identified the "sole object" of the book to be a consideration, first, of whether humans, like other species, were descended from the animal world, second, if so, how humans evolved to reach their current stage of development, and finally, what significance might be attached to racial differences. The book was...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 3.1:** Charles R Darwin's (1871) *The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex*", "token_count": 745, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduc...
There remains debate over where human life first originated and when and how homo sapiens learned to move across and dwell in a range of different environments thereby populating the entire planet. The two most popular theories begin with the proposition that hominins first arose as a distinctive species in Central and...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "Second Watershed: First Migrations and the Peopling of the Planet", "token_count": 534, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Genetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (providing information on the maternal lineage of us all) and Y chromosomes (providing information on the paternal lineage of men) has allowed particular migration pathways in human history to be tracked. An explosion in public interest in population genetics and human migration ha...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 3.2:** The Explosion of Public Interest in Population Genetics and Human Migration", "token_count": 769, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-...
For most of their history humans have survived by adopting a hunter-gatherer mode of subsistence; foraging for food among wild plants and animals. Whilst often thought of as primitive, in fact hunter gatherers were skillful people who learned through bitter experience how to maximize the extraction of food from a given...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "Third Watershed: The Development of Human Culture and Invention of Settled Agriculture", "token_count": 644, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-....
In his book *Ancient Society; or, Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization*, published in 1877, US anthropologist Lewis H Morgan used the features of means of subsistence, forms of government, language (verbal and written), religion, house life and architecture, family f...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 3.3:** Lewis H Morgan's Seven Stages of Human Evolution", "token_count": 1500, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Where did the Neolithic Revolution first begin and how did it spread from these early hearths? In addressing this question, for a long time scholars relied on the speculations of US geographer Carl Sauer. Sauer's manuscript on the origins and dispersal of agriculture was based upon the famous Bowman Lectures he deliv...
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Since the Neolithic Revolution human history has witnessed the rise and fall of many civilizations. Of course, the idea of "civilization" is a slippery one and there exists no agreed definition of what might constitute a civilization. Studies of past civilizations tend to benchmark these civilizations according to how ...
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Environmental explanations emphasize the continuing importance of the natural environment in the sifting and sorting of winning and losing civilizations. Civilizations that dwell in more hospitable environments over the long run prosper when compared with counterparts that inhabit more extreme environments and/or envir...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "*Why do civilizations rise and fall?*", "token_count": 722, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
It is commonly believed that Ancient Egyptian civilization came to fruition around 3150 bce when its Upper and Lower societies were unified under the political control of the first Pharaoh or ruler of all Egypt (see Map 3.5). Egyptian civilization developed through three Kingdoms punctuated by three Intermediate Period...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 3.5:** The Role of the River Nile in the Rise of Ancient Egyptian Civilization", "token_count": 1272, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdf...
Environmental history and the history of watersheds in the development of human culture are not only of historical interest. In the book *Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years* US anthropologist and geographer Jared Diamond (1997) offers an environmental history explanation for t...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "Environmental History and the Rise of the West from the Tenth Century bce", "token_count": 1522, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
In an important sense, human history is the history of how one species emerged from, struggled with, secured victories over, and now to a certain extent lives free from limitations imposed by the natural environment. The species hominin emerged and secured its status in the natural order only following a long process...
{ "Header 1": "**Watersheds in Human History: Humanity's Triumph over Nature?**", "Header 3": "Conclusion", "token_count": 648, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Key ideas to take from this chapter include the following: - 1) Whilst human beings have used their intellects and creative faculties to invent technologies which have permitted them to exert a degree of control over the natural environment, it would be anthropocentric to presume that humans are now masters over natu...
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By the end of this chapter you should be able to: - 1) with reference to the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI), document the claim that our world is an unequal world but one that is in throes of a degree of rebalancing; - 2) define the Old International Division of Labor (OID...
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The rise and reign of the West from (at least) the fifteenth century has left in its wake a grossly unequal and socially differentiated world. For nearly five centuries countries in the **Global North** have industrialized, developed, and accumulated vast riches. During the same period countries in the **Global South**...
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The emergence and mutation of the world capitalist economy from the fifteenth century has deposited in its wake an unequal world but one which is in the throes of a degree of change. The United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) **Human Development Index (HDI)** provides one mechanism for mapping this inheritance a...
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Walt Whitman Rostow was a US political scientist who served as a national security advisor to US presidents John F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnson. He was an ardent supporter of US military intervention in Southeast Asia, including in Vietnam and Cambodia. He believed that such intervention was necessary to hold back the ...
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According to World-Systems Analysis and the idea of the OIDL, regions of the world can be clearly distinguished according to the role their industries play in the value chain. Regions with high-value-added activities are high-technology regions and are prosperous. These regions are core regions in the world capitalist ...
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For most of the twentieth century, up until the late 1960s and early 1970s, Western "core" countries continued to pull ahead of the rest. The economic growth of these countries was driven by new developments in industrial production processes and systems and the emergence, from 1945 to 1975, of social partnerships whic...
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Toward the late 1970s and early 1980s, scholars began to notice the development of a New International Division of Labor (NIDL). The NIDL, it was asserted, was systematically reworking the geography of the world economy laid down by the OIDL. Whilst the OIDL conceived of the world in terms of the role of different regi...
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In their 1984 book *The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity* US political economists Michael Piore and Charles Sabel set out to examine why some firms seemed to have thrived and prospered throughout the 1970s and early 1980s whilst others struggled to survive. Their eye was drawn to a region in Italy...
{ "Header 1": "**An Unequal but Changing World: Geographies of the World Capitalist Economy**", "Header 3": "*The post-Fordist economy*", "token_count": 849, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
US urban planner John Friedmann (1986) was the first scholar to propose the world city thesis. Friedmann argued that the contemporary character of Western cities cannot be understood outside the latest period of restructuring of the capitalist economy. More specifically, the fundamental process implicated in the shapin...
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Global management consultants AT Kearney and the Chicago Council on Urban Affairs have produced a Global Cities Index. This index ranks leading cities across the world across five domains (each carrying a different weight) and 25 measures: *Business activity*: headquarters of major global corporations; locations of t...
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Perhaps the most famous example of a post-Fordist high-technology industrial district or innovative regional cluster is Silicon Valley in California (Plate 4.2). Located in the San Francisco Bay area, Silicon Valley is a high-technology cluster or industrial district which has grown on the back of this region's preemin...
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The label "Tiger economies" has been applied to South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. As late as the 1960s, these four economies languished in the periphery of the OIDL. Across the past 50 years, however, they have witnessed a dramatic transformation, passing into the semi-periphery and then on into the core (...
{ "Header 1": "**An Unequal but Changing World: Geographies of the World Capitalist Economy**", "Header 3": "*The Tiger economies of Southeast Asia*", "token_count": 473, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
As the world's most famous hub for technological innovation, Silicon Valley, located in the Santa Clara Valley and centered upon the city of San Jose in California, is the envy of the world. Many countries have sought to copy and clone Silicon Valley and today there exists a variety of rival "Silicon Valleys," "Silicon...
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Notwithstanding the capacity of some peripheral areas to integrate into the global economy, there remain significant areas in the Global South that continue to languish in the ultra-periphery of the global economy. But these areas are not going entirely unsupported. Established in 1965, the United Nations Development P...
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The goals and targets comprise: - *Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger* - Target 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than \$1 a day. - Target 2. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. - *Goal 2 Achieve universal primary educati...
{ "Header 1": "**An Unequal but Changing World: Geographies of the World Capitalist Economy**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 4.5:** The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Millennium Development Goals 2000–2015", "token_count": 1065, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geograph...
Our world is marked by uneven geographical development but it is a restless world in which inherited patterns of uneven development (established by the Old International Division of Labor (OIDL) and comprising core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral regions) are being reworked and revised. The crisis of the global capita...
{ "Header 1": "**An Unequal but Changing World: Geographies of the World Capitalist Economy**", "Header 3": "Conclusion", "token_count": 493, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Key ideas to take from this chapter include the following: - 1) Our world is an unequal but changing world. The degree to which poorer countries in the Global South are catching up with rich countries in the Global North remains a matter of debate. - 2) Our unequal world was formed by the rise from the fifteenth cent...
{ "Header 1": "**An Unequal but Changing World: Geographies of the World Capitalist Economy**", "Header 3": "Checklist of Key Ideas", "token_count": 445, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
- World-Systems Analysis was first pioneered by Immanuel Wallerstein: - Wallerstein I (1974) *The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy* (Academic Press, London). - Wallerstein I (1980) *Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World Economy, 1600–1750* (Aca...
{ "Header 1": "**An Unequal but Changing World: Geographies of the World Capitalist Economy**", "Header 3": "Guidance for Further Reading", "token_count": 762, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
By the end of this chapter you should be able to: - 1) recognize that the ideas of the sovereign state, nations, and nation states are recent inventions, conjured and given life first in Europe between the middle of the seventeenth century and the end of the nineteenth century; - 2) define "multilevel governance"; ex...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "Chapter Learning Objectives", "token_count": 210, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Human beings are territorial creatures that dwell within particular places and imagine themselves to enjoy certain rights over what happens within those places. Indeed, by occupying particular areas over a certain time period they come to view these areas as belonging to them and believe that it is their right to defen...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "Introduction", "token_count": 255, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
We tend to take the political map of the world that presents itself today as a given. The world is divided into political units called countries. Unless the international community sees fit to intervene, the rulers of these countries enjoy sovereign authority to command as they please. It seems that it has been this wa...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "*The ideas of the sovereign state, nations, and nation states*", "token_count": 917, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Although the Irish nation likes to think of itself as a nation that has existed as long as time itself, in fact it is a relatively recent creation. The most potent narratives of the Irish nation were those created by Ireland's cultural nationalist movements. Cultural nationalism played an integral part in Ireland leavi...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 5.1:** The Invented Traditions of the Irish Nation", "token_count": 680, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
supremacy, and immune from any appreciation of the rights of other peoples. British rule is invariably traced back to the landing of Strongbow in 1169 ce and thus occupation is represented as occurring over an 800 year period. Among the more popular tales are the defeat of King James II by William of Orange III in 1690...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "**Box 5.1** (*Continued*)", "token_count": 825, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Given that it is merely a recent invention and has not been around since time itself, we might reasonably expect that at some point in the future the nation state too will be eclipsed by newer polities or ways of governing the world. Future generations might well look back on the idea of the nation state as something o...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "*The demise of the nation state and rise of a new era of multilevel governance*", "token_count": 1307, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pd...
Whilst all the time jostling for control of lands in Europe held by their European neighbors, from the middle of the fifteenth century European nation states steadily turned their attention to the colonization and annexation of lands further afield. Colonization and control of territory, especially lands rich in resour...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "*The rise and fall of European empires*", "token_count": 446, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
his famous Heartland thesis. This was followed with a fuller exposition of the Heartland thesis in 1919 in his book *Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction*. Mackinder conceived of the earth's surface as being organized into a number of broad regions (see Map 5.3). At the center was ...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "**Box 5.2** (*Continued*)", "token_count": 2043, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
In spite of its geographical proximity to Europe, and notwithstanding settlement in its coastal regions, Africa was the last continent to be substantially colonized by European nations. Among others, early Scottish, English, German, and French explorers such as James Bruce (1730–1794), Mungo Park (1771–1806), René-Augu...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "*The European colonial (mis)adventure in Africa*", "token_count": 1998, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The Arab Spring refers to a series of popular uprisings and revolutionary wars seeking to replace postcolonial despotic regimes (initially in Arab states in North Africa but then Arab states elsewhere) with regimes more reflective of the will of the people. It began in Tunisia in 2010, and has swept across Egypt, Libya...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "*The European colonial (mis)adventure in Africa*", "token_count": 292, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
After World War II, as European decolonization proceeded, world politics came to be structured around an ideological conflict between the Western world, led by the now dominant United States, and the Communist world, led by the Soviet Union (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR). The Bolshevik revolution in...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "*The Cold War*", "token_count": 682, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The Vietnam War (1955–1975) captures well the kinds of geopolitical struggles that developed during the Cold War period. The roots of US military intervention in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos lie in the rise and fall of the French colonial adventure in Indochina. In 1954, following a protracted war between France and i...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 5.3:** The Vietnam/Indochina War (1955–1975)", "token_count": 1073, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
As the West has expanded its influence across the world and many countries have embraced Western ways, it is pertinent to ask, where is the West today? This question has no easy answer. It is difficult to draw a clear boundary between the Western world and the non-Western world because some countries are only partially...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 5.4:** Where on Earth is the West Today? The OECD World as a Proxy for the West", "token_count": 393, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-in...
If optimists believed that the demise of the USSR marked the beginning of a new era of unrivaled supremacy for the West and world peace and stability they were to be quickly disappointed. In 1993, US political scientist Samuel P Huntington published a now famous article titled "The Clash of Civilizations" in the jour...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "*The clash of civilizations?*", "token_count": 1178, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Responsibility for prosecuting political and military leaders charged with serious abuse of office is increasingly falling upon International War Crimes Tribunals (IWCTs). The origins of these tribunals can be traced to the World War II Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946) and Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal (1946). During the Cold ...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 5.5:** Policing the World – The Politics of the International Criminal Court (ICC)", "token_count": 688, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise...
Meanwhile, the field of Critical Legal Studies (CLS), and in particular a branch of this field which has been titled Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), has sought to develop the counterclaim that international law is in fact a priori a profoundly European project and remains geared toward undergirding...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "**Box 5.5** (*Continued*)", "token_count": 714, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The nation state has enjoyed a relatively short but eventful life. Were it not for the rise of sovereign nation states in Europe from the sixteenth century onward, it is likely that the political map of the world we take for granted today would be significantly different. Through colonization and then later decolonizat...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "Conclusion", "token_count": 336, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Key ideas to take from this chapter include the following: - 1) As a distinctive type of polity, the nation state has enjoyed a very short but very colorful existence. Although often given ontological status – that is, treated as if it has always existed – the ideas of the sovereign state, nations, and nation states ...
{ "Header 1": "**The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires, and Geopolitics**", "Header 3": "Checklist of Key Ideas", "token_count": 674, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
When asked what he thought of the idea of Western civilization, India's great leader Mahatma Gandhi famously declared, "I think it would be a good idea"! Evangelists of the West like to tell their own story about the contributions of Western culture to the world. Western culture, they hold, is humankind's crowning ac...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "Introduction", "token_count": 284, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Although its roots are traceable to Greco-Roman civilization and the **Judeo-Christian** tradition, and although it was influenced by the fruits of the Islamic enlightenment from the ninth century to the thirteenth century ce and the Chinese enlightenment from the tenth century to the twelfth century ce, the rise of ...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "*A brief introduction to Western culture*", "token_count": 1012, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Evangelists of the West believe that the steady emergence and blossoming of Western culture announced a decisive new moment in human history. Some even argue that it was developments in culture that lay behind the West's ascendance. The rise of the West as an economic and political force was made possible only because ...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "*Ferguson's \"cultural\" explanation for the rise of the West*", "token_count": 1978, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
How might human geographers approach the study of Western culture? To address this question it is first necessary to examine how human geographers approach the study of culture itself. Although ultimately overly simplistic, it is customary to distinguish between two traditions of Cultural Geography: that which was ch...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "*New Cultural Geography and the myth that West is best*", "token_count": 1913, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Although treating culture as a social construction and not as a superorganism, cultural geographers remain fundamentally interested in expressions of culture in the landscape. And undoubtedly the West has sought to project its power in and through the cultural landscape. A central feature of Western society is its pref...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "*The West in the cultural landscape*", "token_count": 226, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Cultural geographers begin from the premise that there is nothing innocent or benign about Western culture's belief in its own omnipotence and destiny to dominate. The widespread propagation of this belief has played a significant role in enabling and justifying the West's march to the four corners of the world – osten...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "Civilizing Missions and Culture Wars: Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places", "token_count": 222, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.p...
British cultural and historical geographer Denis E Cosgrove's 1984 book *Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape*, British feminist geographer Gillian Rose's 1993 book *Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge*, and British-born and Canadian-resident political, historical, and cultural geographer De...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 6.1:** The West in the Cultural Landscape: Three Path-Breaking Books", "token_count": 627, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-p...
**Plate 6.1** A Palladian landscape in Venice, Italy. Source: © G.E. Kidder Smith/CORBIS. their property affirmed to the world their superiority over serfs and landless laborers. According to Rose, women were rarely included in landscape frames and when they were they were depicted as sexualized mistresses beholden t...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "**Box 6.1** (*Continued*)", "token_count": 2038, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Another example is the Victorian utopias which sought to build healthier and<br>better planned cities, with proper sanitation and access to clean water, green spaces,<br>fresh air, and public amenities. | **Figure 6.1** The Manuels' s...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "**Box 6.1** (*Continued*)", "token_count": 227, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
At the start of the twentieth century, American cities were in the throes of great expansion, carrying as they grew the hopes and aspirations of teeming masses of immigrants. Skyscrapers adorned the skyline of many cities, beckoning migrants to come join a modern society on the march to greatness. The DC Comics Batma...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 6.2:** Gotham City – A Powerful Image of Dystopia", "token_count": 1334, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The capacity of human beings to secure a sense of place is a defining quality of human existence. In *Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience* (Tuan, 1977), Chinese-born and US-resident geographer Yi Fu Tuan draws a distinction between spaces and places. Spaces can be thought of as impersonal and prefabricated b...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "*One-dimensional space: the West's identikit worlds*", "token_count": 554, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The idea that there exists a frontier between the civilized West and the unruly rest is a long-established one in the Western **geographical imagination**. The concept of the Pale was coined by English colonialists in Ireland. It was used to refer to that part of Ireland that was under the control of the English govern...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "*The Western frontier and places beyond the pale*", "token_count": 226, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
European colonization of countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand was made possible only by the violent dispossession by European peoples of lands held for millennia by indigenous, native, and First Nations peoples. Notwithstanding apologies for the actions of their forbears and gestures ...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 6.3:** The Indians of All Tribes (IAT) Occupation of Alcatraz Island, San Francisco (1969–1971)", "token_count": 1591, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geograp...
Published in 1961, Martinique-born and French-trained psychiatrist and anticolonial activist Franz Fanon's *The Wretched of the Earth* effectively became a bible for anticolonial liberation movements. The Caribbean Island of Martinique was effectively claimed as a French colony in 1815 and to this day remains one of ...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 6.4:** Frantz Fanon's (1961) *The Wretched of the Earth*", "token_count": 643, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf...
Fanon dismissed those who chose this second response (normally local middle-class natives who were given a minimal stake in colonial profits) and coined the term "Black skin, white masks" to underscore the extent of their confusion. Fanon did not believe in peaceful revolution. He argued that colonized peoples needed...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "**Box 6.4** (*Continued*)", "token_count": 594, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Evangelists of the West believe that the West's superior culture, and in particular its key cultural institutions, played a significant role in the rise of Western civilization as a global economic and imperial power from the fifteenth century. But the mantra of "West is best" has been met with resistance and has been ...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "Conclusion", "token_count": 239, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
Key ideas to take from this chapter include the following: - 1) An amalgam of cultural inheritances and borrowings, Western culture emerged first in Europe around the fifteenth century. Based upon Enlightenment ideals, at the core of Western culture is a profound faith in human reason and the belief that by harnessin...
{ "Header 1": "**The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and Unruly Places**", "Header 3": "Checklist of Key Ideas", "token_count": 434, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
For most of its history the population of the human species has remained stationary and when it has grown its growth has been almost infinitesimal (Figure 7.1). Around 70,000 bp no more than an estimated 15,000 human beings lived on earth. As late as 12,000bp, on the eve of the Neolithic Revolution, no more than an est...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "Introduction", "token_count": 428, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The Demographic Transition Model was first introduced by US demographer Frank Wallace Notestein in 1945. Notestein served as the founding director of the Office of Population Research at Princeton University (a position he held from 1936 to 1959). He was also appointed as the first director of the Population Division o...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "Origins of the Demographic Transition Model", "token_count": 635, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
On September 22, 1964, as president of the Rockefeller Population Council, Frank W Notestein was invited by the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science to deliver, in Colombo, Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), a lecture on the topic of "Population growth and economic development." Notestein began his address ...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 7.1:** Frank W Notestein's (1964) Address to the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science on the Subject of Population Growth and Economic Development", "token_count": 687, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/G...
Figure 7.2 provides a summary overview of the Demographic Transition Model as it is normally depicted today. Through time, as countries modernize and/or industrialize and/or develop and/or urbanize, their populations pass through a sequence of transformations normally captured in four separate stages (but see also Zoom...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "Stages in the Demographic Transition Model", "token_count": 279, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
It has long been assumed that it is development and/or industrialization and/ or modernization and/or **urbanization** that drive countries through demographic transition. In a whole series of ways, the social and economic development of a country affects the health of the population. There is a concomitant general imp...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 7.2:** Tim Dyson on the Drivers of Demographic Transition", "token_count": 575, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
In his 1992 book *The Demographic Transition: Stages, Patterns, and Economic Implications* French demographer Jean-Claude Chesnais presented a longitudinal study of the demographic transitions witnessed by 67 countries, across the period 1720–1984. It is clear that some demographic transitions started much later than o...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "*Demographic transitions in history*", "token_count": 741, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The modern rise in world population has still to run its course in many regions of the world and the likely final peak global population remains a matter of conjecture. The United Nations Population Division (UNDP) provides authoritative population projections to the year 2050, and more speculative forecasts to the yea...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "*Demographic transitions yet to unfold*", "token_count": 1770, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The World Health Organization's International Classification of Disease (ICD) (10th revision, with the 11th revision currently in preparation) provides a recognized categorization of causes of mortality and morbidity. Using the ICD, it is possible to aggregate all disease and ill health into one of three groups. Group ...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "*Explaining mortality decline*", "token_count": 669, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" }
The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) measure provides one way of tracking the passage of countries through epidemiological transition. DALYs were first calculated as part of the World Bank's *World Development Report 1993* to assist health planners to prioritize scarce resources by shedding new light on the toll ...
{ "Header 1": "**The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750**", "Header 3": "**Zoom-in Box 7.3:** Tracking Movement through Epidemiological Transition Using the DALY Measure", "token_count": 608, "source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/human-geography_-a-concise-introduction-pdfdrive-.pdf" ...