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The north equatorial current flows westward which originates around 10°N to the west of Mexico (North America). Moving westward, almost parallel to the line of equator, it reaches the coasts of Philippines after covering a distance of about 12,000 km. The Pacific Ocean is too wide in the lower latitudes and, therefore,... | {
"Header 1": "1. North and South Equatorial Currents(warm)",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
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The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide. The study of tides is very complex, spatially and temporally, as it has great variations in frequency, magnitude and height. The moon's gravitational pull to a great extent and to ... | {
"Header 1": "11.6 TIDES: MEANING AND CONCEPT",
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On an average, every place experiences tides twice a day. Since the Earth completes is rotation in roughly 24 hours, every place should experience tides after 12 hours but this never happens. Each day tide is delayed by 26 minutes because the moon also rotates on its axis while revolving around the Earth. Since the Ear... | {
"Header 1": "11.6.1 Time of Tides",
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The height of rising water (high tide) varies appreciably depending upon the position of sun and moon with respect to the earth. Spring tides and neap tides come under this category.
- **i. Spring tides:** The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has direct bearing on tide height. When the s... | {
"Header 1": "2. Tides based on the Sun, Moon and the Earth Positions:",
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This theory was put forward on the basis of Newton's law of Gravitation (1686), which states that each body in the universe attracts every other body with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them measures from their centres of mas... | {
"Header 1": "1. The Equilibrium Theory",
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This theory was propounded by William Whewell in 1883. It is based on the following facts:
• The Earth is a heterogeneous body and not a perfect fluid (surrounded by water on all sides).
- Tides occur at different times at different places on the same longitude.
- There is a lagging of time of tides away from the s... | {
"Header 1": "2. The Progressive Wave Theory",
"token_count": 690,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
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This theory was propounded by R. A. Harris of the Geodetic Survey of U.S.A. This theory, which was developed as a reaction to the progressive wave theory, gives an unsatisfactory explanation for the locational differences and variations in tides.
In the opinion of Harris, the phenomenon of tide is not due to progress... | {
"Header 1": "3. The Stationary Wave Theory",
"token_count": 340,
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- Waves are actually the energy, not the water as such, which moves across the ocean surface.
- The general movement of a mass of oceanic water in a definite direction is called ocean current. Ocean currents are the most powerful of all the dynamics of oceanic waters because these drive oceanic waters for thousands of ... | {
"Header 1": "11.8 SUMMARY",
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**Apogean Tides:** The low tides caused at the time when the moon is at the farthest distance from the Earth, are called Apogean tides, which are 20% lower than the normal tides.
**Centrifugal Force:** Force that works outward on a body rotating about an axis
**Currents:** The movement or circulation of ocean water... | {
"Header 1": "11.9 GLOSSARY",
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Terrigenous deposits are those derived from the erosion of rocks on land; that is, they are derived from *terrestrial* (as opposed to marine) environments. Consisting of sand, mud, and silt carried to sea by rivers, their composition is usually related to their source rocks; deposition of these sediments is largely lim... | {
"Header 1": "12.4.1 Terrigenous Deposits",
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The source of organic materials is sea itself. They include skeletons of marine organisms and plant remains. These materials are grouped in two categories:
- i. Neritic matters deposited mainly on the continental shelves and are generally covered by terrigenous materials. Shells of mollusks and their fragments, skele... | {
"Header 1": "12.4.3 Biotic Matters and Deposits",
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Majority of inorganic elements are the precipitates which fall from the above. They fall both on the ocean and on the ground. Some of these elements get transported from the land to the oceans by various agencies. The inorganic precipitates include dolomite, amorphous silica, iron, manganese oxide, phosphates, barite, ... | {
"Header 1": "12.4.4 Abiotic Matters and Deposits",
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Ocean deposits are mainly classified on different bases:
- 1. On the basis of location
- 2. On the basis of depth
- 3. On the basis of origin of sediments
#### 12.5.1 Classification based on location
This classification is based on typical locations of particular marine sediment. Though several scientists have at... | {
"Header 1": "12.5 CLASSIFICATION OF OCEAN DEPOSITS",
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The sediments of continental margin are generally different in quantity, character and composition from these on the deeper basin floors. Continental shelf sediments-called *neritic* (*nerites*=of the coast)-consist primarily of the terrigenous materials. Deep-ocean floors are covered by finer sediment than those of th... | {
"Header 1": "12.6 DISTRIBUTION OF OCEAN DEPOSITS",
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As stated earlier, they are basically the material which is "of the coast", mainly consisting of gravel, sand, silt, clay and mud, in sequence from the coast. There is a marked gradation of these sediments when they are deposited in the oceans, however, the ocean current and waves often disturbs the gradation process a... | {
"Header 1": "1. Terrigenous Deposits",
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These deposits contain more than 30% organic matter. The common term used for these deposits is 'Ooze'. Oozes are named after the dominant remnant organisms contributing their remains to the deep-sea. Oozes are small, single-celled, drifting plant-like organisms and the single celled organism that feed on them. The har... | {
"Header 1": "**Organic Deposits**",
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Sediment of the continental margins are generally found between the high and the low water spring tide lines. The bulk of these sediments is eroded and carried to streams, where it is transported to the ocean. These are generally confined to continental shelves up to a depth of about 200 meters. These deposits on the s... | {
"Header 1": "1. Sediments of the Continental Margins/Shelves",
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The bathyl deposits occur on the continental slope. These sediments consist of blue, green and red muds, corals and fossils of marine organisms.
#### 4. Sediments of Deep-Ocean Basins
The abyssal deposits are found on the deep-sea plains and in the ocean deeps. They consist mainly of remain of the organism in the f... | {
"Header 1": "3. Bathyl Deposits",
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Coral reefs are significant marine features. These are formed due to accumulation and compaction of skeleton of lime secreting organisms known as coral polyps. Coral polyp
thrive in the tropical oceans confined between 25°N-25°S latitudes and live on lime. Numerous coral polyps live at a place, in groups in the form ... | {
"Header 1": "12.7 CORAL REEFS: ORIGIN OF CORAL REEFS, MEANING",
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In 1842, Charles Darwin proposed a theory to explain the origin of atolls. The theory is based on the relative subsidence of a volcanic island. Darwin suggested that coral reefs are originally established as fringing reefs along the shores of new volcanic islands. As the island gradually subsides the coral reef grows u... | {
"Header 1": "1. The Subsidence Theory of Charles Darwin",
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This theory was UT forward by R. A. Daly. In his opinion atolls are the results of the influence of the changing sea levels of the Pleistocene period. In other words, the submergence was entirely post-glacial owning to the rise of the sea level which resulted from the melting of Pleistocene ice sheets. The main points ... | {
"Header 1": "2. The Glacial Control Theory of R. A. Daly",
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The following conditions are required for the growth and survival of coral polyps:
- Corals are temperature-sensitive. They cannot thrive in either cold or very warm sea temperatures. Corals can grow in a temperature range of 20°C-30°C and hence are found mainly in tropical oceans and seas.
- Corals do not live in de... | {
"Header 1": "12.8 CONDITIONS FOR THE GROWTH OF CORAL POLYPS",
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Generally ranging from 0.5 to 1 km wide, these are attached to such landmasses as the shores of volcanic islands. The corals grow seaward, towards their food supply. Beyond its seaward margin the ocean water deepens rapidly. The fringing reefs are generally not very wide, and where a river enters the sea from the land,... | {
"Header 1": "12.9.1 Fringing Reefs",
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A ring of narrow growing corals of horseshoe shape and crowded with palm trees is called an atoll. It is generally found around an island which has subsided or in elliptical form on a submarine platform. There is a lagoon in the mid of the coral ring. The depth of the lagoon ranges between 40 to 70 fathoms (240-420 fee... | {
"Header 1": "**12.9.3 Atolls**",
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Coral bleaching refers to the lack of algae from the corals resulting into the white colour which is indicative of death of corals. Global warming has been reported to be a major factor of coral bleaching. The coral bleaching during 1997-98 has been recorded as the most catastrophic event as it accounted for large scal... | {
"Header 1": "12.10 CORAL BLEACHING",
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- The unconsolidated sediments, derived from various sources deposited at the sea floors are included in ocean deposits.
- The sediments deposited in the oceans and the seas are derived from four major sources viz. 1) Terrigenous sources, 2) Volcanic eruptions, 3) Marine plants and animals and 4) Abiotic matters.
- Ter... | {
"Header 1": "*12.12 SUMMARY*",
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**Atoll:** A ring of narrow growing coral animals of horseshoe shape and crowned with palm trees.
**Barrier Reef:** The largest coral reefs off the coastal platforms of the continents but parallel to them.
**Biogenic Sediments:** The sediments formed through the deposition of skeletal remains of marine organisms on... | {
"Header 1": "12.13 GLOSSARY",
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The biosphere is a life supporting layer which surrounds the Earth and makes plant and animal life possible without any protective device.
Theorganic world or biosphere is that part of the earth which contains the living organismsthe biologically inhabited soil, air and water' -J. Tivy, 1982
The biosphere consists ... | {
"Header 1": "13.3 BIOSPHERE: MEANING AND CONCEPT",
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If we consider the whole biosphere as an ecosystem at global scale, the components of the biosphere and the biospheric ecosystem becomes the same. The total physical environment at global scale also contains the same components as those of the biosphere and the ecosystem (biospheric ecosystem). The biosphere, the ecosy... | {
"Header 1": "13.4 ELEMENTS OF BIOSPHERE",
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Lithosphere or Land Component consists of (from smaller to higher) elements (ion, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, etc.), minerals (hematite, dolomite, feldspar, etc.), rocks and soils, micro-landforms (relief features of 3<sup>rd</sup> order), meso-landforms (relief features of 2<sup>nd</sup> order) and macro-landf... | {
"Header 1": "1. Lithosphere or Land Component",
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The water or hydrospheric component is very important component of the abiotic or physical components because it is a very essential element for all types of life in the biosphere. Water plays a very important role in the circulation of nutrients in the various components of the ecosystems and it makes biogeochemical c... | {
"Header 1": "3. Hydrospheric or Water Component",
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Social grouping of plant species is called *plant community* and plants are basic unit of this community. Plantsare found on any land in different forms, e.g., woodland, forest, meadow, bogs, grasslands, marshlands, etc. These different forms of plants are collectively known as vegetation. In other words-
'all the pl... | {
"Header 1": "13.4.2 Biotic Elements",
"Header 3": "1. Plant Component",
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On a functional basis, the biotic or organic components of the biosphere ecosystem are divided into two broad divisions:
- **a.** The Autotrophic Component-which represents plants.
- **b.** The Heterotrophic Component-which includes those animals which depend upon autotrophic green plants for their food.
It must be... | {
"Header 1": "2. Animal Components",
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A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction. It is the natural environment in which an ... | {
"Header 1": "13.5 HABITAT",
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Terrestrial habitat types include forests, grasslands, wetlands and deserts. Within these broad biomes are more specific habitats with varying climate types, temperature regimes, soils, altitudes and vegetation types. Many of these habitats grade into each other and each one has its own typical communities of plants an... | {
"Header 1": "**Types of Habitats**",
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Plants play a very dominant role in the biosphere because these are the primary producers in the biosphere and provide directly and indirectly food to all the terrestrial and aquatic animals including man. The social grouping of the plants is known as the plant community, of which plant is the basic fundamental unit. P... | {
"Header 1": "13.6 PLANT KINGDOM",
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Different species of plants are evolved in a habitat having favourable environmental conditions wherein different species of plant community grow together having different lifeforms. The development of different species of plant community of a given region takes
place through the process of **adaptation, competition*... | {
"Header 1": "13.6.1 Vertical Stratification of Plant Communities",
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The geographical study of animals is called **zoogeography** which includes the consideration of classification, historical evolution and spatial distribution of different kinds of animals to be found in the biosphere. All these require the identification and determination of all animals of a particular region or habit... | {
"Header 1": "13.7 ANIMAL KINGDOM",
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A habitat, as explained earlier, is a place where an organism makes its home. A habitat meets all the environmental conditions an organism needs to survive. For an animal, that means everything it needs to find and gather food, select a mate, and successfully reproduce.
For a plant, a good habitat must provide the ri... | {
"Header 1": "13.8 HABITAT & PLANT-ANIMAL ASSOCIATION",
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• The biosphere is a life supporting layer which surrounds the Earth and makes plant and animal life possible without any protective device.
- The biosphere consists of the entire living organism (the biotic component), energy (the energy component) and the physical environment (the abiotic component) and there are c... | {
"Header 1": "13.10 SUMMARY",
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**Abiotic Component:** It is the physical component of the biospheric ecosystem which includes physical environment such as land, air, water, soils, energy, etc.
**Biogeography:** The study of biosphere consisting of abiotic (land, soils, air, water, energy, etc.) and biotic (plants, animals and micro-organisms) comp... | {
"Header 1": "13.11 GLOSSARY",
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Ecology is the scientific study of relationships in the natural world. It includes relationships between organisms and their physical environments (physiological ecology); between organisms of the same species (population ecology); between organisms of different species (community ecology); and between organisms and th... | {
"Header 1": "14.3 ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM: MEANING AND CONCEPT",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
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Stressing the importance of ecosystems is regarded as the basic units of ecology by many ecologists because they are complex, interdependent and highly organized systems and because they are basic building blocks of biosphere.
Ecologists study all these interactions in order to understand the abundance and diversity ... | {
"Header 1": "An Illustration of an Ecosystem",
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- 1. The ecosystem is the fundamental unit of ecological studies.
- 2. The physical and biological processes follow the principle of uniformitarism.
- **3.** All living organisms and elements of physical environment are mutually active.
- **4.** Ecosystem functions through the input of energy obtained from the sun.
- T... | {
"Header 1": "14.4 ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES",
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The following are the basic properties of an ecosystem:
- 1. Ecosystem of any given space-time unit represents the sum of all living organisms and physical environment.
- **2.** It is composed of three basic components viz. energy, biotic (biome) and abiotic (habitat) components.
- 3. It occupies certain well defined... | {
"Header 1": "14.5 PROPERTIES OF ECOSYSTEM",
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Ecosystems may be identified and classified on various bases, with different purpose and objectives as outlined below:
#### 1. On the Basis of Habitats
The habitats exhibit the physical environmental conditions of a particular spatial unit of the biosphere. These physical conditions determine the nature and charact... | {
"Header 1": "14.6 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM",
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On the basis of spatial scales ecosystems are divided into different types of various orders on the basis of spatial dimensions required for specific purposes. The largest ecosystem in the whole biosphere which is sub-divided into two major types:
- i. Continental Ecosystems
- ii. Marine or Oceanic Ecosystems.
The ... | {
"Header 1": "3. On the Basis of Spatial Scales",
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Ecosystems can be classified on the basis of source, type and level of energy available in the ecosystem on the basic premises that the main driving force of the ecosystem s for their functioning is energy. E. P. Odum (1975) has classified the ecosystems into four categories:
- i. Unsubsidized Natural Solar-powered E... | {
"Header 1": "5. On the Basis of Source and Level of Energy",
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The functioning of an ecosystem depends upon the pattern of energy flow because all aspects of living components of an ecosystem depend on energy flow which also helps in the distribution and circulation of organic matter within the ecosystem. While the energy flow follows cyclic paths. Here, a brief discussion is pres... | {
"Header 1": "14.7 FUNCTIONING OF ECOSYSTEMS",
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The materials or nutrients involved in the circulation within an ecosystem are grouped into three categories:
- i. Macro elements- which are required in large quantities by the plants, e.g., oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, etc.
- ii. Minor or Micro elements- which are required by plants in relatively smaller amounts, e.g.,... | {
"Header 1": "-P. A. Furley and W. W. Newey, 1983",
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- Ecology is a science that studies the interdependent, mutually reactive and inter connected relationships between the organisms and their physical environment on one hand among the organisms on the other hand.
- The term ecology has been derived from 'oecology', made by two Greek words 'oikos' means house or dwelling... | {
"Header 1": "14.9 SUMMARY",
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**Biogeochemical cycle:** The circulation and movement of soluble organic matter (nutrients) derived from sedimentary and atmospheric phases and reservoirs through organic phase of various biotic components and finally their return to inorganic phase is collectively called biogeochemical cycles.
**Ecological Producti... | {
"Header 1": "14.10 GLOSSARY",
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Ans.1 Ecosystems are regarded as the basic units of ecology by many ecologists because they are complex, interdependent and highly organized systems and because they are basic building blocks of biosphere.
Ans.2 By learning how ecosystems function, we can improve our ability to predict how they will respond to change... | {
"Header 1": "**Check Your Progress I**",
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- 1. 'Biodiversity is the full variety of the biosphere. All the species of living organism, including plants, animals and microorganism. Biodiversity also includes the genetic variability within species and the biotic communities in which they interacts'. ( Joseph Kerski and Simon Ross, 2005)
- 2. 'A term describing t... | {
"Header 1": "**Box 15.1: Definitions of Biodiversity**",
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The expression of biodiversity is the biological resources (genes, species, organisms, ecosystems) and ecological processes of which they are part. Biodiversity is therefore considered at 3 major levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.
- **1. Genetic Diversity:** This is the variety of genetic information c... | {
"Header 1": "**Types of Biodiversity**",
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The value and importance of biodiversity are viewed in terms of benefits we get directly or indirectly from biological communities comprising plants, animals and micro-organism. Biodiversity provides a variety of environmental services through its species and ecosystem that are essential at the global, regional and loc... | {
"Header 1": "**Importance of Biodiversity**",
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Biodiversity is not evenly distributed; rather it varies greatly across the globe as well as within regions. The spatial distribution of the organisms, species, and populations depends on a number of factors and their complex temporal relations. The major factors which affect the biodiversity of the region include the ... | {
"Header 1": "15.4 DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY",
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Terrestrial biomes are distinguished primarily by their predominant vegetation, and are mainly determined by temperature and rainfall. There is a close relationship between the
world distributional patterns of plants and animal species and the climatic types of the world. Thus, based on this relationship the terrestr... | {
"Header 1": "**Terrestrial Biomes**",
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- Over geological times the tropics have had a more stable climate than the temperate zones. In tropics, therefore, local species continued to live there itself, whereas in temperate they tend to disperse to other areas.
- Tropical communities are older than temperate ones and, therefore, there has been more time for t... | {
"Header 1": "Box No. 15.2: Why Biodiversity Rich in Tropics?",
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Temperate grasslands are composed of a rich mix of grasses and forbs and underlain by some of the world's most fertile soils. Temperate grasslands are located north of the Tropic of cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn to up to 50 °- 55° North and South. Grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica ... | {
"Header 1": "**Temperate Grassland Biome**",
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Figure 15.4
The temperate grassland fauna is very low in diversity, especially in comparison with the tropical grasslands. In North America the dominant herbivores are bison Bison bison) and pronghorn (the sole member of the Nearctic endemic family, Antilocapridae). Rodent herbivores i... | {
"Header 1": "World's distribution of Temperate Grassland Biome",
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Water is the common link among the five biomes and it makes up the largest part of the biosphere, covering nearly 75% of the Earth's surface. Aquatic regions house numerous species of plants and animals, both large and small. In fact, this is where life began billions of years ago when amino acids first started to come... | {
"Header 1": "**Aquatic Biome**",
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} |
At its simplest level, diversity can be defined as the number of species found in a community, a measure is known as species richness. Many methods of calculating diversity have been propped that combine these two types of information. Mathematically indices of biodiversity have also been developed to connate species d... | {
"Header 1": "**Box No. 15.3: Measuring Biodiversity**",
"token_count": 217,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
The term 'biodiversity hotspot' was first coined and used by Nornam Myers, a British ecologist, in the year 1998. He defined biodiversity hotspot as those areas which have rich biological communities including plants, animals and microorganism wherein endemic species predominate. He identified 10 such very rich biodive... | {
"Header 1": "**Biodiversity Hotspot**",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
India is one of the twelve mega-biodiversity countries. Each of the ten biogeographic zones of the country has characteristics biota, and broadly represents similar climatic conditions and constitutes the habitat for diverse species of flora and fauna. Based on a survey of about two-third of the geographical area of th... | {
"Header 1": "**Biodiversity of India**",
"token_count": 1034,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Biodiversity is vital to the sustenance of many ecosystem services such as food production, supply of raw materials, water provision, nutrients' recycling, biological control of populations of flora and fauna, regulation of chemical composition of the atmosphere, use of genetic resources, leisure activities and others.... | {
"Header 1": "15.5 BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION AND ITS CAUSES",
"token_count": 593,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Habitat loss is by far the leading factor of biodiversity loss. At least three-quarters of all threatened bird species are in trouble because human activities have transformed and fragmented unique habitats. Apparently stable areas of habitat may suffer from fragmentation, with significant impacts on their biodiversity... | {
"Header 1": "15.5.1 HABITAT DESTRUCTION",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
The co-extinction of parasite and their host species is considered a common phenomenon in the current global extinction crisis. When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct. The case of a coevolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction of... | {
"Header 1": "15.5.2 INTRODUCED AND INVASIVE SPECIES:",
"token_count": 349,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Any undesirable change in the natural qualities of environment due to addition of physical, chemical and biological factors is called as pollution. The factors that contribute to pollution are called pollutants. Pollution of air, water and soil has a direct or indirect impact on the human, animal and plant life. Pollut... | {
"Header 1": "**15.5.3 GENETIC POLLUTION:**",
"token_count": 601,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Overexploitation remains a serious threat to many species and populations. Among the most commonly overexploited species or groups of species are marine fish and invertebrates, trees, and animals hunted for meat. Most industrial fisheries are either fully or overexploited, and the impacts of overharvesting are coupled ... | {
"Header 1": "**15.5.4 OVER EXPLOITATION:**",
"token_count": 331,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Changes in climate throughout our planet's history have, of course, altered life on Earth in the long run ecosystems have come and gone and species routinely go extinct. But rapid, manmade climate change speeds up the process, without affording ecosystems and species the time to adapt. For example, rising ocean tempera... | {
"Header 1": "15.5.6 Climate Change:",
"token_count": 312,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
**The** world's population has more than tripled in the 20th Century, and continued growth is assured over the next 50 years, especially in the developing countries. Humankind's burgeoning numbers have an increasingly voracious appetite: people use or destroy about 40 percent of the net primary productivity of terrestr... | {
"Header 1": "15.5.7 HUMAN OVER POPULATION:",
"token_count": 227,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Biodiversity has an intrinsic value that is worth protecting regardless of its value to humans. The argument for conservation of biodiversity often emphasizes the need to facilitate continued evolution. As humans are and were part of nature, they benefited from the evolutionary process. The tenet that humans are part o... | {
"Header 1": "Why to conserve Biodiversity?",
"token_count": 1162,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
The establishment of protected areas is one of the strategies used in the management of environmental resources, terms, and approaches changing significantly in the past decade, the international community involved in protected areas policy, planning and management considered it necessary to review the definition of a ... | {
"Header 1": "15.7 PROTECTION AND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES",
"token_count": 606,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Germplasm bank also called gene banks are established for ex-situ conservation of species. Such gene bank include botanical gardens, animal zoos, genetic resource centres, culture collections etc. in plant species seeds, pollen grains, vegetable propagative parts, tissues etc. are collected and stored in such germplasm... | {
"Header 1": "**Germplasm Banks**",
"token_count": 208,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Natural resources can be legally protected at local, national as well as international level. In many countries there are private conservation organizations which acquire land for conservation efforts. National governments and national organizations play a leading role in conservation.
#### CASE STUDY
#### **Orissa... | {
"Header 1": "**Legal protection of Species and Habitat**",
"token_count": 755,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
The WPA (Wildlife Protection Act), 1972, provides for protection to listed species of flora and fauna and establishes a network of ecologically-important protected areas. The WPA empowers the central and state governments to declare any area a wildlife sanctuary, national park or closed area. There is a blanket ban on ... | {
"Header 1": "2) The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Amendment 1991",
"token_count": 445,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
- Q. 1. Briefly mention about—(a) Genetic diversity, (b) Species diversity,(c) Ecological diversity.
- Ans. (a) Genetic diversity: The occurrence of single species in high diversity at the genetic level over its distributional range is called as genetic diversity. Such as in Rauwolfia vomitoria in Himalaya region, 50,0... | {
"Header 1": "15.11 ANSWER TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS",
"token_count": 1082,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
- 1. Sometime introduction of an exotic species upset native species of the ecosystem. Substantiate the statement with two examples.
- 2. How do zoological parks differ from National park concerned with species conservation? Ans: Zoological park ex-situ conservation, National park in-situ conservation.
- 3. The acceler... | {
"Header 1": "15.14 TERMINAL QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 309,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Natural resources are highly valued because human beings are dependent on them to fulfill their fundamental needs that changes with time. While natural resources are distributed throughout the world, specific resources often require particular conditions and so not all natural resources are spread equally. Consequently... | {
"Header 1": "16.2 INTRODUCTION",
"token_count": 346,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Resources satisfy our needs and wants. Any material which we can utilize or is useful to us, we call it a resource. Resource derived from nature is called natural resource, e.g. tree, air, water, sunlight etc. Resource created by humans is known as manmade or cultural resources. Humans are also resource as with our ide... | {
"Header 1": "**Resources: meaning and types**",
"token_count": 823,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Biotic resources include plants, animals and micro-organisms. We get our basic food from plants and animals. For instance food like fruits, vegetables, tea, medicines, etc. is obtained from plants. Similarly eggs, meat etc. are obtained from birds and animals. Besides, we get wood, timber from vegetation which are furt... | {
"Header 1": "**Biotic Resources- Concept**",
"token_count": 252,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Distribution of resources is the spatial arrangement of resources. Availability or occurrence of resource depends on two factors one is natural availability and the other is technological capability of humans. On the first factor we humans have no say; it is determined by the physical laws. However the second factor is... | {
"Header 1": "Distribution of natural resources in India and the world",
"token_count": 1865,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Our daily requirements from food, shelter, clothing, medicines, and energy to even infrastructures all are obtained from nature. Thus, land, air, water, forests, minerals and even birds and animals are important resources for us. On land we grow our crops for food, we get oxygen from air, from forest we get food, medic... | {
"Header 1": "16.4 PROTECTION, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION",
"token_count": 1023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
In the 1987 UN conference, the concept of sustainable development was defined as "sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". This definition highlighted the deteriorating conditions of human environment and natural resources fo... | {
"Header 1": "16.5 APPROACHES TO BIOTIC RESOURCE",
"token_count": 258,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
One of the important step for management of biological resource is to know about actual quantity of biological resources and their location. The survey of biological resources is generally done through field surveys. Map showing boundaries of the area to be surveyed, survey routes, wildlife corridors are identified bef... | {
"Header 1": "16.5.1 Survey of biological resources",
"token_count": 482,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Survey of biological communities and evaluation of the collected data is done to save and conserve the biotic resources. Preservation and conservation are two different terms used for saving and protecting the biological resources. Preservation generally means no interference of humans or untouched. Whereas conservatio... | {
"Header 1": "16.5.3 Preservation and conservation of biological resources",
"token_count": 496,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
India is one of the mega diverse countries of the world. We have vast pool of natural resources. We have fertile lands, tropical and sub-tropical climate to support wide variety of vegetation, several major rivers, plateau region, coastal regions, high lofty mountains etc. which supports variety of biological resources... | {
"Header 1": "16.6 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION IN INDIA",
"token_count": 523,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
To conclude, it can be said that ever growing population and economic developments put excessive pressure on the natural resources. The natural resources renewable or non-renewable need to be conserved. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels once extracted and used takes millions of years to replenish. Resources lik... | {
"Header 1": "16.7 CONCLUSION",
"token_count": 231,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
**Ans:1** Resource is anything that satisfy our needs and wants. Any material which we can utilize or is useful to us, we call it a resource.
**Ans:2** Potential Resource are those resource, which are not yet fully realized but have the potential to be used in the future. The quantity and distribution of such resourc... | {
"Header 1": "**Answers to Practice Questions**",
"token_count": 257,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GE-101.pdf"
} |
Physical Geography is the study of our home planet and all of its components: its lands (lithosphere), waters (hydrosphere), living organisms (biosphere), atmosphere, and interior. In this book, some chapters are devoted to the processes that shape the lands and impact people. Other chapters depict the processes of the... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "SCIENTIFIC & GEOGRAPHIC INQUIRY",
"token_count": 1016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
You have probably learned that the scientific method is a series of steps that help answer research questions. Scientists use data and evidence gathered from observations, experience, or experiments to answer their questions and to essentially create even more hypotheses.
But scientific inquiry rarely proceeds in the... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD",
"token_count": 1718,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
Geography is about spatial understanding, which requires an accurate grid system to determine absolute and relative location. Absolute location is the exact x- and y- coordinate on the Earth. Relative location is the location of something relative to other entities. For example, when you use Google Maps, you put in an ... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "GEOGRAPHIC GRID SYSTEM",
"token_count": 1688,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
Data, data, data… data is everywhere. It's collected every time you go to the grocery store and use their card to reduce the costs when you click on a link on Facebook, or when you do any kind of search on a search engine like Google, Bing, or Yahoo!. It is used by the state department of transportation when you are dr... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY",
"token_count": 1531,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
Physical geography is the spatial study of our home planet and all of its components: its lands, waters, atmosphere, and interior. Like other sciences, physical geography is a science that is grounded in scientific knowledge using the scientific method as the fundamental way to understand the environment.
Geographers... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "UNIT 1 SUMMARY",
"token_count": 239,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
The Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as M51, is a spiral galaxy about 23 million light-years from Earth. Its interactions with the yellowish dwarf galaxy NGC 5195 are of interest to astronomers because the galaxies are near enough to Earth to be well-studied. Decades ago, astronomers could not tell if these two galaxies we... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIVERSE",
"token_count": 306,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
What did the ancient Greeks recognize as the universe? In their model, the universe contained Earth at the center, the Sun, the Moon, five planets, and a sphere to which all the stars were attached. This idea held for many centuries until Galileo's telescope helped allow people to realize that Earth is not the center o... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "EXPANDING UNIVERSE",
"token_count": 933,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
Before Hubble, most astronomers thought that the universe didn't change. But if the universe is expanding, what does that say about where it was in the past? If the universe is expanding, the next logical thought is that in the past it had to have been smaller.
#### **The Big Bang Theory**
Big Bang Theory is the mo... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE",
"token_count": 1065,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
Although constellations have stars that usually only appear to be close together, stars may be found in the same portion of space. Stars that are grouped closely together are called star systems. Larger groups of hundreds or thousands of stars are called star clusters. The image shown here is a famous star cluster clas... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "STAR SYSTEMS & GALAXIES",
"token_count": 986,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
On a dark, clear night, you can see a milky band of light stretching across the sky. This band is the disk of a galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy is our galaxy and is made of millions of stars along with a lot of gas and dust. Although it is difficult to know what the shape of the Milky Way Galaxy is because we are inside o... | {
"Header 1": "GEOG 101",
"Header 2": "THE MILKY WAY GALAXY",
"token_count": 769,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Geography_v1/Geography/GEOG101_version1.pdf"
} |
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