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The causative agent of **diphtheria**, *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*, is a club-shaped, gram-positive rod that belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria. Diphtheroids are common members of the normal nasopharyngeal microbiota. However, some strains of *C. diphtheriae* become pathogenic because of the presence of a temperate... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"token_count": 2008,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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This small, gram-negative coccobacillus is found in the pharynx of the majority of healthy children; however, *Haemophilus* pneumonia is primarily seen in the elderly. Like other pathogens that cause pneumonia, *H. influenzae* is spread by droplets and aerosols produced by coughing. A fastidious organism, *H. influenza... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"token_count": 2010,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases in human history. Although **tuberculosis** infection rates in the United States are extremely low, the CDC estimates that about one-third of the world's population is infected
<sup>7.</sup> SM Koenig et al. "Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Tre... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"Header 3": "**Tuberculosis**",
"token_count": 1666,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The causative agent of **pertussis**, commonly called **whooping cough**, is *Bordetella pertussis*, a gram-negative coccobacillus. The disease is characterized by mucus accumulation in the lungs that leads to a long period of severe coughing. Sometimes, following a bout of coughing, a sound resembling a "whoop" is pro... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"Header 3": "**Pertussis (Whooping Cough)**",
"token_count": 1283,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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An atypical pneumonia called **Legionnaires disease** (also known as legionellosis) is caused by an aerobic gramnegative bacillus, *Legionella pneumophila*. This bacterium infects free-living amoebae that inhabit moist environments, and infections typically occur from human-made reservoirs such as air-conditioning cool... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"Header 3": "**Legionnaires Disease**",
"token_count": 571,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The zoonotic disease **Q fever** is caused by a rickettsia, *Coxiella burnetii*. The primary reservoirs for this bacterium are domesticated livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The bacterium may be transmitted by ticks or through exposure to the urine, feces, milk, or amniotic fluid of an infected animal. In hum... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"Header 3": "**Q Fever**",
"token_count": 1711,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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psittaci); exposure in the birth canal (Chlamydia trachomatis) | Tissue culture,<br>PCR | Tetracycline,<br>macrolides | None ... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"Header 3": "**Q Fever**",
"token_count": 730,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The **common cold** is a generic term for a variety of mild viral infections of the nasal cavity. More than 200 different viruses are known to cause the common cold. The most common groups of cold viruses include rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses. These infections are widely disseminated in the human popula... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 3": "**The Common Cold**",
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Sneezing Common Rare
#### **Comparing the Common Cold and Influenza**
**Table 22.2**
In general, influenza is self-limiting. However, serious cases can lead to pneumonia and other complications that can be fatal. Such cases are more common in the very young and the elderly; however, certain strains of influenza v... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Sign/Symptom Common Cold Influenza** Fever Low (37.2 °C [99 °F]) High (39 °C [102.2 °F]) Headache Common Common Aches and pains Mild Severe Fatigue Slight Severe Nasal congestion Common Rare",
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Other tests include hemagglutination of erythrocytes (due to hemagglutinin
<sup>20.</sup> CE Mills et al. "Transmissibility of 1918 Pandemic Influenza." *Nature* 432, no. 7019 (2004):904–906.
<sup>21.</sup> E. Tognotti. "Influenza Pandemics: A Historical Retrospect." *Journal of Infection in Developing Countries* 3... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Sign/Symptom Common Cold Influenza** Fever Low (37.2 °C [99 °F]) High (39 °C [102.2 °F]) Headache Common Common Aches and pains Mild Severe Fatigue Slight Severe Nasal congestion Common Rare",
"token_count": 1658,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websourc... |
Measles, rubella (German measles), and chickenpox are three important viral diseases often associated with skin rashes. However, their symptoms are systemic, and because their portal of entry is the respiratory tract, they can be considered respiratory infections.
<sup>25.</sup> Y. Huang. "The SARS Epidemic and Its A... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Viral Respiratory Diseases Causing Skin Rashes**",
"token_count": 2026,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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(b) This transmission electron micrograph shows rubella virus virions just budding from a host cell. (credit a, b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
#### **Chickenpox and Shingles**
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, was once a common viral childhood disease. The causative agent ... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Viral Respiratory Diseases Causing Skin Rashes**",
"token_count": 1802,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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| Discour | Detheron | Cions and Compton ... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Viral Respiratory Diseases Causing Skin Rashes**",
"token_count": 1000,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease of the respiratory system and most commonly occurs in the Mississippi Valley of the United States and in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The causative agent, *Histoplasma capsulatum*, is a dimorphic fungus. This microbe grows as a filamentous mold in t... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**22.4 Respiratory Mycoses**",
"Header 3": "**Histoplasmosis**",
"token_count": 574,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Infection by the dimorphic fungus *Coccidioides immitis* causes **coccidioidomycosis**. Because the microbe is endemic to the San Joaquin Valley of California, the disease is sometimes referred to as Valley fever. A related species that causes similar infections is found in semi-arid and arid regions of the southwester... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Coccidioidomycosis**",
"token_count": 1036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Blastomycosis is a rare disease caused by another dimorphic fungus, *Blastomyces dermatitidis*. Like *Histoplasma* and *Coccidioides*, *Blastomyces* uses the soil as a reservoir, and fungal spores can be inhaled from disturbed soil. The pulmonary form of **blastomycosis** generally causes mild flu-like symptoms and is ... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Blastomycosis**",
"token_count": 493,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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A variety of fungi in the order Mucorales cause **mucormycosis**, a rare fungal disease. These include bread molds, like *Rhizopus* and *Mucor*; the most commonly associated species is *Rhizopus arrhizus (oryzae)* (see **[Figure 5.28](#page-232-0)**). These fungi can colonize many different tissues in immunocompromised... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Mucormycosis**",
"token_count": 1504,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Infection by the encapsulated yeast *Cryptococcus neoformans* causes **cryptococcosis**. This fungus is ubiquitous in the
soil and can be isolated from bird feces. Immunocompromised people are infected by inhaling basidiospores found in aerosols. The thick polysaccharide capsule surrounding these microbes enables the... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "*Cryptococcosis*",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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*Chlamydophila pneumoniae* is typically transmitted from an infected person, whereas *C. psittaci* is typically transmitted from an infected bird. *Chlamydia trachomatis*, may cause pneumonia in infants.
- Several other bacteria can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals and those with cystic fibrosis.
- **Tu... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "*Cryptococcosis*",
"token_count": 1050,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Multiple Choice**
- **1.** Which of the following is not directly connected to the nasopharynx?
- a. middle ear
- b. oropharynx
- c. lacrimal glands
- d. nasal cavity
- **2.** What type of cells produce the mucus for the mucous membranes?
- a. goblet cells
- b. macrophages
- c. phagocytes
- d. ciliated epith... | {
"Header 1": "**Respiratory System Infections**",
"Header 2": "*Cryptococcosis*",
"Header 3": "**Review Questions**",
"token_count": 1990,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Figure 23.1** Many pathogens that cause infections of the urogenital system can be detected in urine samples (left). The top sample in the culture (right) was prepared from the urine of a patient with a urinary tract infection. (credit b: modification of work by Nathan Reading)
####... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"token_count": 250,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The urogenital system is a combination of the urinary tract and reproductive system. Because both systems are open to the external environment, they are prone to infections. Some infections are introduced from outside, whereas others result from imbalances in the microbiota of the urogenital tract.
Urinary tract infe... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 271,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The basic structures of the urinary tract are common in males and females. However, there are unique locations for these structures in females and males, and there is a significant amount of overlap between the urinary and genital structures in males. **[Figure 23.2](#page-1018-0)** illustrates the urinary anatomy comm... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Anatomy of the Urinary Tract**",
"token_count": 682,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The male reproductive system (**[Figure 23.4](#page-1019-0)**) is located in close proximity to the urinary system, and the urethra is part of both systems. The **testes** are responsible for the production of sperm. The **epididymis** is a coiled tube that collects sperm from the testes and passes it on to the vas def... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Anatomy of the Reproductive System**",
"token_count": 450,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The normal microbiota of different body sites provides an important nonspecific defense against infectious diseases (see **[Physical Defenses](#page-741-0)**), and the urogenital tract is no exception. In both men and women, however, the kidneys are sterile. Although urine does contain some antibacterial components, ba... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Anatomy of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 3": "**Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital System**",
"token_count": 506,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Infections of the urinary tract most commonly cause inflammation of the bladder (**cystitis**) or of the urethra (**urethritis**). Urethritis can be associated with cystitis, but can also be caused by sexually transmitted infections. Symptoms of urethritis in men include burning sensation while urinating, discharge fro... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Anatomy of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 3": "**General Signs and Symptoms of Urogenital Infections**",
"token_count": 909,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Hormonal changes, particularly shifts in estrogen in women due to pregnancy or menopause, can increase susceptibility to urogenital infections. As discussed earlier, estrogen plays an important role in regulating the availability of glycogen and subsequent production of lactic acid by *Lactobacillus* species. Low level... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Anatomy of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 3": "**General Causes and Modes of Transmission of Urogenital Infections**",
"token_count": 499,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common bacterial pathogens that can cause urinary tract infections
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases affecting the urinary tract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) include infections of the urethra, bladder, and kidneys, and are common c... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System**",
"token_count": 1349,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Pyelonephritis, an inflammation of the kidney, can be caused by bacteria that have spread from other parts of the urinary tract (such as the bladder). In addition, pyelonephritis can develop from bacteria that travel through the bloodstream to the kidney. When the infection spreads from the lower urinary tract, the cau... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System**",
"Header 3": "**Kidney Infections (Pyelonephritis and Glomerulonephritis)**",
"token_count": 1221,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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There are two main categories of bacterial urethritis: gonorrheal and nongonococcal. Gonorrheal urethritis is caused by *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* and is associated with gonorrhea, a common STI. This cause of urethritis will be discussed in **[Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System](#page-1028-0)**. The term **no... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System**",
"Header 3": "**Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)**",
"token_count": 1727,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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| Fever, headache, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, muscular pain; in disseminated infections, may cause jaundice, pulmonary hemorrhaging, meningitis ... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System**",
"Header 3": "**Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)**",
"token_count": 523,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Inflammation of the vagina is called vaginitis, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is also possible to have an imbalance in the normal vaginal microbiota without inflammation called **bacterial vaginosis (BV)**. Vaginosis may be asymptomatic or may cause mild symptoms such as a thin, white-to-yellow, homogeneous... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 3": "**Bacterial Vaginitis and Vaginosis**",
"token_count": 1988,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Treatment of sexual partners is also recommended to avoid reinfection and spread of infection to others.[5]
- What are some of the serious consequences of a gonorrhea infection?
- What organism commonly coinfects with *N. gonorrhoeae*?
#### **Micro Connections**
#### **Antibiotic ... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 3": "**Bacterial Vaginitis and Vaginosis**",
"token_count": 388,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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*Chlamydia trachomatis* is the causative agent of the STI **chlamydia** (**[Figure 23.11](#page-1032-0)**). While many *Chlamydia* infections are asymptomatic, chlamydia is a major cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and may also cause epididymitis and orchitis in men. In women, chlamydia infections can cause ureth... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Chlamydia**",
"token_count": 655,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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**Syphilis** is spread through direct physical (generally sexual) contact, and is caused by the gram-negative spirochete *Treponema pallidum*. *T. pallidum* has a relatively simple genome and lacks lipopolysaccharide endotoxin characteristic of gram-negative bacteria. However, it does contain lipoproteins that trigger ... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Syphilis**",
"token_count": 2022,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin has been reported.[8]
**Figure 23.14** (a) A soft chancre on the penis of a man with chancroid. (b) Chancroid is caused by the gram-negative bacterium *Haemophilus ducreyi*, seen here in a gram-stained culture of rabbit blood. (credit a, b:... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Syphilis**",
"token_count": 1276,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Genital herpes** is a common condition caused by the herpes simplex virus (**[Figure 23.16](#page-1037-1)**), an enveloped, doublestranded DNA virus that is classified into two distinct types. Herpes simplex virus has several virulence factors, including infected cell protein (ICP) 34.5, which helps in replication an... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 3": "**Genital Herpes**",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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This approach uses liquid-based cytology (LBC). The samples are then used for Pap smear cytology as well as HPV testing and genotyping. HPV can be recognized in Pap smears by the presence of cells called koilocytes (called koilocytosis or koilocytotic atypia). Koilocytes have a hyperchromatic atypical nucleus that stai... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 3": "**Genital Herpes**",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Learning Objectives**
• Summarize the important characteristics of vaginal candidiasis
Only one major fungal pathogen affects the urogenital system. *Candida* is a genus of fungi capable of existing in a yeast form or as a multicellular fungus. *Candida* spp. are commonly found in the normal, healthy microbi... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"token_count": 1374,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common protozoan pathogen that causes infections of the reproductive system
- Summarize the important characteristics of trichomoniasis
Only one major protozoan species causes infections in the urogenital system. **Trichomoniasis**, or "trich," is the most common non... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System**",
"token_count": 1976,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **[23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract](#page-1017-0)**
- The urinary system is responsible for filtering the blood, excreting wastes, and helping to regulate electrolyte and water balance.
- The urinary system includes the **kidneys, ureters**, **urinary bladder**, and **urethra**; the bl... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System**",
"Header 3": "**Summary**",
"token_count": 1185,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Multiple Choice**
- **1.** When it first leaves the kidney, urine flows through
- a. the urinary bladder.
- b. the urethra.
- c. the ureter.
- d. the glomeruli.
- **2.** What part of the male urogenital tract is shared by the urinary and reproductive systems?
- a. the prostate gland
- b. the seminal vesicles
-... | {
"Header 1": "**Urogenital System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System**",
"Header 3": "**Review Questions**",
"token_count": 1401,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Figure 24.1** *E. coli* O157:H7 causes serious foodborne illness. Curli fibers (adhesive surface fibers that are part of the extracellular matrix) help these bacteria adhere to surfaces and form biofilms. Pictured are two groups of cells, curli non-producing cells (left) and curli pro... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"token_count": 281,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are so common that, unfortunately, most people have had first-hand experience with the unpleasant symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. The causes of gastrointestinal illness can vary widely, but such diseases can be grouped into two categories: those caused by i... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 249,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Describe the major anatomical features of the human digestive system
- Describe the normal microbiota of various regions in the human digestive system
- Explain how microorganisms overcome the defenses of the digestive tract to cause infection or intoxication
- Describe general signs an... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System**",
"token_count": 568,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth, where mechanical digestion (by chewing) and chemical digestion (by enzymes in saliva) begin. Within the mouth are the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands, including the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands (**[Figure 24.3](#page-1057-0)**). The salivary glands ... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Oral Cavity**",
"token_count": 2015,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Despite numerous defense mechanisms that protect against infection, all parts of the digestive tract can become sites of infection or intoxication. The term food poisoning is sometimes used as a catch-all for GI infections and intoxications, but not all forms of GI disease originate with foodborne pathogens or toxins. ... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**General Signs and Symptoms of Oral and GI Disease**",
"token_count": 399,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Cavities of the teeth, known clinically as **dental caries**, are microbial lesions that cause damage to the teeth. Over time, the lesion can grow through the outer enamel layer to infect the underlying dentin or even the innermost pulp. If dental caries are not treated, the infection can become an abscess that spreads... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity**",
"Header 3": "**Dental Caries**",
"token_count": 2046,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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(c) In periodontitis, gums recede and expose parts of the tooth normally covered. (d) In advanced periodontitis, the infection spreads to ligaments and bone tissue supporting the teeth. Tooth loss may occur, or teeth may need to be surgically removed. (credit: modification of work by "BruceBlaus"/Wikimedia Commons)
#... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity**",
"Header 3": "**Dental Caries**",
"token_count": 706,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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As noted earlier, normal oral microbiota can cause dental and periodontal infections. However, there are number of other infections that can manifest in the oral cavity when other microbes are present.
#### **Herpetic Gingivostomatitis**
As described in **[Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes](#page-943-0)**, infe... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity**",
"Header 3": "**Oral Infections**",
"token_count": 1873,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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in the normal oral microbiota; primarily affects infants and the immuno-compromised | Microscopic<br>analysis of<br>oral samples | Clotrimazole,<br>nystatin,<br>fluconazole, or<br>itraconazole;<br>amphotericin B<br>in severe cases |
| Trench mouth (acute necr... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity**",
"Header 3": "**Oral Infections**",
"token_count": 221,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common bacteria that can cause infections of the GI tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases affecting the GI tract
A wide range of gastrointestinal diseases are caused by bacterial contamination of food. Recall that **foodborne diseas... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 275,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Staphylococcal food poisoning** is one form of food intoxication. When *Staphylococcus aureus* grows in food, it may produce enterotoxins that, when ingested, can cause symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, cramping, and vomiting within one to six hours. In some severe cases, it may cause headache, dehydration, and chan... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Staphylococcal Food Poisoning**",
"token_count": 639,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
When gastrointestinal illness is associated with the rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium *Shigella*, it is called **bacillary dysentery**, or **shigellosis**. Infections can be caused by *S. dysenteriae*, *S. flexneri*, *S. boydii*, and/or *S. sonnei* that colonize the GI tract. Shigellosis can be spread from hand to m... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)**",
"token_count": 1361,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Certain serotypes of *S. enterica*, primarily serotype Typhi (*S. typhi*) but also Paratyphi, cause a more severe type of salmonellosis called **typhoid fever**. This serious illness, which has an untreated mortality rate of 10%, causes high fever, body aches, headache, nausea, lethargy, and a possible rash.
Some ind... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"token_count": 2025,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The Shiga toxin genes originated from *Shigella dysenteriae*. Prophage from a bacteriophage that previously infected *Shigella* integrated into the chromosome of *E. coli*. The Shiga-like toxin is often called verotoxin.
<sup>6.</sup> Kaci Hickox. "Stop Calling Me the 'Ebola Nurse.'" *The Guardian.* November 17, 2014... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"token_count": 969,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The gastrointestinal disease **cholera** is a serious infection often associated with poor sanitation, especially following natural disasters, because it is spread through contaminated water and food that has not been heated to temperatures high enough to kill the bacteria. It is caused by *Vibrio cholerae* serotype O1... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"Header 3": "**Cholera and Other Vibrios**",
"token_count": 1518,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Campylobacter* is a genus of gram-negative, spiral or curved bacteria. They may have one or two flagella. *Campylobacter jejuni* **gastroenteritis**, a form of campylobacteriosis, is a widespread illness that is caused by *Campylobacter jejuni*. The primary route of transmission is through poultry that becomes contami... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"Header 3": "*Campylobacter jejuni* **Gastroenteritis**",
"token_count": 371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The gram-negative bacterium *Helicobacter pylori* is able to tolerate the acidic environment of the human stomach and has been shown to be a major cause of **peptic ulcers**, which are ulcers of the stomach or duodenum. The bacterium is also associated with increased risk of stomach cancer (**[Figure 24.20](#page-1080-... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"Header 3": "**Peptic Ulcers**",
"token_count": 1036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Clostridium perfringens* **gastroenteritis** is a generally mild foodborne disease that is associated with undercooked meats and other foods. *C. perfringens* is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming anaerobic bacterium that is tolerant of high and low temperatures. At high temperatures, the bacteria can form... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"Header 3": "*Clostridium perfringens* **Gastroenteritis**",
"token_count": 308,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Clostridium difficile* is a gram-positive rod that can be a commensal bacterium as part of the normal microbiota of healthy individuals. When the normal microbiota is disrupted by long-term antibiotic use, it can allow the overgrowth of this bacterium, resulting in **antibiotic-associated diarrhea** caused by *C. diff... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"Header 3": "*Clostridium difficile*",
"token_count": 1229,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The genus *Yersinia* is best known for *Yersinia pestis*, a gram-negative rod that causes the plague. However, *Y. enterocolitica* and *Y. pseudotuberculosis* can cause gastroenteritis. The infection is generally transmitted through the fecal-oral route, with ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated by fec... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"Header 3": "**Foodborne Illness Due to** *Yersinia*",
"token_count": 1573,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF THE STATE OF... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"Header 3": "**Foodborne Illness Due to** *Yersinia*",
"token_count": 1826,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Rotaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae. They are responsible for common diarrheal illness, although prevention through vaccination is becoming more common. The virus is primarily spread by the fecal-oral route (**[Figure 24.24](#page-1088-0)**).
<sup>13.</sup> Caleb K. King, Roger Glass,... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Gastroenteritis Caused by Rotaviruses**",
"token_count": 885,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Noroviruses, commonly identified as Norwalk viruses, are caliciviruses. Several strains can cause gastroenteritis. There are millions of cases a year, predominately in infants, young children, and the elderly. These viruses are easily transmitted and highly contagious. They are known for causing widespread infections i... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Gastroenteritis Caused by Noroviruses**",
"token_count": 406,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Astroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses (family Astroviridae) that can cause severe gastroenteritis, especially in infants and children. Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, headache, and malaise. The viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route (contaminated food o... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Gastroenteritis Caused by Astroviruses**",
"token_count": 679,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Hepatitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the liver, which can have a variety of causes. In some cases, the cause is viral infection. There are five main hepatitis viruses that are clinically significant: hepatitisviruses A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D, (HDV) and E (HEV) (**[Figure 24.26](#page-1090-0)**). Note... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Hepatitis**",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The HBV vaccine is also protective against HDV. There is no vaccine against HCV.
#### **Link to Learning**
Learn more information about **[heptatitisvirus \(https://openstax.org/](https://openstax.org/22Hepvirus) [22Hepvirus\)](https://openstax.org/22Hepvirus)** infections.
![](_p... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Hepatitis**",
"token_count": 1427,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common protozoans that can cause infections of the GI tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific protozoan diseases affecting the GI tract
Like other microbes, protozoa are abundant in natural microbiota but can also be associated with significant illness.... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 654,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Another protozoan intestinal illness is **cryptosporidiosis**, which is usually caused by *Cryptosporidium parvum* or *C. hominis*. (**[Figure 24.29](#page-1096-0)**) These pathogens are commonly found in animals and can be spread in feces from mice, birds, and farm animals. Contaminated water and food are most commonl... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Cryptosporidiosis**",
"token_count": 412,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The protozoan parasite *Entamoeba histolytica* causes **amoebiasis**, which is known as **amoebic dysentery** in severe cases. *E. histolytica* is generally transmitted through water or food that has fecal contamination. The disease is most widespread in the developing world and is one of the leading causes of mortalit... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Cryptosporidiosis**",
"Header 3": "**Amoebiasis (Amebiasis)**",
"token_count": 383,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The intestinal disease **cyclosporiasis** is caused by the protozoan *Cyclospora cayetanensis*. It is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions and therefore uncommon in the United States, although there have been outbreaks associated with contaminated produce imported from regions where the protozoan is more common.... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Cyclosporiasis**",
"token_count": 1100,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Infections caused by the large nematode roundworm *Ascaris lumbricoides*, a soil-transmitted helminth, are called **ascariasis**. Over 800 million to 1 billion people are estimated to be infected worldwide.[20] Infections are most common in warmer climates and at warmer times of year. At present, infections are uncommo... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 3": "**Ascariasis**",
"token_count": 1268,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Strongyloidiasis** is generally caused by *Strongyloides stercoralis*, a soil-transmitted helminth with both free-living and parasitic forms. In the parasitic form, the larvae of these nematodes generally penetrate the body through the skin, especially through bare feet, although transmission through organ transplant... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"token_count": 1069,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The nematode whipworm *Trichuris trichiura* is a parasite that is transmitted by ingestion from soil-contaminated hands or food and causes **trichuriasis**. Infection is most common in warm environments, especially when there is poor sanitation and greater risk of fecal contamination of soil, or when food is grown in s... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"Header 3": "**Trichuriasis**",
"token_count": 503,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Trichinosis** (trichenellosis) develops following consumption of food that contains *Trichinella spiralis* (most commonly) or other *Trichinella* species. These microscopic nematode worms are most commonly transmitted in meat, especially pork, that has not been cooked thoroughly. *T. spiralis* larvae in meat emerge f... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"Header 3": "**Trichinosis**",
"token_count": 542,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Taeniasis** is a tapeworm infection, generally caused by pork (*Taenia solium*), beef (*Taenia saginata*), and Asian
(*Taenia asiatica*) tapeworms found in undercooked meat. Consumption of raw or undercooked fish, including contaminated sushi, can also result in infection from the fish tapeworm (*Diphyllobothrium l... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"Header 3": "**Tapeworms (Taeniasis)**",
"token_count": 890,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Another cestode, *Echinococcus granulosus*, causes a serious infection known as **hydatid disease** (**cystic echinococcosis**). *E. granulosus* is found in dogs (the definitive host), as well as several intermediate hosts (sheep, pigs, goats, cattle). The cestodes are transmitted through eggs in the feces from infecte... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"Header 3": "**Hydatid Disease**",
"token_count": 1475,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
| | Co | mmon Heimi | ithic infection ... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"Header 3": "**Hydatid Disease**",
"token_count": 1848,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, headache, cough, chills, light sensitivity, muscle pain, fever, conjunctivitis; in severe cases may affect motor coordination, breathing, heart function | | Ingestion of<br>raw or<br>undercooked<br>por... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"Header 3": "**Hydatid Disease**",
"token_count": 2026,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Multiple Choice**
- **1.** Which of the following is NOT a way the normal microbiota of the intestine helps to prevent infection?
- a. It produces acids that lower the pH of the stomach.
- b. It speeds up the process by which microbes are flushed from the digestive tract.
- c. It consumes food and occupies spa... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestive System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Strongyloidiasis**",
"Header 3": "**Review Questions**",
"token_count": 1472,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Figure 25.1** Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease that can cause liver damage, resulting in jaundice (left) as well as serious and sometimes fatal complications. The virus that causes yellow fever is transmitted through the bite of a biological vector, the *Aedes aegypti* mosq... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"token_count": 243,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Yellow fever was once common in the southeastern US, with annual outbreaks of more than 25,000 infections in New Orleans in the mid-1800s.[1] In the early 20th century, efforts to eradicate the virus that causes yellow fever were successful thanks to vaccination programs and effective control (mainly through the insect... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 363,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The circulatory (or cardiovascular) system is a closed network of organs and vessels that moves blood around the body (**[Figure 25.2](#page-1118-0)**). The primary purposes of the circulatory system are to deliver nutrients, immune factors, and oxygen to tissues and to carry away waste products for elimination. The he... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 3": "**The Circulatory System**",
"token_count": 761,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The lymphatic system is also a network of vessels that run throughout the body (**[Figure 25.3](#page-1119-0)**). However, these vessels do not form a full circulating system and are not pressurized by the heart. Rather, the lymphatic system is an open system with the fluid moving in one direction from the extremities ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**The Lymphatic System**",
"token_count": 876,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Under normal circumstances, the circulatory system and the blood should be sterile; the circulatory system has no normal microbiota. Because the system is closed, there are no easy portals of entry into the circulatory system for microbes. Those that are able to breach the body's physical barriers and enter the bloodst... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Infections of the Circulatory System**",
"token_count": 746,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify and compare bacteria that most commonly cause infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases affecting the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Bacteria can enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems throug... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"token_count": 1788,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
A type of sepsis called **puerperal sepsis**, also known as puerperal infection, puerperal fever, or childbed fever, is a nosocomial infection associated with the period of puerperium—the time following childbirth during which the mother's reproductive system returns to a nonpregnant state. Such infections may originat... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"token_count": 609,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Also called **septic arthritis**, **infectious arthritis** can be either an acute or a chronic condition. Infectious arthritis is characterized by inflammation of joint tissues and is most often caused by bacterial pathogens. Most cases of acute infectious arthritis are secondary to bacteremia, with a rapid onset of mo... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Infectious Arthritis**",
"token_count": 530,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone tissues most commonly caused by infection. These infections can either be acute or chronic and can involve a variety of different bacteria. The most common causative agent of **osteomyelitis** is *S. aureus*. However, *M. tuberculosis*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyo... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Osteomyelitis**",
"token_count": 681,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Infections with *S. pyogenes* have a variety of manifestations and complications generally called sequelae. As mentioned, the bacterium can cause suppurative infections like puerperal fever. However, this microbe can also cause nonsuppurative sequelae in the form of acute **rheumatic fever** (ARF), which can lead to rh... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Rheumatic Fever**",
"token_count": 689,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The endocardium is a tissue layer that lines the muscles and valves of the heart. This tissue can become infected by a variety of bacteria, including gram-positive cocci such as *Staphylococcus aureus*, viridans streptococci, and *Enterococcus faecalis*, and the gram-negative so-called HACEK bacilli: *Haemophilus* spp.... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Bacterial Endocarditis and Pericarditis**",
"token_count": 1540,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Infection with the gram-negative bacterium *Francisella tularensis* causes **tularemia** (or rabbit fever), a zoonotic infection in humans. *F. tularensis* is a facultative intracellular parasite that primarily causes illness in rabbits, although a wide variety of domesticated animals are also susceptible to infection.... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Tularemia**",
"token_count": 2027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The zoonotic infection **rat-bite fever** can be caused by two different gram-negative bacteria: *Streptobacillus moniliformis*, which is more common in North America, and *Spirillum minor*, which is more common in Asia. Because of modern sanitation efforts, rat bites are rare in the US. However, contact with fomites, ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Rat-Bite Fever**",
"token_count": 2009,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
(credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• Compare bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague.
#### **Micro Connections**
#### **The History of the Plague**
The first recorded pandemic of plague, the Justinian plague, occurred in ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Rat-Bite Fever**",
"token_count": 654,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
A wide variety of zoonotic febrile diseases (diseases that cause fever) are caused by pathogenic bacteria that require arthropod vectors. These pathogens are either obligate intracellular species of *Anaplasma, Bartonella*, *Ehrlichia, Orientia,* and *Rickettsia*, or spirochetes in the genus *Borrelia*. Isolation and i... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Zoonotic Febrile Diseases**",
"token_count": 2007,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
"Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): Statistics and Epidemiology." http://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/stats/index.html. Accessed Sept 16, 2016.
**Figure 25.12** In the US, Rocky Mountain spotted fever is most prevalent in the southeastern states. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Dise... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Zoonotic Febrile Diseases**",
"token_count": 2031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Borrelia* appears as thin spirochetes among the larger red blood cells. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
#### **Trench Fever**
The louseborne disease **trench fever** was first characterized as a specific disease during World War I, when approximately 1 million soldiers ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Zoonotic Febrile Diseases**",
"token_count": 1639,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
| Rapidly spreading myone-<br>crosis, edema, yellowish<br>and then purple discharge<br>from wound, pockets of gas<br>in tissues, septic shock and<br>death | Germination of<br>endospores in<br>ischemic tissues,<br>typical... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Puerperal Sepsis**",
"Header 3": "**Zoonotic Febrile Diseases**",
"token_count": 1719,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Human herpesvirus 4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has been associated with a variety of human diseases, such as mononucleosis and Burkitt lymphoma. Exposure to the human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) is widespread and nearly all people have been exposed at some time in their childhood, as evidenced by serological te... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Infectious Mononucleosis and Burkitt Lymphoma**",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
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