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"Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children: Recommendations From CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Acade... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Infectious Mononucleosis and Burkitt Lymphoma**",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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There are no specific treatments for this disease except to manage symptoms with fluids, analgesics, and bed rest. As with most arboviruses, the best strategy for combating the disease is vector control.
*and Hygiene* 108, no. 5 (2014):252–257.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Dengue, Epidemiology."... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Infectious Mononucleosis and Burkitt Lymphoma**",
"token_count": 302,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a highly contagious disease caused by species of *Ebolavirus*, a BSL-4 filovirus (**[Figure 25.22](#page-1151-0)**). Transmission to humans occurs through direct contact with body fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, sweat, urine, feces, or vomit), and indirect contact by contaminated fomites. ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Ebola Virus Disease**",
"token_count": 502,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The genus *Hantavirus* consists of at least four serogroups with nine viruses causing two major clinical (sometimes overlapping) syndromes: **hantavirus pulmonary syndrome** (HPS) in North America and **hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome** (HFRS) in other continents. Hantaviruses are found throughout the world in wi... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Hantavirus**",
"token_count": 524,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV), also called human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are retroviruses that are the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are two main variants of **human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)**. HIV-1 (**[Figure 25.23](#page-1152-0)**) occurs in human populations w... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Human Immunodeficiency Virus**",
"token_count": 1808,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
| | | seases of the Circulat ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Human Immunodeficiency Virus**",
"token_count": 1290,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Despite more than a century of intense research and clinical advancements, **malaria** remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world today. Its widespread distribution places more than half of the world's population in jeopardy. In 2015, the WHO estimated there were about 214 million cases of malar... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Malaria**",
"token_count": 1415,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The disease **toxoplasmosis** is caused by the protozoan *Toxoplasma gondii*. *T. gondii* is found in a wide variety of birds and mammals,[44] and human infections are common. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 22.5% of the population 12 years and older has been infected with *T. gondii... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Toxoplasmosis**",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Also called American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease is a zoonosis classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). It is caused by the flagellated protozoan *Trypanosoma cruzi* and is most commonly transmitted to animals and people through the feces of triatomine bugs. The triatomine bug is nicknamed the kissing bug ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Chagas Disease**",
"token_count": 2018,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Schistosomiasis**
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is an NTD caused by blood flukes in the genus *Schistosoma* that are native to the Caribbean, South America, Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Most human **schistosomiasis** cases are caused by *Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium*, or *S. japonicum*. *Schistosoma* ... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Chagas Disease**",
"token_count": 2015,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The World Health Organization estimates that there are up to 80,000 catheter-related bloodstream infections each year in the US, resulting in about 20,000 deaths.[52]
*Go back to the [previous](#page-1124-0) Clinical Focus box.*
#### **Summary**
#### **[25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems](#page... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Chagas Disease**",
"token_count": 1339,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Multiple Choice**
- **1.** Which term refers to an inflammation of the blood vessels?
- a. lymphangitis
- b. endocarditis
- c. pericarditis
- d. vasculitis
- **2.** Which of the following is located in the interstitial spaces within tissues and releases nutrients, immune factors, and oxygen to those tissues?... | {
"Header 1": "**Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 3": "**Review Questions**",
"token_count": 1440,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Few diseases inspire the kind of fear that rabies does. The name is derived from the Latin word for "madness" or "fury," most likely because animals infected with rabies may behave with uncharacteristic rage and aggression. And while the thought of being attacked by a rabid animal is terrifying enough, the disease itse... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 259,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The brain is the most complex and sensitive organ in the body. It is responsible for all functions of the body, including serving as the coordinating center for all sensations, mobility, emotions, and intellect. Protection for the brain is provided by the bones of the skull, which in turn are covered by the scalp, as s... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**The Central Nervous System**",
"token_count": 1450,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Tissues of the PNS and CNS are formed of cells called **glial cells** (neuroglial cells) and **neurons** (nerve cells). Glial cells assist in the organization of neurons, provide a scaffold for some aspects of neuronal function, and aid in recovery from neural injury.
Neurons are specialized cells found throughout th... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**The Cells of the Nervous System**",
"token_count": 1371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common bacteria that can cause infections of the nervous system
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases affecting the nervous system
Bacterial infections that affect the nervous system are serious and can be life-threatening. Fortunately, t... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"token_count": 2042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Identification can also be made directly from CSF using latex agglutination and immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests specific for *N. meningitidis*. Species identification can also be performed using DNA sequence-based typing schemes for hypervariable outer membrane proteins of *N. meningitidis*, which has repl... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"token_count": 1905,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
It is recommended that all children receive this vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, with a final booster dose at 12 to 15 months of age.[9]
<sup>8.</sup> United States Department of Health and Human Services, "Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae Type B)," Accessed June 28, 2016. http://www.vaccines.gov/diseases/hib/#.
<... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Spasms in the larynx, diaphragm, and muscles of the chest restrict the patient's ability to swallow and breathe, eventually leading to death by asphyxiation (insufficient supply of oxygen).
**Neonatal tetanus** typically occurs when the stump of the umbilical cord is contaminated with spores of *C. tetani* after deli... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/ outbreaks/index.html.
Ingestion of contaminated food leads initially to infection of the gastrointestinal tract. However, *L. monocytogenes* produces several unique virulence factors that allow it to cross the intestinal barrier and spread to other body systems. Surface proteins called i... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"token_count": 502,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Hansen's disease** (also known as **leprosy**) is caused by a long, thin, filamentous rod-shaped bacterium *Mycobacterium leprae*, an obligate intracellular pathogen. *M. leprae* is classified as gram-positive bacteria, but it is best visualized microscopically with an acid-fast stain and is generally referred to as ... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)**",
"token_count": 1962,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
| | Bac | terial Infections | of the Nervous S ... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)**",
"token_count": 891,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Although it is much more common than bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis is typically less severe. Many different viruses can lead to meningitis as a sequela of the primary infection, including those that cause herpes, influenza, measles, and mumps. Most cases of viral meningitis spontaneously resolve, but severe ca... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Viral Meningitis**",
"token_count": 2046,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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- Why is it unlikely that arboviral encephalitis viruses will be eradicated in the future?
- Which is the most common form of viral encephalitis in the United States?
#### **Clinical Focus**
#### **Part 2**
Levofloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic that is often prescribed to treat... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Viral Meningitis**",
"token_count": 2025,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Before present-day diagnostic methods were available, rabies diagnosis was made using a clinical case history and histopathological examination of biopsy or autopsy tissues, looking for the presence of Negri bodies. We now know these histologic changes *cannot* be used to confirm a rabies diagnosis. There are no test... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Viral Meningitis**",
"token_count": 722,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Poliomyelitis (polio)**, caused by poliovirus, is a primarily intestinal disease that, in a small percentage of cases, proceeds to the nervous system, causing paralysis and, potentially, death. Poliovirus is highly contagious, with transmission occurring by the fecal-oral route or by aerosol or droplet transmission. ... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Poliomyelitis**",
"token_count": 1627,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Acellular infectious agents called prions are responsible for a group of related diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) that occurs in humans and other animals (see **[Viroids, Virusoids, and](#page-282-0) [Prions](#page-282-0)**). All TSEs are degenerative, fatal neurological diseases that ... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies**",
"token_count": 1982,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Cryptococcus neoformans* is a fungal pathogen that can cause meningitis. This yeast is commonly found in soils and is particularly associated with pigeon droppings. It has a thick capsule that serves as an important virulence factor, inhibiting clearance by phagocytosis. Most *C. neoformans* cases result in subclinica... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Cryptococcocal Meningitis**",
"token_count": 1319,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)** is caused by *Naegleria fowleri*. This amoeboflagellate is commonly found free-living in soils and water. It can exist in one of three forms—the infective amoebic trophozoite form, a motile flagellate form, and a resting cyst form. PAM is a rare disease that has been associ... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Amoebic Meningitis**",
"token_count": 786,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Acanthamoeba* and *Balamuthia* species are free-living amoebae found in many bodies of fresh water. Human infections by these amoebae are rare. However, they can cause amoebic keratitis in contact lens wearers (see **[Protozoan and Helminthic Infections of the Eyes](#page-953-0)**), disseminated infections in immunoco... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis**",
"token_count": 1566,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Toxoplasma gondii* is an ubiquitous intracellular parasite that can cause neonatal infections. Cats are the definitive host, and humans can become infected after eating infected meat or, more commonly, by ingesting oocysts shed in the feces of cats (see **[Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems]... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Neurotoxoplasmosis**",
"token_count": 745,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval form of the pork tapeworm, *Taenia solium*. When the larvae invade the brain and spinal cord, the condition is referred to as **neurocysticercosis**. This condition affects millions of people worldwide and is the leading cause of adult onset epilepsy in the de... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Neurocysticercosis**",
"token_count": 681,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**
Parasites that successfully invade the nervous system can cause a wide range of neurological signs and symptoms. Often, they inflict lesions that can be visualized through radiologic imaging. A number of these infections are fatal, but some can be treated (with varyin... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Disease Profile**",
"token_count": 771,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **[26.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System](#page-1175-0)**
- The nervous system consists of two subsystems: the **central nervous system** and **peripheral nervous system**.
- The skull and three **meninges** (the **dura mater**, **arachnoid mater**, and **pia mater**) protect the brain.
- Tissues of the PNS and CNS... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Summary**",
"token_count": 1155,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Multiple Choice**
- **1.** What is the outermost membrane surrounding the brain called?
- a. pia mater
- b. arachnoid mater
- c. dura mater
- d. alma mater
- **2.** What term refers to an inflammation of brain tissues?
- a. encephalitis
- b. meningitis
- c. sinusitis
- d. meningoencephalitis
- **3.** Nerve cel... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Review Questions**",
"token_count": 2000,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
If the diagnosis is correct, what microorganism would be found in a skin biopsy?
**Figure 26.28** (credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
- **50.** Explain how a person could contract variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by consuming products from a cow with bovine spongif... | {
"Header 1": "**Nervous System Infections**",
"Header 2": "**26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System**",
"Header 3": "**Review Questions**",
"token_count": 458,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Life is made up of matter. Matter occupies space and has mass. All matter is composed of **atoms**. All atoms contain **protons**, **electrons**, and **neutrons** (**[Figure A1](#page-1220-1)**). The only exception is hydrogen (H), which is made of one proton and one electron. A proton is a positively charged particle ... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Atomic Structure**",
"token_count": 313,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
All matter is composed of atoms of **elements**. Elements have unique physical and chemical properties and are substances that cannot easily be transformed either physically or chemically into other substances. Each element has been given a name, usually derived from Latin or English. The elements also have one- or two... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Chemical Elements**",
"token_count": 741,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
There are three types of chemical bonds that are important when describing the interaction of atoms both within and between molecules in microbiology: (1) covalent bonds, which can be either polar or non-polar, (2) ionic bonds, and (3) hydrogen bonds. There are other types of interactions such as *London* dispersion fo... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Chemical Bonds**",
"token_count": 793,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
When an atom does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons, it is called an **ion**. Because the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, each ion has a net charge. Positive ions are formed by losing electrons and are called **cations**. Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons and are c... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Chemical Bonds**",
"Header 3": "**Ions and Ionic Bonds**",
"token_count": 794,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
For molecules formed by covalent bonds, the molecular formula represents the number and types of elemental atoms that compose the molecule. As an example, consider a molecule of glucose, which has the molecular formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$ . This molecular formula indicates that a single molecule of glucose is formed from s... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "Molecular Formula, Molecular Mass, and the Mole",
"token_count": 416,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter.
Matter participating in a particular case of energy transfer is called a system, and everything outside of that matter is called the surroundings. There are two types of systems: open and closed. In an **open system**, energy ... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Energy**",
"token_count": 618,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Chemical reactions** occur when two or more atoms bond together to form molecules or when bonded atoms are broken apart. The substances used in a chemical reaction are called the **reactants** (usually found on the left side of a chemical equation), and the substances produced by the reaction are known as the **produ... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Energy**",
"Header 3": "**Chemical Reactions**",
"token_count": 631,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms within water molecules form polar covalent bonds. There is no overall charge to a water molecule, but there is one $\partial^+$ on each hydrogen atom and two $\partial^-$ on the oxygen atom. Each water molecule attracts other water molecules because of the positive and negative charges... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Properties of Water and Solutions**",
"token_count": 917,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The **pH** of a solution is a measure of hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup> ) and hydroxide ion (OH– ) concentrations and is described as
acidity or alkalinity, respectively. Acidity and alkalinity (also referred to as basicity) can be measured and calculated. pH can be simply represented by the mathematic equation, $pH = ... | {
"Header 1": "**Fundamentals Of Physics And Chemistry Important To Microbiology**",
"Header 2": "**Acids and Bases**",
"token_count": 473,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
A percent can be converted to a fraction by writing the value of the percent as a fraction with a denominator of 100 and simplifying the fraction if possible.
$$25\% = \frac{25}{100} = \frac{1}{4}$$
A percent can be converted to a decimal by writing the value of the percent as a fraction with a denominator of 100 a... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Calculating Percents**",
"Header 3": "**Converting Percents**",
"token_count": 817,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
In many fields, especially in the sciences, it is common to multiply decimals by powers of 10. Let's see what happens when we multiply 1.9436 by some powers of 10.
$$1.9436(10) = 19.436$$
$1.9436(100) = 194.36$
$1.9436(1000) = 1943.6$
The number of places that the decimal point moves is the same as the number of ... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Multiplying and Dividing by Tens**",
"token_count": 600,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Scientific notation is used to express very large and very small numbers as a product of two numbers. The first number of the product, the digit term, is usually a number not less than 1 and not greater than 10. The second number of the product, the exponential term, is written as 10 with an exponent. Some examples of ... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Scientific Notation**",
"token_count": 292,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The common logarithm (log) of a number is the power to which 10 must be raised to equal that number. For example, the common logarithm of 100 is 2, because 10 must be raised to the second power to equal 100. Additional examples are in **[Table B3](#page-1233-0)**.
| Number | Exponential Form | Common Logarithm |
|---... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Logarithms**",
"token_count": 221,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
In reporting numerical data obtained via measurements, we use only as many significant figures as the accuracy of the measurement warrants. For example, suppose a microbiologist using an automated cell counter determines that there are 525,341 bacterial cells in a one-liter sample of river water. However, she records t... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Rounding and Significant Digits**",
"token_count": 488,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
It is possible to write an equation to calculate the cell numbers at any time if the number of starting cells and doubling time are known, as long as the cells are dividing at a constant rate. We define *N*<sup>0</sup> as the starting number of bacteria, the number at time *t* = 0. *N<sup>i</sup>* is the number of bact... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Generation Time**",
"token_count": 282,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
| 0 0 0 -2 -1 7 0 1 0 2 -1 7 0 2 0 4 -1 1 1 0 0 2 -1 7 1 0 1 4 -1 12 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Most Probable Number**",
"token_count": 2886,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
... | {
"Header 1": "**Mathematical Basics**",
"Header 2": "**Most Probable Number**",
"token_count": 10077,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Figure C5** In this transition reaction, a multi-enzyme complex converts pyruvate into one acetyl (2C) group plus one carbon dioxide (CO2). The acetyl group is attached to a Coenzyme A carrier that transports the acetyl group to the site of the Krebs cycle. In the process, one molecule... | {
"Header 1": "**Metabolic Pathways**",
"Header 2": "**TCA Cycle**",
"token_count": 263,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The following tables list the species, and some higher groups, of pathogenic Eubacteria mentioned in the text. The classification of Bacteria, one of the three domains of life, is in constant flux as relationships become clearer through sampling of genetic sequences. Many groups at all taxonomic levels still have an un... | {
"Header 1": "**Taxonomy Of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms**",
"Header 2": "**Bacterial Pathogens**",
"token_count": 1919,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
coli (EPEC) | Bacillary dysentery,<br>cells invade intestinal<br>epithelial cells |
| | Francisella | tularensis | Tularemia |
| | Haemophilus | ducreyi | Chan... | {
"Header 1": "**Taxonomy Of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms**",
"Header 2": "**Bacterial Pathogens**",
"token_count": 845,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
There are several classification systems for viruses. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is the international scientific body responsible for the rules of viral classification. The ICTV system used here groups viruses based on genetic similarity and presumed monophyly. The viral classification sy... | {
"Header 1": "**Taxonomy Of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms**",
"Header 2": "**Viral Pathogens**",
"token_count": 1694,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The Fungi are one of the kingdoms of the domain Eukarya. Fungi are most closely related to the animals and a few other small groups and more distantly related to the plants and other groups that formerly were categorized as protist. At present, the Fungi are divided into seven phyla (or divisions, a hold over from when... | {
"Header 1": "**Taxonomy Of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms**",
"Header 2": "**Fungal Pathogens**",
"token_count": 880,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The relationships among the organisms (and thus their taxonomy) previously grouped under the name Protists are better understood than they were two or three decades ago, but this is still a work in progress. In 2005, the Eukarya were divided into six supergroups.[5] The latest high-level classification combined two of ... | {
"Header 1": "**Taxonomy Of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms**",
"Header 2": "**Protozoan Pathogens**",
"token_count": 944,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The taxonomy of parasitic worms, all of which belong to the kingdom Animalia still contains many uncertainties. The
pathogenic species are found in two phyla: the Nematoda, or roundworms, and the Platyhelminthes, or flat worms. The Nematoda is tentatively divided into two classes[7], one of which, Chromadorea, probab... | {
"Header 1": "**Taxonomy Of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms**",
"Header 2": "**Parasitic Helminths**",
"token_count": 821,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**454 sequencing (pyrosequencing)** a next generation sequencing technique in which fragmented DNA has DNA adapters attached, is amplified by PCR, is attached to a bead, and then placed into a well with sequencing reagents, and the flash of light produced by the release of pyrophosphate on addition of a nucleotide is m... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"token_count": 1606,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The group bonded to the carbon varies and is represented by an *R* in the structural formula
**aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase** enzyme that binds to a tRNA molecule and catalyzes the addition of the correct amino acid to the tRNA
**aminoglycosides** protein synthesis inhibitors that bind to the 30S subunit and interfere... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"token_count": 636,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
difficile* is a particularly serious example
**antibody screen** test to make sure that a potential blood recipient has not produced antibodies to antigens other than the ABO and Rh antigens
**antibody** Y-shaped glycoprotein molecule produced by B cells that binds to specific epitopes on an antigen
**antibody-de... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"token_count": 1669,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
and characterized by malaise, fatigue, fever, headache, myalgia, and joint pain
**bacillary dysentery** gastrointestinal illness caused by *Shigella* bacteria, also called shigellosis
**bacillus** (bacilli) rod-shaped prokaryotic cell
**bacitracin** group of structurally similar peptides that block the movement o... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"token_count": 1921,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Its interior is filled with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO) and carbonic anhydrase, which are both used for carbon metabolism
**carbuncle** abscess containing a large, deep, purulent skin lesion
**carcinogen** agent that causes cancer
**case-control study** a type of observational study... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"token_count": 1797,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
perfringens*
**clusters of differentiation (CD)** cell-surface glycoproteins that serve to identify and distinguish white blood cells
**coagulase** enzyme that causes the activation of fibrinogen to form fibrin, promoting clotting of the blood
**coarse focusing knob** a knob on a microscope that produces relative... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"token_count": 1798,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
hominis*
**culture density** the number of cells per volume of broth
**culture medium** combination of compounds in solution that supports growth
**cutaneous mycosis** any fungal infection that affects the surface of the skin, hair, or nails
**cyanobacteria** phototrophic, chlorophyll-containing bacteria that p... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"token_count": 2537,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**E (exit) site** functional site of an intact ribosome that releases dissociated uncharged tRNAs so that they can be recharged with free amino acids
**East African trypanosomiasis** acute form of African trypanosomiasis caused by *Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense*
**eastern equine encephalitis** serious, but rare, m... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**E**",
"token_count": 1251,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
coli* bacteria that cause a relatively mild illness commonly called traveler's diarrhea
**enterotoxin** toxin that affects the intestines
**Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway** alternative glycolytic pathway used by some bacteria
**enveloped virus** a virus formed with a nucleic-acid packed capsid surrounded by a lipi... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**E**",
"token_count": 1607,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
coli* cell containing the F plasmid, capable of forming a conjugation pilus
**Fab region** arm of an antibody molecule that includes an antigen-binding site
**facultative anaerobe** organism that grows better in the presence of oxygen but can proliferate in its absence
**false negative** negative result to a test... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**E**",
"token_count": 1477,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**gastritis** inflammation of the lining of the stomach **gastroenteritis** inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine
**gene expression** production of proteins from the information contained in DNA through the processes of transcription and translation
**gene gun** an apparatus that shoots gold or ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**G**",
"token_count": 2025,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
coli* cell in which an F plasmid has integrated into the host cell's chromosome
**high G+C gram-positive bacteria** bacteria that have more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA
**high-energy phosphate bond** bond between the negatively charged phosphate groups that holds a lot of potential energy ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**G**",
"token_count": 1535,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
pyogenes*
**in vitro** outside the organism in a test tube or artificial environment
**in vivo** inside the organism
**inactivated vaccine** vaccine composed of whole pathogen cells or viruses that have been killed or inactivated through treatment with heat, radiation, or chemicals
**incidence** the number of i... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**G**",
"token_count": 1901,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**lacrimal duct** connects the lacrimal gland to the lacrimal sac
**lacrimal gland** a gland situated above the eye that secretes tears
**lacrimal punctum** opening in each upper and lower eyelid
**lacrimal sac** a to a reservoir for tears; also known as the dacrocyst or tear sac
**lag period** the time between... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 1529,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
It is associated with virulence and stimulates a strong immune response
**macrolides** class of protein synthesis inhibitors containing a large, complex ring structure that binds to the 50S subunit, inhibiting peptide bond formation
**macromolecule** polymer assembled from of individual units, monomers, that bind t... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 2783,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
tuberculosis* that are resistant to both rifampin and isoniazid, the drug combination typically prescribed for the treatment of tuberculosis
**multiple sclerosis** autoimmune attack on the myelin sheaths and nerve cells in the central nervous system
**mumps** a viral illness that causes swelling of the parotid glan... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 718,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
pyogenes* or several other bacterial species
**negative (–) single-strand RNA (–ssRNA)** a viral RNA strand that cannot be translated until it is replicated into positive single-strand RNA by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
**negative stain** a stain that produces color around the structure of interest while not... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 4788,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
jirovecii*
**pneumonia** pulmonary inflammation that causes the lungs to fill with fluids
**pneumonic plague** rare form of plague that causes massive hemorrhages in the lungs and is communicable through aerosols
**point mutation** mutation, most commonly a base substitution, that affects a single base pair
**p... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 1875,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
difficile*
**pseudopodia** temporary projections involved in ameboid movement; these "false feet" form by gelsol cycling of actin polymerization/depolymerization
**psittacosis** zoonotic *Chlamydophila* infection from birds that causes a rare form of pneumonia
**psoriasis** autoimmune disease involving inflammato... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 1962,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**reverse transcriptase** enzyme found in retroviruses that can make a copy of ssDNA from ssRNA
**reverse transcriptase inhibitor** classes of antiviral drugs that involve nucleoside analog competitive inhibition and non-nucleoside noncompetitive inhibition of the HIV reverse transcriptase
**reverse transcriptase... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 3302,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Louis encephalitis** mosquito-borne viral infection of the brain that occurs primarily in the central and southern United States
**stage** the platform of a microscope on which slides are placed
**staining** the addition of stains or dyes to a microscopic specimen for the purpose of enhancing contrast
**staphyloc... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 2170,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
albicans*
**TH2 cells** subtype of T cells that stimulate B cells and direct their differentiation; also involved in directing antibody class switching
**thallus** body of fleshy fungi (more generally, a body without a root, stem, or leaf) that commonly cooccurs with HIV infection; the microbes move to the lymphati... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 822,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
and transmitted through contact with cysts in cat feces; infections in pregnant women may cause birth defects or miscarriage
**trace element** indispensable element present in cells in lower amounts than macronutrients; also called *micronutrient*
**trachea** also known as the windpipe, this is a stiffened tube of ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 3295,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**yellow fever** mild to potentially fatal mosquitoborne viral disease caused by the yellow fever virus
**Ziehl-Neelsen technique** a method of acid-fast staining that uses heat to infuse the primary stain, carbolfuchsin, into acid-fast cells
**zone of inhibition** clear zone aro... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 3": "**L**",
"token_count": 215,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Chapter 1**
. D **[2](#page-49-1)**. D **[3](#page-49-2)**. A **[4](#page-49-3)**. B **[5](#page-49-4)**. C **[6](#page-49-5)**. C **[7](#page-49-6)**. D **[8](#page-49-7)**. A **[9](#page-49-8)**. B **[10](#page-49-9)**. D **[11](#page-49-10)**. C **[12](#page-49-11)**. A **[13](#page-49-12)**. D **[14](#page... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 2030,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
B **[4](#page-288-3)**. B **[5](#page-288-4)**. C **[6](#page-288-5)**. B **[7](#page-288-6)**. D **[8](#page-288-7)**. D **[9](#page-288-8)**. B **[10](#page-288-9)**. A **[11](#page-288-10)**. B **[12](#page-288-11)**. D **[13](#page-288-12)**. C **[14](#page-288-13)**. D **[15](#page-289-0)**. C **[16](#page-289-1)*... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
D **[27](#page-408-2)**. D, C, A, B **[28](#page-409-0)**. (a) obligate anaerobe, (b) obligate aerobe, (c) microaerophile, (d) facultative anaerobe **[29](#page-409-1)**. C, D, E, B, A **[30](#page-409-2)**. hemocytometer, Petroff-Hausser counting chamber . plate count **[32](#page-409-4)**. most probable number **[33]... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
B **[12](#page-608-11)**. B **[13](#page-609-0)**. C **[14](#page-609-1)**. C **[15](#page-609-2)**. A **[16](#page-609-3)**. C **[17](#page-609-4)**. False **[18](#page-609-5)**. True **[19](#page-609-6)**. False . False **[21](#page-609-8)**. True **[22](#page-609-9)**. noncritical **[23](#page-609-10)**. commercial ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
B **[3](#page-820-2)**. D **[4](#page-820-3)**. C **[5](#page-820-4)**. A **[6](#page-820-5)**. B **[7](#page-820-6)**. B **[8](#page-820-7)**. B **[9](#page-820-8)**. D **[10](#page-820-9)**. B **[11](#page-820-10)**. A **[12](#page-820-11)**. D **[13](#page-820-12)**. B **[14](#page-821-0)**. C **[15](#page-821-1)**.... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 2021,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
C **[16](#page-1012-8)**. B **[17](#page-1013-0)**. D **[18](#page-1013-1)**. A **[19](#page-1013-2)**. C **[20](#page-1013-3)**. D . mucociliary escalator **[22](#page-1013-5)**. capsules **[23](#page-1013-6)**. IgA **[24](#page-1013-7)**. Laryngitis **[25](#page-1013-8)**. Alveolar macrophages **[26](#page-1013-9)**.... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 2005,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
meninges **[28](#page-1217-6)**.*Neisseria meningitidis* **[29](#page-1217-7)**. tetanospasmin **[30](#page-1217-8)**. Hansen's disease **[31](#page-1217-9)**. acetylcholine **[32](#page-1217-10)**. Tetanus **[33](#page-1217-11)**. opisthotonos **[34](#page-1217-12)**. PrPSc . Dogs **[36](#page-1217-14)**. Jonas Salk *... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 325,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
antigenic
| Symbols | acetylation,<br>496 | 1057 |
|----------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|----------------------------... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 5453,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
recurrentis,<br>1131 |
| arbovirus,<br>1138 | Attachment,<br>252 | Babesia<br>spp,<br>1153 |
| arboviruses,<br>1185 | attenuated vaccine ,<br>1190 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 2801,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
tritaeniorhynchus,<br>1186 | carbolic acid,<br>708 |
| brain heart infusion,<br>392 | C1 complex,<br>781 | carbon cycle,<br>345 |
| breakbone fever,<br>1140 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 10333,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
coli,<br>447,<br>448,<br>449,<br>463,<br>464, | ELISA,<br>682,<br>923,<br>1015 | Enterobacter,<br>163 |
| 474,<br>481,<br>484,<br>486,<br>488,<br>488,<br>489, | elongation in DNA replication,<br>449 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 964,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
coli<br>(ETEC), |
| effector cells,<br>791 | endomembrane system,<br>127 | 1066 |
| efflux pump,<br>639,<br>640 |... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 19224,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
aureus,<br>179 | microvilli,<br>1049,<br>1066 |
| membrane-bound ribosomes,<br>127 | methicillin-resistant<br>S. aureus | middle ear,<br>964 |
| membrane-disrupting toxin,<br>686 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 671,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
influenzae<br>serotype b,<br>1175 | MHC II,<br>783,<br>788,<br>790,<br>794,<br>796,<br>798,<br>843 | minocycline,<br>918 |
| meningococcal meningitis,<br>808, | miasma hypothesis,<br>18,<br>705 | mismatch repair,<br>474 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 12567,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
rickettsii,<br>157 | regulon,<br>492 | Reverse zoonoses,<br>244 |
| rabbit fever,<br>1120 | relapsing fever,<br>1131 | Reye syndrome,<br>981,<br>988 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 4525,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Louis encephalitis (SLE),<br>1186 |
| sexual reproduction,<br>478 | (SER),<br>128 | stage,<br>54 |
| s... | {
"Header 1": "**Glossary**",
"Header 2": "**Answer Key**",
"token_count": 8240,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
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